The document discusses stacks and their implementation. It defines stacks as linear data structures that follow a LIFO (last in, first out) order. Basic stack operations like push, pop, peek, isFull and isEmpty are explained. Implementation of stacks using arrays (static implementation) and linked lists (dynamic implementation) are covered through code examples. Applications of stacks like expression evaluation are also mentioned.
The document discusses stacks, which are linear data structures that follow the LIFO (last in first out) principle. Elements are inserted and deleted from one end called the top. The two main operations on a stack are push, which inserts an element, and pop, which deletes the top element. When pushing a new element, the stack must check for overflow if the top is already at maximum capacity. When popping an element, underflow occurs if trying to pop from an empty stack.
The document discusses stacks and their implementation and applications. Stacks are LIFO data structures that can be implemented using arrays. Key operations on stacks include push, pop, peek, isEmpty and isFull. Stacks have various applications including expression evaluation, recursion, function calls and memory management. Stacks can grow either upwards or downwards in the array.
A stack is a last-in, first-out data structure where only the top element can be accessed. Elements can be added with push() and removed with pop(). Stacks have various implementations including arrays, vectors, and linked lists. Arrays have fixed size but best performance while vectors grow dynamically but may be slow if resizing. Linked lists allow constant time push/pop but are generally slower. Stacks have many applications including parsing with delimiters, operating system function calls, reverse polish notation calculators, and pathfinding algorithms.
Stacks and queues are common data structures that store and retrieve elements in specific orders. Stacks follow a last-in, first-out (LIFO) order, while queues follow a first-in, first-out (FIFO) order. Stacks and queues can be implemented using arrays or linked lists, and the document describes classes for integer stacks and queues that demonstrate push, pop, enqueue, and dequeue operations. Sample programs test the stack and queue classes by pushing/enqueueing and popping/dequeuing elements.
Queue data structures allow for first-in, first-out access to elements. They have two ends - a head for removing elements and a tail for adding elements. Common implementations include arrays, linked lists, and stacks. Priority queues order elements by priority when removing them. Double-ended queues allow adding/removing from either end.
The document discusses stacks and their implementation in Java using BlueJ. It explains what BlueJ is and how stacks can be implemented using static or dynamic data structures. It then provides code for a Stack class that implements a stack using an array to store objects. Methods like push(), pop(), isEmpty() etc are included. It also provides code for a StackTester class to demonstrate how the Stack class can be used by adding and removing integers. Exercises are included to modify StackTester to use strings instead of integers and to use a stack to check bracket balancing in code.
The document discusses stacks and their implementation and use in evaluating arithmetic expressions. It defines a stack as a collection of elements that can only be inserted or removed from one end, called the top. Stacks follow a last-in, first-out (LIFO) principle. Arrays can be used to implement stacks, with a pointer tracking the current top element. Common stack operations like push, pop, peek, etc. are described. Stacks are useful for converting infix expressions to postfix and then evaluating them, as operators are processed after their operands in postfix notation.
The document discusses stacks, which are linear data structures that follow the LIFO (last in first out) principle. Elements are inserted and deleted from one end called the top. The two main operations on a stack are push, which inserts an element, and pop, which deletes the top element. When pushing a new element, the stack must check for overflow if the top is already at maximum capacity. When popping an element, underflow occurs if trying to pop from an empty stack.
The document discusses stacks and their implementation and applications. Stacks are LIFO data structures that can be implemented using arrays. Key operations on stacks include push, pop, peek, isEmpty and isFull. Stacks have various applications including expression evaluation, recursion, function calls and memory management. Stacks can grow either upwards or downwards in the array.
A stack is a last-in, first-out data structure where only the top element can be accessed. Elements can be added with push() and removed with pop(). Stacks have various implementations including arrays, vectors, and linked lists. Arrays have fixed size but best performance while vectors grow dynamically but may be slow if resizing. Linked lists allow constant time push/pop but are generally slower. Stacks have many applications including parsing with delimiters, operating system function calls, reverse polish notation calculators, and pathfinding algorithms.
Stacks and queues are common data structures that store and retrieve elements in specific orders. Stacks follow a last-in, first-out (LIFO) order, while queues follow a first-in, first-out (FIFO) order. Stacks and queues can be implemented using arrays or linked lists, and the document describes classes for integer stacks and queues that demonstrate push, pop, enqueue, and dequeue operations. Sample programs test the stack and queue classes by pushing/enqueueing and popping/dequeuing elements.
Queue data structures allow for first-in, first-out access to elements. They have two ends - a head for removing elements and a tail for adding elements. Common implementations include arrays, linked lists, and stacks. Priority queues order elements by priority when removing them. Double-ended queues allow adding/removing from either end.
The document discusses stacks and their implementation in Java using BlueJ. It explains what BlueJ is and how stacks can be implemented using static or dynamic data structures. It then provides code for a Stack class that implements a stack using an array to store objects. Methods like push(), pop(), isEmpty() etc are included. It also provides code for a StackTester class to demonstrate how the Stack class can be used by adding and removing integers. Exercises are included to modify StackTester to use strings instead of integers and to use a stack to check bracket balancing in code.
The document discusses stacks and their implementation and use in evaluating arithmetic expressions. It defines a stack as a collection of elements that can only be inserted or removed from one end, called the top. Stacks follow a last-in, first-out (LIFO) principle. Arrays can be used to implement stacks, with a pointer tracking the current top element. Common stack operations like push, pop, peek, etc. are described. Stacks are useful for converting infix expressions to postfix and then evaluating them, as operators are processed after their operands in postfix notation.
stack and queue array implementation in java.CIIT Atd.
