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chapter 6 POLLUTION PREVENTION AND WASTE MINIZATION.pdf
- 1. POLLUTION PREVENTION AND WASTEMINIZATION LECTURER: MS AFIZA ABDULLAH SUHAIMI EXT:2296 DTS3613 CHAPTER 6
- 2. LEARNING OUTCOMES Atthe end of this lecture, students should be able to: Understand the cleaner production Describe the waste management hierarchy Explain the principle of volume reduction Explain the principle of toxicity reduction Discuss the recycling and recovery processes Understand the waste minimization opportunity assessment
- 3. DEFINITION Pollution prevention Activities which reduce or eliminate waste at the source “zero discharge” or “zero emission” If the waste is eliminated completely Waste minimization Activities that reduce waste in general
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- 5. Cradle to GraveConcept
- 6. Cradle to GraveConcept
- 7. End-of-Pipe Treatment Waste Minimization PollutionPrevention Cleaner Production Profits Profits Waste Management Approach
- 8. Cleaner Production- Definitionby UNEP Continuous application of an integrated preventive environmental strategy to processes, products, and services to increase overall efficiency, and reduce risks to humans and the environment
- 9. Cleaner Production Application Production processes - conserving raw materials, water and energy; eliminating toxic and dangerous raw materials; and reducing the quantity and toxicity of all emissions and wastes at source during the production process For products - reduce the environmental, health and safety impacts of products over their entire life cycles, from raw materials extraction, through manufacturing and use, to the 'ultimate' disposal of the product For services - incorporating environmental concerns into designing and delivering services
- 10. Cleaner Production RelatedConcepts Eco-efficiency Pollution Prevention Waste Minimisation Green Productivity Industrial Ecology
- 11. Eco-efficiency Delivery ofcompetitively priced goods and services that satisfy human needs and bring quality of life, while progressively reducing ecological impacts and resource intensity throughout the life cycle, to a level at least in line with the earth's estimated carrying capacity
- 12. Pollution Prevention Asthe source reduction - preventing or reducing waste where it originates, at the source - including practices that conserve natural resources by reducing or eliminating pollutants through increased efficiency in the use of raw materials, energy, water and land
- 13. Waste Minimization On-sitereduction source reduction of waste by changes of input raw materials, technology changes, good operating practices and product changes Off-site recycling by direct reuse after reclamation are also considered to be waste minimisation techniques,but have a distinctly lower priority compared to on-site prevention or reduction
- 14. Green Productivity Astrategy for enhancing productivity and environmental performance for overall socio-economic development
- 15. Source Reduction 1. InputMaterials 2. Technology Change 3. Procedural Change 4. Product Change
- 16. 1. Input Materials “Source control investigations” Classified into : a) Purification Prevent inert or impure materials from entering the production process b) Substitution Replacing toxic material with less toxic or more environmentally desirable material c) Dilution Minor component – use more dilute solution
- 17. 2. Technology Change Changes of technology made to physical plant Include : a) Process change b) Equipment, piping or layout change c) Additional automation d) Energy conservation e)Water conservation
- 18. a) Process Change Applying innovative technology to achieve same products – reducing waste Process redesign : i) Alteration of existing processes – adding new unit operations ii) Implement new technology to replace outmoded operations
- 19. b) Equipment, Pipingor Layout Change Reducing equipment related inefficiencies Efficient equipment justified by higher productivity, reduced raw materials costs and reduced waste material costs Modification needs detailed evaluation of process characteristic – applicability of the process Equipment changes can be very simple and inexpensive
- 20. c) Operational SettingChanges 1 – Adjustment to temperature, pressure, flow rate and residence time parameters 2 – Represent easiest and least expensive ways to reduce waste generation 3 – Process equipment designed to operate most efficiently at optimum parameter settings 4 – Less waste will be generated when equipment operates efficiently and at optimum settings
- 21. d) Additional Control/Automation 1– Improved monitoring and adjustment of operating parameters - ensure maximum efficiency 2 – On stream set points controls / advanced statistical process control systems 3 – Reduce human error, prevent spills, costly downtime 4 – Increase efficiency thus increase product
- 22. e, f )Energy & Water Conservation 1 – Saving electrical consumption and usage 2 – Saving water consumption and usage
- 23. 3. Procedural Change Referred as “Good operating practices” OR “Good housekeeping” Include : a) Material loss prevention b) Segregating waste streams c) Material tracking and inventory control d) Production scheduling e) Preventive maintenance f) Container optimization
- 24. a) Material LossPrevention To reduce the chances of spilling of product Long term, slow release spill is often hard to find and can create large amount of hazardous waste
- 25. b) Segregating WasteStreams Decrease amount of waste to be disposed Include : i) Prevent hazardous wastes from mixing with non-hazardous waste ii) Isolate hazardous wastes by contaminant iii) Isolate liquid wastes from solid wastes
- 26. c) Material Trackingand Inventory Control To track waste minimization efforts and target areas for improvements
- 27. d) Production Scheduling Alteration in product scheduling Include : i) Maximize batch size ii) Schedule production to reduce cleaning frequency
- 28. e) Preventive Maintenance Cut production costs and decrease equipment downtime, in addition to prevent waste release due to equipment failure Include : i) Equipment data cards – equipment location, characteristics and maintenance ii) Equipment history cards iii) Equipment history breakdown reports iv) Manual or computerized repair history file
- 29. f) Container Optimization Options for minimizing wastes associate to containers Include : i) Use large containers instead of small containers whenever possible ii) Use containers with a one-to-one height- to- diameter ratio to minimize wetted area iii) Empty drums and containers thoroughly before cleaning or disposal
- 30. 4. Product Change Include : a) Product Substitution Change design, composition or specifications of end products b) Product Reformulation Reducing the concentration of hazardous substances / changing the composition c) Product Conservation Effective management of inventory
- 31. Reuse Reuse :Returning waste material or to another process as an input material Approach : a) Direct on-site reuse b) Sale for reuse off-site Should be considered when all source reduction options have been investigated and implemented Effectiveness depends upon the ability to separate reusable waste from other process waste
- 32. Purchasing Options forPollution Prevention Buy in bulk Reduces packaging waste Usually less expensive Buy reusable or refillable products Reusable oil absorbent Refillable tanks for welding gas Buy recycled material
- 33. Purchasing Options forPollution Prevention Inventory Control “just-in-time” purchasing watch shelf expiration dates rotate materials streamline materials purchased, minimize the types keep records of materials purchased - record savings return defective or outdated materials to the supplier