This document discusses prenatal development from conception through birth. It covers the key periods of prenatal development: 1. The zygote period lasts from weeks 1-2 and involves fertilization, implantation, and the rapid division of the zygote into a blastocyst. 2. The embryo period spans weeks 3-8, where differentiation of organs and organ systems occurs through the formation of the three germ layers. 3. During the fetal period from weeks 9 through birth, the fetus increases in size and body systems begin to function. It also discusses labor and delivery, approaches to childbirth, adjusting to parenthood, assessing the newborn, and the perception and learning abilities of

1. CHAPTER 3:Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn

2. Period of the Zygote: Week 1-2
Key terms:
 Ovulation; fertilization, implantation, fallopian tube;
zygote, blastocyst; germ disc
Characteristics:
 2 weeks duration; rapid division
Let’s look at the next slide to view
this period more closely.

3. PERIOD OF THE ZYGOTE

4. Period of the Embryo: Week 3-8
Key terms:
 Embryo
 Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
 Amnion and amniotic fluid
 Umbilical cord
 Placenta
 Villi
Characteristics:
 Third to eighth weeks of prenatal development
 Differentiation of organs and organ systems occurs

5. PRENATAL STRUCTURES

6. Period of the Fetus: Weeks 9-38
Key Terms:
 Cerebral cortex
 Vernix
 Age of viability
Characteristics:
 From 9 weeks after conception to birth
 Increase in size
 Systems begin to function

7. Period of the Fetus
Fetal Behavior:
 Fetal movement
 Behavioral maturity of sense
 Changes during prenatal development

8. Five Steps Toward a Healthy Baby
1. Regular check-ups
2. Healthy foods
3. No alcohol or caffeinated beverages
4. Exercise
5. Adequate diet

9. General Risk Factors
 Nutrition
 Chronic stress
 Mother’s age

10. Teratogens: Diseases, Drugs,
and Environmental Hazards
Teratogen:
Agent that causes abnormal prenatal development
 Diseases passing through placenta directly or attacking at
birth
 Potentially dangerous drugs
 Environmental hazards

11. Can you hear me now???
Is cell phone usage a potential
teratogen for pregnant women?
Check out Yale’s recent study…
http://www.nydailynews.com/life-
style/health/yale-study-cellphone-
pregnancy-bad-babies-health-article-
1.1039527

12. Let’s review the effects of teratogens
across prenatal development.

13. Prenatal Diagnosis & Treatment
Diagnosis
 Ultrasound - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JEFh13-
qcNs
 Amniocentesis –
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DQQyZ8v7_C8
 Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=goEZ7feoZVk

14. PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS
Amniocentesis
Chorionic Villus Sampling

15. Labor and Delivery
Labor is usually divided into three stages
Let’s watch some men give it a try…
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A44oEcmDn1c&list=PL
mc_JvKoNAoqH1xNuQVMs8rLrlPn7EnYA 
Stage 1
• Starts
when
muscles
of uterus
contract
and ends
when
cervix is
fully
enlarged
Stage 2
• Baby is
pushed
through
the birth
canal
Stage 3
• Placenta
is
expelled

16. THREE STAGES OF LABOR

17. Approaches to Childbirth
 Prepared childbirth
 Natural childbirth
 Childbirth with doula
 Choice of place of birth

18. Approaches to Childbirth
Childbirth classes
 Content
 Benefits
Additional Resources:
http://www.spinningbabies.com/

19. Adjusting to Parenthood
 Reorganization of old routines
 Physical and emotional reactions
 Postpartum depression

20. Birth Complications
 Hypoxia
 Cephalopelvic disproportion
 Irregular position
 Preeclampsia
 Prolapsed umbilical cord
 Prematurity
 Low birth weight

21. True or False?
Infant mortality is relatively low in the United States
compared to other industrialized countries.
Let’s look at these rates around the world.

22. INFANT MORTALITY RATES

23. Assessing the Newborn
 Apgar score (Table 3-5)
 Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)
Newborns’ reflexes prepare them to interact with the
world
 Survival reflexes
 Protective reflexes
 Foundational reflexes

24. Newborn States: Primary
Four primary states
 Alert inactivity
 Waking activity
 Crying
Three distinctive types of cries
 Basic
 Mad
 Pain
 Sleeping
Check out how to determine the 5 words all newborns
say…Dunstan Baby Language Method (Oprah Clip)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nWQ51099C24

25. Newborn States: Sleep
 Developmental change in sleep-wake cycle
 Types of sleep (REM/non-REM)
 Co-sleeping

26. Perception and Learning in the
Newborn
All the basic perceptual processes
are operating at birth
Newborns can see, hear, taste,
smell, and feel
Newborns can also learn and
remember