This document discusses stack and queue data structures. It provides code examples in Java to demonstrate push and pop operations in a stack and enqueue and dequeue operations in a queue using arrays. Key aspects covered include LIFO and FIFO behavior, stack and queue operations, and sample code to implement stacks and queues in Java with output examples.
The document discusses stacks, which are linear data structures that follow the LIFO (last in, first out) principle. Elements are inserted and removed from only one end, called the top. Common stack operations are PUSH, which inserts an element at the top, and POP, which removes the top element. Stacks can be implemented using arrays or linked lists. Stacks have applications in recursion, expression evaluation, and showing operator precedence. Recursion uses stacks to call nested functions, with stack frames allowing data to come out in the correct order as frames are popped.
This document discusses stacks, which are data structures that only allow adding or removing items from the top. The key operations are push to add an item and pop to remove an item, making stacks follow LIFO (last in, first out) order. Stacks have many uses like evaluating expressions, where a postfix expression uses a stack to evaluate terms without regard for precedence rules. The document also covers converting infix expressions to postfix and prefix forms using a stack.
This document discusses queue data structures and their implementation. A queue is a first-in, first-out (FIFO) data structure where elements are inserted at the rear and deleted from the front. Queues can be implemented using arrays or linked lists. With an array implementation, the front index remains fixed while the rear index moves to insert elements. To delete, the front index is incremented. Linked list implementations use head and tail pointers. Enqueue operations add to the tail and dequeue operations remove from the head. Common queue operations and applications are also covered.
The document discusses stacks and their implementation using linked lists. It defines a stack as a last-in, first-out data structure that allows insertion and deletion of elements only at one end, called the top. Key stack operations like push, pop and peek are described along with their algorithms. Linked list and array implementations of stacks are presented. Common applications of stacks like balancing symbols, postfix notation calculators, and infix to postfix conversion are also covered.
The document discusses stacks, which are linear data structures that follow the LIFO (last-in, first-out) principle. Stacks allow elements to be inserted and removed from one end through push and pop operations. Common stack operations are described like push, pop, isEmpty and their functions. Examples of stack operations and conversions between infix, prefix and postfix notations are provided.
Mcs011 solved assignment by divya singhDIVYA SINGH
The document contains code snippets and questions related to C programming. It includes programs to:
1. Convert between octal and decimal numbers, withdraw money from an ATM, find the largest element in an array using recursion, separate even and odd numbers in an array into two arrays.
2. Determine if a matrix is sparse, calculate the sum of array elements using pointers, append the contents of one file to another file.
3. Create and update student records in a file by sorting, adding, searching, editing, and deleting records.
The document discusses queues, which implement the FIFO (first-in, first-out) policy. It describes the queue ADT interface with functions like enqueue(), dequeue(), and getFront(). It provides examples of using a queue and implementing queues using linked lists or arrays. Circular arrays are described as another implementation where the front and back pointers wrap around the end of the array. Checks for empty and full states are also covered.
The document discusses stacks and their implementation as linked lists and arrays. It defines a stack as a last-in, first-out data structure where insertion and deletion can only occur at one end, called the top. The key stack operations are push, which inserts at the top, pop, which removes from the top, and top, which retrieves the top element. Stacks have applications in postfix notation and converting infix to postfix expressions.
The document discusses queues and their implementation and applications. It begins by describing the physical nature of queues and some real-world examples where queues are used, such as waiting in line. It then defines queues as abstract data types and common queue operations like enqueue and dequeue. The document provides examples of implementing queues using arrays and linked lists, including pseudocode for basic queue methods. It also demonstrates using queues in C# code and discusses edge cases like empty queues.
The document discusses priority queues and quicksort. It defines a priority queue as a data structure that maintains a set of elements with associated keys. Heaps can be used to implement priority queues. There are two types: max-priority queues and min-priority queues. Priority queues have applications in job scheduling and event-driven simulation. Quicksort works by partitioning an array around a pivot element and recursively sorting the sub-arrays.
Queue Implementation Using Array & Linked ListPTCL
This document describes two implementations of a queue data structure in C++. A queue uses the First In First Out (FIFO) principle to add and remove elements. Elements can be added to the rear of the queue using the Enque operation and removed from the front using the Deque operation. The first implementation uses an array to store queue elements, while the second uses linked nodes to dynamically allocate memory for elements as they are added. Both implementations provide functions for Enqueuing, Dequeuing, checking if the queue is empty, and displaying the queue elements.
The document discusses implementation of stacks. It describes stacks as linear data structures that follow LIFO principles. Key stack operations like push and pop are outlined. Stacks are often implemented using arrays or linked lists. Examples of stack applications include recursion handling, expression evaluation, parenthesis checking, and backtracking problems. Conversion from infix to postfix notation using a stack is also demonstrated.
The document discusses data structures and abstract data types (ADTs). It provides examples of linear lists and linked lists as implementations of the ADT linear list. Key points made include:
- An ADT defines operations on a data structure without specifying its implementation.
- Linked lists provide flexibility for insertion and deletion compared to arrays.
- The main linked list operations are insertion, deletion, finding an element, and traversal.
- Queues and stacks are examples of linear lists with restricted insertion/deletion points.
Describes basic understanding of priority queues, their applications, methods, implementation with sorted/unsorted list, sorting applications with insertion sort and selection sort with their running times.
