Chapter 3 Final Review
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This document provides a summary of key events and people from Chapter 3 of an EH (European History) textbook. It outlines 27 points, briefly describing figures like Vasco de Gama, the first governor of Portugal Albuquerque, and the banker family the Fuggers. It also summarizes religious conflicts like the Calvinist revolts in the Netherlands led by William the Silent, the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre ordered by Catherine de' Medici, and the French Wars of Religion between Protestants and Catholics. Additionally, it mentions economic developments during this period like the Commercial Revolution, the rise of mercantilism, and trading cities promoting tolerance and expanded commerce.
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Louis XIV ruled France for 72 years, the longest reign of any European monarch. He centralized power in France and made the country a cultural center of Europe by promoting the French language. Louis built the grand Palace of Versailles to control and overawe the nobility, requiring them to live there part of each year under his watchful eye. However, his numerous wars drained France's finances and overly taxed peasants, leaving the country bankrupt upon his death.
The new foreign policy
1) English foreign policy changed significantly over the Tudor period from 1485-1603. Henry VII remained friendly with neighboring countries, while Henry VIII hoped to play a larger role in European politics but was unsuccessful. Mary allied England with Spain through her marriage, which was politically unwise and unpopular.
2) Elizabeth made trade the most important foreign policy matter, viewing whichever country had the greatest trade as England's greatest rival and enemy. She encouraged merchant expansion and helped Dutch Protestants gain independence from Catholic Spain through providing harbors and financial support, bringing England nearly to open war with Spain.
3) After the Spanish Armada was assembled to conquer England, it was defeated in 1588 by better English ships
French Absolutism
Henry IV brought stability to France after the Wars of Religion through the Edict of Nantes, which granted Huguenots religious tolerance. He reformed the government and increased the power of the monarchy, laying the foundations for absolutism. Under the guidance of Cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin, Louis XIII and Louis XIV further strengthened the monarch's control over the nobility and established absolutism, with Louis XIV proclaiming "L'état, c'est moi." Louis XIV expanded the bureaucracy, built up the army, revoked the Edict of Nantes, and was a patron of the arts, but his revocation damaged France's economy and reputation.
Chapter 7 Final Review
This document provides an overview of the cultural differences between European elites and popular masses in the 18th century. It describes how elites had more access to education, fine goods, and leisure activities, while the popular classes faced food shortages, poor housing, and relied on local traditions and oral culture. It also discusses the rise of capitalism and global trade networks dominated by European powers, the development of joint-stock companies, and increasing conflicts between the aristocracy and newly wealthy merchant class.
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Spain was facing major economic problems in 1576, including debt from its 80,000-man army in the Netherlands and reduced income from piracy-impacted American colonies. To maintain control over Portugal required extensive occupation forces as well, further straining Spain's resources as it struggled with bankruptcy in 1576. The death of Dutch resistance leader William the Silent in 1584, who was hoping to end the war, prolonged the conflict.
Peoples and Empires 2
1) The Eighty Years' War between the Netherlands and Spain was caused by heavy taxation and repression by the Spanish crown against Protestant Dutch provinces from 1568-1648.
2) Napoleon led a campaign into Egypt from 1798-1801 to damage British trade and threaten British India, viewing himself as a liberator of Egypt from the Ottomans rather than a conqueror.
3) The French defeated the Mamluks at the Battle of the Pyramids in 1798 but their fleet was destroyed by the British at the Battle of the Nile, trapping the French army in Egypt.
EXTRA CREDIT American Colonies
The document discusses several key events in the development of the American colonies from the 17th to 18th centuries. It describes how the English needed to expand their military in the late 17th century to fund the army, leading to new taxes and the creation of the Bank of England. It also discusses the growing economic and cultural connections between Britain and its North American colonies through increased trade, the development of colonial newspapers, and the influence of religious revivals in the colonies. Finally, it provides an overview of European imperial conflicts in North America, including the French and Indian War, which resulted in France ceding its North American territories to Britain.
