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Vermette - Transcript - Chapter 3 – culture and society
1.
Chapter 3 –
Culture and Society • 1. Culture and Society Chapter 3 Introduction to Sociology Ninth Edition Anthony Giddens, Mitchell Duneier, Richard P. Appelbaum, & Deborah Carr • 2. Culture and Society Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company 2 • Who is more likely to use the latest Internet social networking technologies to develop networks of online friends, who are mostly persons they have never met? Teenage students in: – (a) Silicon Valley – (b) Beijing – (c) London – (d) New York • 3. Learning Objectives Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company 3 • Basic Concepts – Know what culture consists of and recognize how it differs from society • The Sociological Study of Culture – Learn about the “cultural turn” and sociological perspectives on culture – Understand the processes that changed societies over time • 4. Learning Objectives Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company 4 • Research Today: Understanding the Modern World – Recognize the legacies of colonialism and the effects of globalization on your own life and the lives of people around the world • Unanswered Questions – Understand the debate over the influence of biological and cultural factors on behavior – Learn how the Internet and global culture influence local cultures • 5. Basic Concepts Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company 5
2.
• Culture is
made up of – Values • Abstract ideals about right and wrong – Norms • Standards of behavior – Material goods • The objects and goods a society creates – Languages and symbols • 6. Basic Concepts Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company 6 • Cultural universals – Grammatically complex language – Family systems and marriage – Incest prohibition – Art, dancing, and body adornments – Games, gift giving, and joking – Rules of hygiene • 7. Basic Concepts Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company 7 • Language – Linguistic relativity hypothesis – Speech and writing – Signifier – Symbols – Semiotics • 8. Basic Concepts Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company 8 • 9. The Sociological Study Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company of Culture 9 • Culture is not the same as society • Society – Group of people living in a given territory governed by a common political authority and guided by a common culture • Culture makes society possible • Cultural turn in sociology • 10. The Sociological Study of Culture Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company 10 • 11. The Sociological Study of Culture • Hunting and Gathering Societies – Oldest but now close to disappearing (<250,000 worldwide) – Very small—typically 30 to 40 people – Few material possessions – Tended toward equality and cooperation Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company 11
3.
• 12. The
Sociological Study of Culture • Pastoral and Agrarian Societies – Second oldest type of society – Pastoral—tending of domesticated animals – Agrarian—cultivation of crops – Some accumulation of material possessions – More inequality, competition, and concentration of power Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company 12 • 13. The Sociological Study of Culture • Traditional Societies – Third oldest type of society – Disappeared in the 1800s – Cities, great inequalities of power and wealth, and ruled by kings or emperors Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company 13 • 14. The Sociological Study of Culture Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company 14 • 15. The Sociological Study of Culture • Industrialized Societies – Industrialization destroyed the forms of society that dominated prior periods – Machine production based on use of inanimate power resources – Mostly urban – More developed political systems Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company 15 • 16. Research Today: Understanding the Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company Modern World 16 • Colonialism – Global South • Most nations only independent post-World War II • Agriculture remains the main economic activity • Extremely high levels of poverty • 17. Research Today: Understanding the Modern World Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company 17
4.
• 18. Research
Today: Understanding the Modern World • Cultural Conformity – Accomplished in two ways • Learn norms beginning in childhood with parents playing an important role • Social control when a person fails to conform Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company 18 • 19. Research Today: Understanding the Modern World • Cultural Diversity – Subcultures – Assimilation – Multiculturalism Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company 19 • 20. Research Today: Understanding the Modern World Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company 20 • 21. Research Today: Understanding the Modern World • Ethnocentrism – Judging other cultures though the lens of one’s own culture – Can lead to misrepresentations and unfair judgments Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company 21 • 22. Research Today: Understanding the Modern World • Cultural Relativism – Judging other cultures by their own standards to understand them better – Useful for understanding differences in culturally diverse societies Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company 22 • 23. Unanswered Questions Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company 23 • Nature or Nurture? – Influence of sociobiology • The application of biological principles to explain the social activities of human beings – Nature and nurture interact to produce human behavior • 24. Unanswered Questions Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton &
5.
Company 24 •
Does the Internet Promote a Global Culture? – The Internet is in many ways compatible with traditional cultural values • 25. The Sociological Study Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company of Culture 25 • 26. Unanswered Questions Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company 26 • Does Globalization Weaken or Strengthen Local Cultures? – Role of globalization in cultural change – Nationalism • 27. Unanswered Questions Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company 27 • How Easily Do Cultures Change? – China: Then and Now • 28. Unanswered Questions Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company 28 • 29. Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company Concept Quiz 29 Culture can be defined as ___ . (a) artistic forms of expression that help cultivate the intellect of members of a society (b) expectations about modes of behavior appropriate to participating in a particular community or society (c) the values, norms, and material objects characteristic of a particular group (d) scientific understandings and the technological advancements that come from them, by which society is built • 30. Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company Concept Quiz 30 Which of the following might be considered a cultural universal? (a) using smart phone and the Internet (b) having
6.
conflict with one’s
in-laws (c) decorating one’s body (d) teaching children how to be self-sufficient • 31. Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company Concept Quiz 31 ___ consists of the physical objects that a society creates that influence the ways in which people live. (a) Scientific technology (b) Artistic propaganda (c) Infrastructure (d) Material culture • 32. Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company Concept Quiz 32 What is the main difference between pastoral societies and agrarian societies? (a) Pastoral societies relied mainly on domesticated animals, while agrarian societies relied on agriculture. (b) Agrarian societies predated pastoral societies by at least several thousand years. (c) Agrarian societies were marked by much more divisive inequalities than pastoral societies. (d) Pastoral societies only existed in Africa and the Middle East, while agrarian societies were spread across the entire globe. • 33. Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company Concept Quiz 33 Secret documents revealed by Edward Snowden in 2013 revealed a NSA program collecting vast amounts of information on the communications of Americans. Which of the following are characteristics of industrial societies that sociologists might use to put these revelations in context? (a) rapid technological developments based on advanced scientific knowledge (b) more extensive control over many aspects of citizen’s lives than previous types of human
7.
societies (c) advanced
modes of military organization (d) the rise of a rational-legal mode of social organization • 34. Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company Concept Quiz 34 Disparaging attitudes towards polygamy (a marriage that includes more than two people) in the United States may be a form of ___ . (a) social control (b) ethnocentrism (c) cultural relativism (d) assimilation • 35. Discussion Question: Thinking Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company Sociologically 35 Mention at least two cultural traits that you would claim are universals; mention two others you would claim are culturally specific traits. Use case study materials from different societies to show the differences between universal and specific cultural traits. Are the cultural universals you have discussed derivatives of human instincts? Explain your answer. • 36. Discussion Question: Thinking Copyright © 2014, W.W. Norton & Company Sociologically 36 What does it mean to be ethnocentric? How is ethnocentrism dangerous in conducting social research? How is ethnocentrism problematic among nonresearchers in their everyday lives? 37. This concludes the Lecture PowerPoint presentation for Chapter 3
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