A queue is a first-in, first-out (FIFO) data structure where items are inserted at one end called the rear and removed from the other end called the front. Common applications include printer queues, bank lines, and computer input/output operations. The document discusses different implementations of queues including physical, single-step append-serve, and circular models. It also covers priority queues where items have priorities and are served according to those priorities.
Queue is a linear data structure that follows the FIFO (First In First Out) principle where elements are inserted at the rear and deleted from the front. It has fields for the front and rear pointers and size, and functions to enqueue, dequeue, and display elements. Elements are inserted at the rear if space is available and deleted from the front, maintaining the order they entered the queue.
Stacks are linear data structures that follow the LIFO (last in, first out) principle. Elements are added and removed from the top of the stack. Stacks have two main operations - Push, which adds an element to the top of the stack, and Pop, which removes an element from the top. Stacks can be implemented using arrays or linked lists. Compilers use stacks to convert infix arithmetic expressions to postfix notation and then evaluate the postfix expression. This process involves pushing and popping operators from the stack.
B is inserted at index 1 (back) of the circular queue. back is incremented by 1 using modulo arithmetic to handle wrap-around. count is also incremented.
From previous slide: front = 0, back = 1, count = 2 queue
front = 0
7 0
A back = 2
6 1
B C
back = (1 + 1) % 8
back = 2 % 8
back = 2 5 2
0 queue[2] = C
8√ 2 4 3
Data Structure- Stack operations may involve initializing the stack, using it and then de-initializing it. Apart from these basic stuffs, a stack is used for the following two primary operations −
PUSH, POP, PEEP
What is Stack, Its Operations, Queue, Circular Queue, Priority QueueBalwant Gorad
Explain Stack and its Concepts, Its Operations, Queue, Circular Queue, Priority Queue. Explain Queue and It's Operations
Data Structures, Abstract Data Types
stack and queue array implementation in java.CIIT Atd.
This document discusses stack and queue data structures. It provides code examples in Java to demonstrate push and pop operations in a stack and enqueue and dequeue operations in a queue using arrays. Key aspects covered include LIFO and FIFO behavior, stack and queue operations, and sample code to implement stacks and queues in Java with output examples.
The document discusses stacks, which are linear data structures that follow the LIFO (last in, first out) principle. Elements are inserted and removed from only one end, called the top. Common stack operations are PUSH, which inserts an element at the top, and POP, which removes the top element. Stacks can be implemented using arrays or linked lists. Stacks have applications in recursion, expression evaluation, and showing operator precedence. Recursion uses stacks to call nested functions, with stack frames allowing data to come out in the correct order as frames are popped.
This document discusses stacks, which are data structures that only allow adding or removing items from the top. The key operations are push to add an item and pop to remove an item, making stacks follow LIFO (last in, first out) order. Stacks have many uses like evaluating expressions, where a postfix expression uses a stack to evaluate terms without regard for precedence rules. The document also covers converting infix expressions to postfix and prefix forms using a stack.
This document discusses queue data structures and their implementation. A queue is a first-in, first-out (FIFO) data structure where elements are inserted at the rear and deleted from the front. Queues can be implemented using arrays or linked lists. With an array implementation, the front index remains fixed while the rear index moves to insert elements. To delete, the front index is incremented. Linked list implementations use head and tail pointers. Enqueue operations add to the tail and dequeue operations remove from the head. Common queue operations and applications are also covered.
The document discusses stacks and their implementation using linked lists. It defines a stack as a last-in, first-out data structure that allows insertion and deletion of elements only at one end, called the top. Key stack operations like push, pop and peek are described along with their algorithms. Linked list and array implementations of stacks are presented. Common applications of stacks like balancing symbols, postfix notation calculators, and infix to postfix conversion are also covered.
The document discusses stacks, which are linear data structures that follow the LIFO (last-in, first-out) principle. Stacks allow elements to be inserted and removed from one end through push and pop operations. Common stack operations are described like push, pop, isEmpty and their functions. Examples of stack operations and conversions between infix, prefix and postfix notations are provided.
Mcs011 solved assignment by divya singhDIVYA SINGH
The document contains code snippets and questions related to C programming. It includes programs to:
1. Convert between octal and decimal numbers, withdraw money from an ATM, find the largest element in an array using recursion, separate even and odd numbers in an array into two arrays.
2. Determine if a matrix is sparse, calculate the sum of array elements using pointers, append the contents of one file to another file.
3. Create and update student records in a file by sorting, adding, searching, editing, and deleting records.
The document discusses queues, which implement the FIFO (first-in, first-out) policy. It describes the queue ADT interface with functions like enqueue(), dequeue(), and getFront(). It provides examples of using a queue and implementing queues using linked lists or arrays. Circular arrays are described as another implementation where the front and back pointers wrap around the end of the array. Checks for empty and full states are also covered.
The document discusses stacks and their implementation as linked lists and arrays. It defines a stack as a last-in, first-out data structure where insertion and deletion can only occur at one end, called the top. The key stack operations are push, which inserts at the top, pop, which removes from the top, and top, which retrieves the top element. Stacks have applications in postfix notation and converting infix to postfix expressions.
The document discusses queues and their implementation and applications. It begins by describing the physical nature of queues and some real-world examples where queues are used, such as waiting in line. It then defines queues as abstract data types and common queue operations like enqueue and dequeue. The document provides examples of implementing queues using arrays and linked lists, including pseudocode for basic queue methods. It also demonstrates using queues in C# code and discusses edge cases like empty queues.