French revolution
Prior to the revolution, France was one of the most powerful countries in Europe but was in deep financial crisis due to years of war and debt. As economic conditions deteriorated, resentment grew among commoners towards the privileged nobility and clergy. On July 14, 1789, protesters stormed the Bastille prison, marking the start of the French Revolution. Over the next few years, the monarchy was overthrown and King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette were executed for treason, leading to the establishment of a republic. However, internal power struggles and the Reign of Terror led by Robespierre resulted in thousands of deaths before a new, more moderate government came to power.
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Louis XIV ruled France for 72 years, the longest reign of any European monarch. He centralized power in France and made the country a cultural center of Europe by promoting the French language. Louis built the grand Palace of Versailles to control and overawe the nobility, requiring them to live there part of each year under his watchful eye. However, his numerous wars drained France's finances and overly taxed peasants, leaving the country bankrupt upon his death.
The new foreign policy
1) English foreign policy changed significantly over the Tudor period from 1485-1603. Henry VII remained friendly with neighboring countries, while Henry VIII hoped to play a larger role in European politics but was unsuccessful. Mary allied England with Spain through her marriage, which was politically unwise and unpopular.
2) Elizabeth made trade the most important foreign policy matter, viewing whichever country had the greatest trade as England's greatest rival and enemy. She encouraged merchant expansion and helped Dutch Protestants gain independence from Catholic Spain through providing harbors and financial support, bringing England nearly to open war with Spain.
3) After the Spanish Armada was assembled to conquer England, it was defeated in 1588 by better English ships
French Absolutism
Henry IV brought stability to France after the Wars of Religion through the Edict of Nantes, which granted Huguenots religious tolerance. He reformed the government and increased the power of the monarchy, laying the foundations for absolutism. Under the guidance of Cardinals Richelieu and Mazarin, Louis XIII and Louis XIV further strengthened the monarch's control over the nobility and established absolutism, with Louis XIV proclaiming "L'état, c'est moi." Louis XIV expanded the bureaucracy, built up the army, revoked the Edict of Nantes, and was a patron of the arts, but his revocation damaged France's economy and reputation.
Chapter 7 Final Review
This document provides an overview of the cultural differences between European elites and popular masses in the 18th century. It describes how elites had more access to education, fine goods, and leisure activities, while the popular classes faced food shortages, poor housing, and relied on local traditions and oral culture. It also discusses the rise of capitalism and global trade networks dominated by European powers, the development of joint-stock companies, and increasing conflicts between the aristocracy and newly wealthy merchant class.
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Spain was facing major economic problems in 1576, including debt from its 80,000-man army in the Netherlands and reduced income from piracy-impacted American colonies. To maintain control over Portugal required extensive occupation forces as well, further straining Spain's resources as it struggled with bankruptcy in 1576. The death of Dutch resistance leader William the Silent in 1584, who was hoping to end the war, prolonged the conflict.
Peoples and Empires 2
1) The Eighty Years' War between the Netherlands and Spain was caused by heavy taxation and repression by the Spanish crown against Protestant Dutch provinces from 1568-1648.
2) Napoleon led a campaign into Egypt from 1798-1801 to damage British trade and threaten British India, viewing himself as a liberator of Egypt from the Ottomans rather than a conqueror.
3) The French defeated the Mamluks at the Battle of the Pyramids in 1798 but their fleet was destroyed by the British at the Battle of the Nile, trapping the French army in Egypt.
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The document discusses several key events in the development of the American colonies from the 17th to 18th centuries. It describes how the English needed to expand their military in the late 17th century to fund the army, leading to new taxes and the creation of the Bank of England. It also discusses the growing economic and cultural connections between Britain and its North American colonies through increased trade, the development of colonial newspapers, and the influence of religious revivals in the colonies. Finally, it provides an overview of European imperial conflicts in North America, including the French and Indian War, which resulted in France ceding its North American territories to Britain.
French revolution
Prior to the revolution, France was one of the most powerful countries in Europe but was in deep financial crisis due to years of war and debt. As economic conditions deteriorated, resentment grew among commoners towards the privileged nobility and clergy. On July 14, 1789, protesters stormed the Bastille prison, marking the start of the French Revolution. Over the next few years, the monarchy was overthrown and King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette were executed for treason, leading to the establishment of a republic. However, internal power struggles and the Reign of Terror led by Robespierre resulted in thousands of deaths before a new, more moderate government came to power.