The document discusses priority queues and quicksort. It defines a priority queue as a data structure that maintains a set of elements with associated keys. Heaps can be used to implement priority queues. There are two types: max-priority queues and min-priority queues. Priority queues have applications in job scheduling and event-driven simulation. Quicksort works by partitioning an array around a pivot element and recursively sorting the sub-arrays.
Queue Implementation Using Array & Linked ListPTCL
This document describes two implementations of a queue data structure in C++. A queue uses the First In First Out (FIFO) principle to add and remove elements. Elements can be added to the rear of the queue using the Enque operation and removed from the front using the Deque operation. The first implementation uses an array to store queue elements, while the second uses linked nodes to dynamically allocate memory for elements as they are added. Both implementations provide functions for Enqueuing, Dequeuing, checking if the queue is empty, and displaying the queue elements.
The document discusses implementation of stacks. It describes stacks as linear data structures that follow LIFO principles. Key stack operations like push and pop are outlined. Stacks are often implemented using arrays or linked lists. Examples of stack applications include recursion handling, expression evaluation, parenthesis checking, and backtracking problems. Conversion from infix to postfix notation using a stack is also demonstrated.
The document discusses data structures and abstract data types (ADTs). It provides examples of linear lists and linked lists as implementations of the ADT linear list. Key points made include:
- An ADT defines operations on a data structure without specifying its implementation.
- Linked lists provide flexibility for insertion and deletion compared to arrays.
- The main linked list operations are insertion, deletion, finding an element, and traversal.
- Queues and stacks are examples of linear lists with restricted insertion/deletion points.
Describes basic understanding of priority queues, their applications, methods, implementation with sorted/unsorted list, sorting applications with insertion sort and selection sort with their running times.
A queue is a first-in, first-out (FIFO) data structure where items are inserted at one end called the rear and removed from the other end called the front. Common applications include printer queues, bank lines, and computer input/output operations. The document discusses different implementations of queues including physical, single-step append-serve, and circular models. It also covers priority queues where items have priorities and are served according to those priorities.
Queue is a linear data structure that follows the FIFO (First In First Out) principle where elements are inserted at the rear and deleted from the front. It has fields for the front and rear pointers and size, and functions to enqueue, dequeue, and display elements. Elements are inserted at the rear if space is available and deleted from the front, maintaining the order they entered the queue.
Stacks are linear data structures that follow the LIFO (last in, first out) principle. Elements are added and removed from the top of the stack. Stacks have two main operations - Push, which adds an element to the top of the stack, and Pop, which removes an element from the top. Stacks can be implemented using arrays or linked lists. Compilers use stacks to convert infix arithmetic expressions to postfix notation and then evaluate the postfix expression. This process involves pushing and popping operators from the stack.
B is inserted at index 1 (back) of the circular queue. back is incremented by 1 using modulo arithmetic to handle wrap-around. count is also incremented.
From previous slide: front = 0, back = 1, count = 2 queue
front = 0
7 0
A back = 2
6 1
B C
back = (1 + 1) % 8
back = 2 % 8
back = 2 5 2
0 queue[2] = C
8√ 2 4 3
Data Structure- Stack operations may involve initializing the stack, using it and then de-initializing it. Apart from these basic stuffs, a stack is used for the following two primary operations −
PUSH, POP, PEEP
What is Stack, Its Operations, Queue, Circular Queue, Priority QueueBalwant Gorad
Explain Stack and its Concepts, Its Operations, Queue, Circular Queue, Priority Queue. Explain Queue and It's Operations
Data Structures, Abstract Data Types
The document discusses stacks and queues as data structures. It defines a stack as a linear data structure that follows the LIFO principle with insertion and deletion occurring at one end. Key stack operations are described as push, pop, peek, isEmpty and isFull. Queue is defined as a linear structure that follows the FIFO principle with insertion at the rear and deletion at the front. Common queue operations are enqueue, dequeue, peek, isEmpty and isFull. Array and linked list implementations of stacks and queues are also covered.
Stack and its Applications : Data Structures ADTSoumen Santra
Stacks are a data structure that follow the last-in, first-out (LIFO) principle. Elements are inserted and removed from the same end called the top of the stack. Common stack operations include push to add an element, pop to remove an element, peek to view the top element, and isEmpty to check if the stack is empty. Stacks have various applications like representing function call stacks, evaluating mathematical expressions, and solving puzzles like the Towers of Hanoi. They can be implemented using arrays or linked lists.
stack and queue array implementation, java.CIIT Atd.
This document discusses stack and queue data structures. It provides code examples in Java to demonstrate push and pop operations in a stack and enqueue and dequeue operations in a queue using arrays. Key aspects covered include LIFO and FIFO behavior, stack and queue operations, and sample code to implement stacks and queues in Java with output examples.
This document discusses stacks and queues. It begins by describing basic stack operations like push and pop and basic queue operations. It then discusses the implementation of stacks and queues, including using linked lists and arrays to represent stacks. Key aspects covered include stack errors like overflow and underflow, and functions for basic stack operations like push(), pop(), peek(), isEmpty(), and sizeOfStack(). It also discusses representing a stack using a linked list.
The document discusses stacks, which are linear data structures that follow the LIFO (last-in, first-out) principle. A stack has two main operations - push, which adds an element to the top of the stack, and pop, which removes the top element. Some key applications of stacks include implementing undo/redo features, converting infix expressions to postfix notation, and solving recursive backtracking problems. The document also describes how to evaluate expressions in postfix notation using a stack. Elements are pushed onto the stack as they are encountered, and when an operator is reached, elements are popped off to perform the operation before pushing the result back on.
Abstract data types allow defining types for specific purposes while hiding implementation details. They can be used to protect data from incorrect access. An example is defining a Stack abstract data type with functions for creating/destroying stacks and pushing/popping elements without revealing whether it uses an array or linked list internally. This provides a standardized interface while allowing flexible implementations to be developed and changed without affecting other code.
This document discusses stacks and their implementation and applications. It can be summarized as:
1. Stacks are linear data structures that follow the LIFO (last in, first out) principle, where elements can only be inserted or removed from one end called the top. Common stack operations are push to add and pop to remove elements.
2. Stacks have two main implementations - using arrays or linked lists. Array implementations are faster but have size limits, while linked lists are dynamic. Push and pop operations on both are described.
3. Stacks have many applications including evaluating arithmetic expressions using postfix notation, which avoids the need for parentheses. The document describes converting expressions to postfix and an algorithm to evaluate them
Stack and Queue.pptx university exam preparationRAtna29
Queues and stacks are dynamic while arrays are static. So when we require dynamic memory we use queue or stack over arrays. Stacks and queues are used over arrays when sequential access is required. To efficiently remove any data from the start (queue) or the end (stack) of a data structure
This document discusses stacks, including what they are, their operations, implementations, and applications. Stacks follow LIFO order and can be implemented using arrays or linked lists. Common stack operations are push, pop, peek, isEmpty, and size. Stacks have various applications, including converting expressions between infix, postfix, and prefix notation.
A linked list is a data structure consisting of nodes where each node contains data and a reference (or pointer) to the next node in the sequence. The key features are:
1. **Node Structure**: Each node has two parts: data and a next pointer.
2. **Head**: The first node in the list is called the head.
3. **Traversal**: To access elements, start at the head and follow the next pointers.
4. **Insertion**: Can be done at the beginning, end, or any position by updating pointers.
5. **Deletion**: Remove a node by changing the pointer of the previous node to skip the deleted node.
6. **Types**: Singly linked list (one next pointer per node) and doubly linked list (nodes also have a previous pointer).
7. **Dynamic Size**: Linked lists can grow or shrink in size dynamically.
8. **Memory Use**: More memory per element due to storage of pointers.
9. **Efficiency**: Efficient insertion/deletion but slower access compared to arrays.
10. **Applications**: Useful in implementing other data structures like stacks, queues, and graphs.
Stack is an abstract data type that serves as a linear collection of elements. It has two main operations: push, which adds an element to the top of the stack, and pop, which removes the top element. A stack follows last-in, first-out (LIFO) order, meaning the last element added is the first removed. Common real-world examples of stacks include piles of plates and books.
1. The document discusses stacks and their implementation as a data structure. Stacks follow the last-in, first-out (LIFO) principle and can be implemented using either arrays (static implementation) or linked lists (dynamic implementation).
2. Common stack operations like push, pop, peek and isEmpty are described along with their time complexities. Converting expressions from infix to postfix notation using stacks is also covered.
3. Examples of implementing stacks using arrays and linked lists in C programming language are provided, including functions for push, pop and traversal operations. Converting infix expressions to equivalent postfix forms using stack operations is demonstrated through examples.
A stack is a linear data structure that follows the LIFO (Last In First Out) principle. Elements are added and removed from the top of the stack. Common operations on a stack include push to add an element and pop to remove an element. A stack can be implemented using arrays or pointers in static or dynamic ways respectively. Stacks have applications in reversing words, undo operations, and backtracking in algorithms.
This document discusses stacks and their applications. It begins with the basics of stacks, including common operations like push, pop, peek, and size. It then provides an example implementation of a stack using a linked list. The document also covers applications of stacks like finding the next greater element and next smaller element in an array. It explains the algorithms for these problems using examples. Finally, it mentions that similar problems can be solved using stacks.
This document discusses data structures stacks and queues. It provides definitions and examples of stacks and queues. Stacks follow LIFO (last in first out) and are useful for undo sequences and function calls. Queues follow FIFO (first in first out) and are useful for things like printer queues. The document discusses implementations of stacks and queues using arrays and linked lists. It provides pseudocode for common stack and queue operations like push, pop, enqueue, dequeue.
A stack is a linear data structure that follows the LIFO (last in, first out) principle. Elements can only be inserted or removed from one end, called the top. Common stack operations include push, which adds an element, and pop, which removes the top element. Stacks have applications in expression evaluation, parenthesis matching, and undo operations. A queue follows the FIFO (first in, first out) principle, with elements being inserted at the rear and removed from the front. Common queue operations are enqueue and dequeue. Queues are used in scheduling, printing, and resource allocation.
The document discusses the stack data structure. A stack is a collection of elements that follow the LIFO (last-in, first-out) principle. Elements can be inserted and removed from the top of the stack only. Stacks have common applications like undo functions in text editors and web browser history. Formally, a stack is an abstract data type that supports push, pop, top, is_empty and length operations. The document provides examples and explanations of stack operations and applications like infix to postfix conversion, expression evaluation, balancing symbols, function calls and reversing a string.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
2. Definition of Stack
• Stack is a linear data structure which follows a particular order in which the
operations are performed. The order may be LIFO(Last In First Out) or
FILO(First In Last Out).
• There are many real-life examples of a stack. Consider an example of plates
stacked over one another in the canteen. The plate which is at the top is the
first one to be removed, i.e. the plate which has been placed at the
bottommost position remains in the stack for the longest period of time. So,
it can be simply seen to follow LIFO(Last In First Out)/FILO(First In Last
Out) order.