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This document summarizes the history of journalism in Mexico and the United Kingdom. In Mexico, journalism traces back to colonial times in the 16th century when preachers would share news in public spaces. The first newspaper was "The American Wake" published from 1810 to 1811 during Mexico's war for independence. The first 3 newspapers in Mexico were La jornada, El universal, and Milenio. In the UK, journalism began with the introduction of the printing press in 1476. The first newspaper was the Weekly Political Register founded in 1802, while The Times founded in 1785 is considered the longest running newspaper.
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1. Kamehameha unified the Hawaiian islands through military force in the late 18th century, bringing a period of peace and prosperity.
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Britain received Gibraltar from Spain after the War of the Spanish Succession, which was fought over who would succeed the childless King Charles II of Spain. Philip V succeeded Carlos II as King of Spain but had to renounce claims to the French throne under the Treaty of Utrecht, which ended the war. The war led Spain to financial ruin and total bankruptcy.
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- The Greek flag features a blue field representing the sea, a white cross representing faith, and white representing sea foam. The capital of Greece is Athens.
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THE WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION
Britain received Gibraltar from Spain after the War of the Spanish Succession, which was fought over who would succeed the childless King Charles II of Spain. Philip V succeeded Carlos II as King of Spain but had to renounce claims to the French throne under the Treaty of Utrecht, which ended the war. The war led Spain to financial ruin and total bankruptcy.
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The document discusses French geography and politics in relation to the American colonies. It notes that corn and potato cultivation expanded in France during the 16th-17th centuries. It also states that the New Netherlands colony attracted French emigrants due to its religious tolerance. However, France was engaged in religious conflicts and economic struggles at home during this period, preventing it from establishing more colonies to rival England and the Netherlands in the Americas.
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American Colonies: Revolutions
The document discusses several events that led to revolutions in the American colonies. It describes how the colonies experienced increased control from the British crown through appointed councils and governors, which angered many colonists. This tension grew as the crown demanded more taxes from the colonies. The document then examines the "Glorious Revolution" in Britain and how it impacted religious freedom for Protestants. It also discusses the crown's attempts at compromise with the colonies by accepting elected assemblies and repealing unpopular taxes. However, ongoing wars with France drained British resources and led Parliament to demand more control over colonial spending.
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The document provides information on several topics related to Greece:
- The first Olympics were held in Olympia, Greece in 776 BC. Greece won its independence from the Ottoman Empire around 1827 after 6 years of war.
- The Greek flag features a blue field representing the sea, a white cross representing faith, and white representing sea foam. The capital of Greece is Athens.
- Martin Luther initiated the Protestant Reformation in Germany in the 1500s by challenging Catholic Church practices like selling indulgences. The Age of Absolutism saw increased power of European monarchs in the 16th-18th centuries.
- The Industrial Revolution displaced many workers with machines and separated families as people moved
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The document provides information on several topics related to Greece:
- The first Olympics were held in Olympia, Greece in 776 BC. Greece won its independence from the Ottoman Empire around 1827 after 6 years of war.
- The Greek flag features a blue field representing the sea, a white cross representing faith, and white representing sea foam. The capital of Greece is Athens.
- Martin Luther began the Protestant Reformation in Germany in the 1500s by challenging Catholic Church practices like selling indulgences. Several periods of European history are also summarized such as the Age of Absolutism.
- Key details are provided about Greece's relationship with the United States, tourist attractions in Athens, and
Imperialism in Africa
European powers agreed on rules for dividing African territory in the late 19th century, requiring countries to demonstrate control over claimed lands. By 1914, only Liberia and Ethiopia maintained independence from European control due to military and diplomatic advantages. Technological advances like quinine and new weapons gave Europeans an edge over African nations, though Ethiopia successfully resisted Italian invasion through alliances with multiple European powers and amassing arsenals of modern weapons. Islamic lands also fell to European colonialism in the 18th-19th centuries as their political and economic power waned.
Bismarck Alliances
1) The Berlin Congress of 1878 reorganized the Balkan states after the Russian-Turkish war, with Serbia, Montenegro and Greece expanding, Romania and Bulgaria gaining independence from the Ottomans, and Bosnia and Herzegovina coming under Austria's sphere of influence.
2) By the late 19th century, nationalism and imperialism had caused intense competition between European powers over territory, resources, and influence, establishing systems of opposing alliances.
3) The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a Serbian nationalist in 1914 provided the spark that led Austria-Hungary to declare war on Serbia, drawing the rest of Europe into World War I through the web of alliances.
The war of Spanish Succession
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The document discusses the 18th century European empires and their colonial ambitions. It describes how empires used mercantilism to promote their economic interests and gain control over trade. This led to increasing tensions and rivalry over colonies in North America and India between France and Britain. The Seven Years' War from 1756-1763 resulted in major territorial changes that strengthened Britain's hold on North America and India at the expense of France and Spain.
Chapter 11 section 2
Georges Danton and Jean-Paul Marat led a radical movement in France seeking revenge against those who opposed the revolution. Over 40,000 people were executed during the Reign of Terror as the revolutionary government, led by Maximilien Robespierre, attempted to eliminate enemies of the republic. However, Robespierre's increasingly authoritarian rule led to his own arrest and execution, ending the Reign of Terror. The unstable post-revolution government known as the Directory faced opposition from royalists and radicals alike and struggled with economic problems until Napoleon Bonaparte seized power in a coup d'etat.
The Modern Age in Spain (II)
1) Spain experienced an economic crisis in the 17th century due to its involvement in wars like the Thirty Years' War and loss of territories, resulting in less gold and silver from America.
2) The Spanish War of Succession began after the last Habsburg king Carlos II died without an heir, leading to conflict between the French Bourbons and Austrian Habsburgs for the throne.
3) The Treaty of Utrecht ended the war in 1714 and established the Bourbon Dynasty in Spain, but Spain lost territories in Europe like parts of Italy and the Netherlands.
Middle Ages powerpoint 2013
Medieval Europe was divided into four main land regions with varying farming capabilities. Rivers served as important trade routes, and the Gulf Stream gave Europe a mild climate. Powerful rulers like Charlemagne and William the Conqueror controlled large empires until they fell apart. Feudalism and the manor system organized society into hierarchies with lords, knights, and serfs. The Catholic Church was very influential, building cathedrals and establishing monasteries. Crusades increased trade and contact with other regions but the Bubonic Plague killed one-third of Europe's population in the 14th century.
Middle ages ppt
Medieval Europe was divided into four main land regions with varying farming capabilities. Rivers served as important trade routes, and the Gulf Stream gave Europe a mild climate. Powerful rulers like Charlemagne and William the Conqueror controlled large empires until they fell apart. Feudalism and the manor system organized society into hierarchies with lords, knights, and serfs. The Catholic Church was very influential. Crusades were launched to regain the Holy Land but also increased trade along routes like the Silk Road. A third of Europe's population died in the Black Death plague between 1347-1352.
1. At the Congress of Vienna, the Austrian representative Prince Met.docx
1. At the Congress of Vienna, the Austrian representative Prince Metternich pursued the policy of
Legitimacy, meaning
a. he wished to legitimate the French defeat.
b. he sought legitimate control over central Europe to benefit Austria.
c. wishing to restore legitimate monarchs on their thrones, preserving traditional institutions and values.
d. he sought legitimate proof of England's economic and industrial support of Austria.
e. he demanded that the state churches, Catholic or Protestant, become the primary rulers throughout all of Europe.
2. After Napoleon’s defeat, the Quadruple Alliance
a. sent troops to sack Paris.
b. restored the old Bourbon monarchy to France in the person of Louis XVIII.
c. returned Corsica to Italian control.
d. delivered an ultimatum to the pope demanding full control over all of Italy.
e. declared war against the Ottoman Empire.