3. Basic Operations
on Stack
• push() − Pushing (storing) an element on the stack.
• pop() − Removing (accessing) an element from the stack.
4. Basic Operations
on Stack
• To use a stack efficiently, we need to check the status of stack as well. For
the same purpose, the following functionality is added to stacks −
• peek() − get the top data element of the stack, without removing it.
• isFull() − check if stack is full.(Overflow) -push
• isEmpty() − check if stack is empty.(underflow)-pop
5. Push Operation
• The process of putting a new data element onto stack is known as a Push
Operation. Push operation involves a series of steps −
• Step 1 − Checks if the stack is full.
• Step 2 − If the stack is full, produces an error and exit.
• Step 3 − If the stack is not full, increments top to point next empty space.
• Step 4 − Adds data element to the stack location, where top is pointing.
• Step 5 − Returns success.
7. Procedure for Push Operation
begin procedure push: stack, data
if stack is full
return null
endif
top ← top + 1
stack[top] ← data
end procedure
8. Code for Push Operation
void push(int data) {
if(!isFull()) {
top = top + 1;
stack[top] = data;
} else {
printf("Could not insert data, Stack is full.n");
}}
9. Pop Operation
• Accessing the content while removing it from the stack, is known as a Pop
Operation. In an array implementation of pop() operation, the data element
is not actually removed, instead top is decremented to a lower position in the
stack to point to the next value. But in linked-list implementation, pop()
actually removes data element and deallocates memory space.
10. Pop Operation
• A Pop operation may involve the following steps −
• Step 1 − Checks if the stack is empty.
• Step 2 − If the stack is empty, produces an error and exit.
• Step 3 − If the stack is not empty, accesses the data element at which top is
pointing.
• Step 4 − Decreases the value of top by 1.
• Step 5 − Returns success.
12. Algorithm for Pop Operation
begin procedure pop: stack
if stack is empty
return null
endif
data ← stack[top]
top ← top - 1
return data
end procedure
13. Code for Pop
int pop(int data) {
if(!isempty()) {
data = stack[top];
top = top - 1;
return data;
} else {
printf("Could not retrieve data, Stack is empty.n");
}
}
17. Applications of Stack
• In a stack, only limited operations are performed because it is restricted data
structure. The elements are deleted from the stack in the reverse order.
18. Applications of stack:
• Following are the applications of stack:
1. Expression Evaluation
2. Expression Conversion
i. Infix to Postfix
ii. Infix to Prefix
iii. Postfix to Infix
iv. Prefix to Infix
19. STACK IMPLEMENTATION:-
• The stack implementation can be done in two ways:-
• 1) Static implementation:-
• It can be achieved using arrays. Though it is very simple method it has few limitations.
• Once a size of an array is declared, its size cannot be modified during program
execution.
• The vacant space of stack also occupies memory space.
• In both cases, if we store less argument than declared, memory is wasted and if we want
to store more
• elements than declared array cannot be expanded. It is suitable only when we exactly
know the number of
• elements to be stored.
20. Operations on static stack:-
• 1) Declaring of a stack :-
• A stack to be implemented using an array will require.
• - An array of a fixed size.
• - An integer called top which stored the index or position of the topmost element.
• We can use a structure for the above purpose.
• 2) Creating a stack:-
• This declaration only specifies the template. The actual stack can be declared as-
• STACK s1;
• 3) initialize a stack:-
• When a stack variable is declared the integer top has to be initialized to indicate an empty stack. Since we
• are using an array the first element will occupy position 0. Hence to indicate an empty stack top has to be
• initialized to -1
21. • 4) Checking whether stack is empty:-
• An empty stack can be tested from the value contained in top. If top contains -1 it indicates an
• empty stack.
• 5) Checking whether stack is full:-
• If the value of top reaches the maximum array index i.e. MAX-1 no more elements can be pushed into the
• stack.
• 6) The push operation:-
• The element can be pushed into the stack only if it is not full. In such case the top has to be incremented
• first and the element has to be put in this position.
• 7) The pop operation:
• An element can be removed from the stack if it is not empty. The topmost element can be removed after
• which top has to decremented
22. (ststack.h file
• #define MAX 60
• struct stack
• {
• int top;
• int item[MAX];
• };
• typedef struct stack STACK;
• void initstack(STACK *s)
• {
• s->top=-1;
• }
• int isempty(STACK *s)
26. • printf("n4 : DISPLAY");
• printf("n5 : EXIT");
• printf("nEnter the choice=> ");
• scanf("%d",&ch);
• switch(ch)
• {
• case 1:
• if (isfull(&s))
• printf("nStack is full");
• else
• {
• printf("nEnter the data to be pushed-> ");
• scanf("%d",&data);
• push(&s,data);
• }
• break;
27. • case 2:
• if(isempty(&s))
• printf("nStack is empty");
• else
• printf("nPopped data is %d",pop(&s));
• break;
• case 3:
• if(isempty(&s))
• printf("nTop element cannot be displayed: ");
• else
• printf("nTop element of the stack: %d",peek(&s));
• break;
• case 4:
• if(isempty(&s))
• printf("nstack is empty");
• else
• display(&s);
• break;
• case 5:
• exit(1);
28. Dynamic implementation
• Pointers are used for implementation of stack. The linked list is an e.g. of this implementation.
• The limitations noticed in static implementation can be removed using dynamic implementation. The
• dynamic implementation is achieved using pointers.
• Using pointer implementation at runtime there is no restriction on the no. of elements. The stack may be
• expandable.
• The memory is efficiently utilized with pointers.
• Memory is allocated only after element is pushed to the stack
• In static representation there is a limitation on the size of the array if less elements are stored, memory will
• be wasted. To overcome the program the stack can be implemented using linked list.
• In the linked organization
• - The stack can grow to any size.
• - We need not have prior knowledge of the number of elements.
• When an element is popped the memory can be freed. Thus memory is not unnecessary occupied.
• Since random access to any element is not required in a stack, the linked representation is preferred over
• the sequential organization.
34. • switch(ch)
• {
• case 1:
• printf("nEnter the data to be pushed-> ");
• scanf("%d",&data);
• push(data);
• break;
• case 2:
• if(isempty())
• printf("nStack is empty");
• else
• printf("nPopped data is %d",pop());
• break;
35. • case 3:
• if(isempty())
• printf("nTop element cannot be displayed: ");
• else
• printf("nTop element of the stack: %d",peek());
• break;
• case 4:
• if(isempty())
• printf("nstack is empty");
• else
• display();
• break;
• case 5:
• exit(1);
• }
• }
• }
36. Infix expression
• Infix, Postfix and Prefix notations are three different but equivalent ways of
writing expressions. It is easiest to demonstrate the differences by looking at
examples of operators that take two operands.
• Infix notation: X + Y
• Operators are written in-between their operands. This is the usual way we
write expressions. An expression such as A * ( B + C ) / D is usually taken to
mean something like: "First add B and C together, then multiply the result by
A, then divide by D to give the final answer."
37. • Expression consists of operators and operands
• Operands= It is identifier or constants.
• Operator= It is symbols (+,-,/,*)
• A+B=C
• Operators(+,=) operands(A,B,C)
38. Infix expression
• The operand is placed between the operands
• Infix notation needs extra information to make the order of evaluation of the
operators clear: rules built into the language about operator precedence and
associativity, and brackets ( ) to allow users to override these rules. For
example, the usual rules for associativity say that we perform operations from
left to right, so the multiplication by A is assumed to come before the
division by D. Similarly, the usual rules for precedence say that we perform
multiplication and division before we perform addition and subtraction
39. Postfix notation
• Postfix notation (also known as "Reverse Polish notation"): X+Y =X Y +
• Operators are written after their operands. The infix expression given above
is equivalent to A B C + * D /
• The order of evaluation of operators is always left-to-right, and brackets
cannot be used to change this order. Because the "+" is to the left of the "*"
in the example above, the addition must be performed before the
multiplication.
40. Postfix notation
• Operators act on values immediately to the left of them. For example, the
"+" above uses the "B" and "C". We can add (totally unnecessary) brackets
to make this explicit:
• ( (A (B C +) *) D /)
• Thus, the "*" uses the two values immediately preceding: "A", and the result
of the addition. Similarly, the "/" uses the result of the multiplication and the
"D".
41. Prefix notation
• Prefix notation (also known as "Polish notation"): X+Y=+ X Y
• Operators are written before their operands. The expressions given above are
equivalent to / * A + B C D
• As for Postfix, operators are evaluated left-to-right and brackets are
superfluous. Operators act on the two nearest values on the right. I have
again added (totally unnecessary) brackets to make this clear:
• (/ (* A (+ B C) ) D)
42.
43. INFIX TO POSTFIX CONVERSION
Algorithm
1) Scan the string from left to right
2) Make three columns symbol , postfix expression and stack
3) If symbol = = opening bracket push in stack (i.e put in stack column)
44. INFIX TO POSTFIX CONVERSION
4) If symbol = = closing bracket pop all the elements from stack till we get
opening bracket, pop the opening bracket also and then put the pop elements
in the postfix expression column leaving opening bracket.
5) If symbol = = alphabet/ digit then put the symbol in postfix expression
column
6) If symbol = = operator check priority of top element in the stack.
45. INFIX TO POSTFIX CONVERSION
If priority( top element)>= priority(symbol operator) then pop top element and
put it in postfix expression column If priority( top element)< priority(symbol
operator) then push the symbol in the stack
7) If all the symbol finished from the symbol pop all the elements from stack
and put it in postfix expression column
50. Infix to Postfix
• A* B+C,A+B*C,(A+B)*(C-D),A*B-C$D+E
Symbol Postfix Expression Stack Remark
A A
* A *
B AB *
+ AB* +
C AB*C +
0 AB*C+
51. INFIX TO PREFIX CONVERSION
Algorithm
1) Scan the string from right to left
2) Make three columns symbol , prefix expression and stack
3) If symbol = = closing bracket push in stack (i.e put in stack column)
52. INFIX TO PREFIX CONVERSION
4) If symbol = = opening bracket pop all the elements from stack till we get
closing bracket, pop the closing bracket also and then put the pop elements in
the postfix expression column leaving closing bracket.