3. The Congress of Vienna
a. gave Prussia complete control over Polish lands.
b. created policies that would maintain the European balance of power.
c. failed to achieve long-lasting peace among European nations.
d. treated France leniently following Napoleon’s One Hundred Days.
e. sanctioned the political power of the bourgeoisie.
4. The foreign minister and diplomat who dominated the Congress of Vienna was
a. Klemens von Metternich.
b. Prince Talleyrand.
c. Tsar Alexander I.
d. Napoleon.
e. Duke of Wellington.
5. Klemens von Metternich
a. supported much of the revolutionary ideology after Napoleon's defeat.
b. thought that a free press was necessary to maintain the status quo.
c. had little influence because of his extreme conservatism.
d. was anti-religious and supported atheistic causes.
e. believed European monarchs shared the common interest of stability.
6. Conservatism, the dominant political philosophy following the fall of Napoleon
a. was rejected by the Congress of Vienna as inappropriate in the new liberal age.
b. expressed that individual rights remained the best guide for human order.
c. was exemplified by Edmund Burke’s Reflections on the Revolution in France, emphasizing the dangers of radical and “rational” political change.
d. was too radical for Joseph de Maistre, the French spokesman for evolutionary conservatism.
e. advocated the creation of oligarchic republics.
7. At its most elementary Burkean level, conservatism
a. sought to preserve the achievements of previous generations by subordinating individual rights to communal welfare.
b. became the most popular political philosophy in Russia.
c. sought above all else the achievement of individual rights.
d. was never popular among the political elite of Europe.
e. championed individual rights and laissez-faire government.
8. The Congress of Vienna was most successful at
a. ending the political domination of the Holy Alliance.
b. thwarting Britain’s attempts to intervene and crush revolts in Italy and Spain.
Fr rev 1
The document provides an overview of the history of France from the origins of the Franks to the end of French involvement in the American Revolution in 6 sections:
1. The origins of France under the Franks and the defeat of Islam. Charlemagne established the Frankish Empire.
2. The development of the medieval monarchy and the three estates system consisting of clergy, nobility, and commoners.
3. The rise of the nation state as feudalism declined and the new monarchy consolidated power under kings like Francis I. The Reformation and Wars of Religion occurred.
4. The rule of Louis XIV as the Sun King and the establishment of absolute monarchy, with divine
18th
The document summarizes the colonial wars between France and England between 1689-1815 known as the Second Hundred Years War. These wars were fought over trade dominance, colonial territories, and the balance of power in Europe. Key outcomes included England gaining control of New York after defeating the Dutch, and Britain emerging as a world power after defeating France in the Seven Years War, acquiring French Canada and territory in North America. The wars left both countries heavily in debt, which contributed to the American and French Revolutions.
Week 8 Hand Out
The document provides an overview of Georgian Britain from the early 18th century to the early 19th century. It discusses key events and developments, including:
1) The rule of the first three King Georges and the rise of Robert Walpole as the first Prime Minister.
2) Scientific and technological advances during this period, including discoveries in chemistry and the emergence of the Industrial Revolution.
3) Britain's increasing global power through territorial expansion and military victories over France during the Napoleonic Wars.
Unit 13 decline of spanish empire
In the 17th century the Habsburgs faced many problems. The kingdom suffered a serious economic crisis and foreign wars continued. In the 17th century Spain lost its dominance and France increased its power.
Week 8 The Age Of Elegance
1. Georgian Britain, named after King George I, II, and III, was a period of great beauty and scientific discovery from the early 1700s to the late 1700s.
2. Robert Walpole emerged as the first de facto Prime Minister under King George I and II, helping Britain recover from debt and war through economic policies despite taking bribes.
3. The Industrial Revolution transformed Britain's economy and society through new inventions in agriculture, mining, and manufacturing that allowed Britain to become a global industrial power.
16th century
The document provides details about King Charles V and King Philip II of Spain from the 16th century, including:
1) Charles V inherited a vast empire from his parents and fought many wars to defend Catholicism against France, the Ottoman Empire, and German Protestants.
2) Philip II aimed to preserve and defend Catholicism through religious intolerance, continuing Charles V's wars and starting new conflicts, including against England.