5) If symbol = = alphabet/ digit then put the symbol in prefix expression
column
6) If symbol = = operator check priority of top element in the stack. If priority(
top element)> priority(symbol operator) then pop top element and put it in
prefix expression column
53. INFIX TO PREFIX CONVERSION
If priority( top element)<= priority(symbol operator) then push the symbol in
the stack
7) If all the symbol finished from the symbol pop all the elements from stack
and put it in prefix expression column
8) Reverse the final string
54. A+B*(C^(D-E)+F)-G
Symbol Prefix Expression Stack Remark
G G Step 5
- G - Step 6
) G - ) Step 3
F GF - ) Step 5
+ GF -)+ Step 6
) GF -)+) Step 6
E GFE -)+) Step 5
- GFE -)+)- Step 6
D GFED -)+)- Step 5
( GFED- -)+ Step 4
^ GFED- -)+^ Step 6
C GFED-C -)+^ Step 5
( GFED-C^+ - Step 4
55. Symbol Prefix Expression Stack Remark
* GFED-C^+ - * Step 6
B GFED-C^+B - * Step 5
+ GFED-C^+B * - + Step 6
A GFED-C^+B * A - + Step 5
0 GFED-C^+B * A + - Step 7
Reverse the Prefix Expression:- The Result will be
- +A * B + ^ C - DEFG
56. A * B + C / D
Symbol Prefix expression Stack Remark
D D Step 5
/ D / Step 6
C DC / Step 5
+ DC/ + Step 6
B DC/B + Step 5
* DC/B + * Step 6
A DC/BA + * Step 5
0 DC/BA*+ +*AB/CD
57. (A+B)*(C-D)
Symbol Prefix expression Stack Remark
) )
D D )
- D )-
C DC )-
( DC-
* DC- *
) DC- *)
B DC-B *)
+ DC-B *)+
A DC-BA *)+
( DC-BA+* *+AB-CD
60. Steps to convert Postfix to Infix Expression
Step 1:- Scan the postfix expression from left to right.
Step 2:- Initialize an empty string stack.
Step 3:- If the scanned character is operand, push it into stack.
Step 4:- Else if the scanned character is operator, pop two operands from stack, and add
this Operator in between the two operands. namely, opd1 and opd2, and
push: (opd1 operator op2) into stack.
Step 5:- Repeat steps from 3 to 4 until all the characters from the string are scanned.
Step 6:-In the end, only one valid infix string will be present in the stack, pop it and return
it.
61. AB-DE+F*/
Symbol Stack Remark
A A Step 3
B AB Step 3
- (A-B) Step 4
D (A-B)D Step 3
E (A-B)DE Step 3
+ (A-B)(D+E) Step 4
F (A-B)(D+E)F Step 3
* (A-B)(D+E)*F Step 4
/ (A-B)/((D+E)*F) Step 4
63. SIMULATING STACK USING RECURSION
1)A procedure is called recursive if the procedure is defined by itself. i.e. when a
function is defined in terms of itself then it is called a recursive.
2) In the recursion, the procedure calls itself directly or indirectly.
Directly means functions called itself repeatedly. Indirectly means a function calls
the another function. Hence the functions are executed repeatedly, every time a
new value is passed to the recursive function till the condition is satisfied. If the
recursive procedure calls itself then current values of parameters must be saved,
since they will be used again when a program is reactivated.
64. RECURSION
3) Rules:
There must be terminating condition to stop recursion.
When function is called recursively the copy of the stack is maintain.
E.g. Consider the definition of factorial of a positive integer n.
fact(n)= 1 if(n==0)
n*fact(n-1) otherwise
66. RECURSION
• Function fact() is defined in terms of itself for n>0.
• Value of the function at n=0 is 1 and it is called the base. Recursion
terminates on reaching the base.
67. * Removal of Recursion (using stack) Any recursive function can be converted
to non recursive function through use of a stack.
1) A recursive call is similar to a call to another function.
2) Any call to a function requires that the function has storage area where it can
store its local variables and actual parameters.
3) Return address must be saved before a call is made to a function.
4) Storage area for local variables, actual parameters and the return address can be
provided through a stack.
5) In case of a recursive call, the value of local variables, parameters and the return
address must be saved on the stack.
6) While returning from a nested call, the previous outer call must be recalled with
resetting all the local variables and operation must resume from where it was
suspended
68. Rules for converting a recursive algorithm to
non recursive one-
• 1) Declare stack-: It will hold local variables, parameters, return address etc.
2) The first statement after the stack initialization must have a label
• Steps required to replace a recursive call 1) Push all local variables and
parameters into the stack 2) Push an integer i into stack i gives the return
address. 3) Set the values of formal parameters 4) Transfer the control to the
beginning of the function (i.e first label immediately after initialization of
stack) 5) There should always be a label statement immediately following the
recursive call This label is the return address
69. Rules for converting a recursive algorithm to
non recursive one-
Steps required at the end of recursion function
1) If the stack is empty , then the recursion is finished
2) Otherwise pop the stack to restore the values of all local variables and
parameters called by value
3) Pop the return address
70. Back Tracking
• It Can be used to solve NP-Complete problems such as 0-1 Knapsack more
efficiently
• Backtracking vs Dynamic Programming
• Dynamic Programming – subsets of a solution are generated Backtracking
– Technique for deciding that some subsets need not be generated
• Efficient for many large instances of a problem (but not all)
71. • Backtracking Technique
• Solve problems in which a sequence of objects is chosen from a set
Sequence satisfies some criterion
• Modified DFS of a rooted tree Pre-order traversal
• General-purpose algorithm does not specify order children visited – we
will use left to right
72. • N-Queen Problem
• Goal: position n queens on a n x n board such that no two queens
threaten each other
• No two queens may be in the same row, column, or diagonal Sequence: n
positions where queens are placed
• Set: n2 positions on the board
• Criterion: no two queens threaten each other
73. • Place Q1 Q2 Q3 bracktrack,place Q2
1 2 3 4
1 Q
2
3
4 1,1
1 2 3 4
1 Q
2 X X Q
3
4
2,3
1,1
1 2 3 4
1 Q
2 Q
3 X X X X
4
1 2 3 4
1 Q
2 Q
3
4
2,3
1,1
2,4
1,1