3) Both monarchs oversaw the Spanish conquest and colonization of the Americas, establishing viceroy systems to govern the new Spanish Empire.
Peoples and empires part 2
1) The document discusses the decline of the Spanish empire from its peak in the mid-1500s due to a series of costly wars and economic troubles.
2) It then covers the rise of European overseas empires through the 15th-18th centuries as nations established colonies and trade networks in Asia, Africa, and the Americas.
3) The transatlantic slave trade played a key role in building and supporting these empires, with millions of enslaved Africans transported to the Americas between 1492-1820.
Week 3 WorksheetHST276 Version 24Complete week 3 workshee.docx
Week 3 Worksheet
HST/276 Version 2
4
Complete week 3 worksheet part 1 and complete part 2. Both are due in 48 hours or less. I will pay 25 only. Follow instructions completely do not deviate from my instructions.
Warning please do not deviate from my instructions I will ask for a complete refund or dispute for a complete refund. No Plagiarism and do NOT be late.
Part 1Week 3 Worksheet
As you read this week’s required materials, complete this worksheet. This is a multipage assignment; double-check that you completed each page before submitting.
Part I: Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blanks to complete the following sentences.
1. Reformation Germany and Switzerland
a. The Reformation began in German and Swiss , small city-states within the Holy Roman Empire. Initially, the Reformation’s supporters were those with a history of with authorities. Many towns had complaints against mismanagement or other inappropriate behavior among their bishops, abbots, or prelates, who had their benefices.
b. The Northern Renaissance, a movement of humanists from more social backgrounds than their Italian counterparts, was more committed to reform than other humanist movements were.
c. Martin Luther’s Theses, posted in 1517 in protest of indulgences and other disputes with the Roman Church, became a focus for humanists and reformers. Luther’s capacity for free action was enhanced by the distraction caused by the election of the new Holy Roman Emperor, ; concessions made by the new emperor during his campaign; Luther’s allies who hid him in 1521 and 1522; and attacks against the Hapsburg holdings. When German peasants rebelled, demanding economic and spiritual equality and an end to serfdom, Luther sided against the , calling them un-Christian.
d. The success of Protestants in Germany led to reforms like compulsory education, humanist revisions of curriculum, and instruction for lay people about . From Germany, Lutheranism spread in the first half of the 16th century to Poland, Denmark, and .
e. The city of became the center of the Swiss reformation because of the efforts of a popular priest, , who opposed practices that were not specifically written in scripture. His disagreement with Luther about the nature of the bread and wine in the prevented a unified Protestant movement.
f. The early movement for adult baptism and withdrawal from society to form a more perfect community–called –was condemned by the pope, Lutherans, and Zwinglians, but found adherents among the rural poor.
g. In Geneva, led a reform movement focused on creating a godly society. He taught the godly , those predestined for salvation.
h. In the late 16th century, the Holy Roman Empire was highly among highly independent Lutheran, , and Catholic realms, in contrast to unified nations like Spain, England, or France. The most destructive of the wars of religion, the , ravaged the empire from 1618 to 1648. The Treaty of Westphalia, which ended this war, granted legal reco.
1.Europe’s pioneer in the area of exploration was A) Spa.docx
1. The document contains multiple choice questions about European exploration and colonization in the Americas from the 15th-17th centuries, the establishment of the British colonies, slavery and the slave trade, and events leading up to the American Revolution. Key details covered include Portugal's role as the pioneer of European exploration, diseases devastating native populations, the expansion of the slave system and tobacco cultivation in Virginia, religious motivations for the Puritan settlement of Massachusetts, and the economic and political tensions between the colonies and Britain in the 17th-18th centuries.
Similar to Chapter 3 Final Review (20)
1. At the Congress of Vienna, the Austrian representative Prince Met.docx
1. At the Congress of Vienna, the Austrian representative Prince Met.docx
Week 3 WorksheetHST276 Version 24Complete week 3 workshee.docx
Week 3 WorksheetHST276 Version 24Complete week 3 workshee.docx
1.Europe’s pioneer in the area of exploration was A) Spa.docx
1.Europe’s pioneer in the area of exploration was A) Spa.docx
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