i am HAFIZ M WASEEM from mailsi vehari
bsc in science college multan pakistan
msc univesity of education lahore pakistan
i love pakistan and my teachers
i am HAFIZ M WASEEM from mailsi vehari
bsc in science college multan pakistan
msc univesity of education lahore pakistan
i love pakistan and my teachers
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Empowering ACOs: Leveraging Quality Management Tools for MIPS and BeyondHealth Catalyst
Join us as we delve into the crucial realm of quality reporting for MSSP (Medicare Shared Savings Program) Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs).
In this session, we will explore how a robust quality management solution can empower your organization to meet regulatory requirements and improve processes for MIPS reporting and internal quality programs. Learn how our MeasureAble application enables compliance and fosters continuous improvement.
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance.pdfNEHA GUPTA
The "ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance" PDF provides a comprehensive overview of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines related to pharmacovigilance. These guidelines aim to ensure that drugs are safe and effective for patients by monitoring and assessing adverse effects, ensuring proper reporting systems, and improving risk management practices. The document is essential for professionals in the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory authorities, and healthcare providers, offering detailed procedures and standards for pharmacovigilance activities to enhance drug safety and protect public health.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
India Clinical Trials Market: Industry Size and Growth Trends [2030] Analyzed...Kumar Satyam
According to TechSci Research report, "India Clinical Trials Market- By Region, Competition, Forecast & Opportunities, 2030F," the India Clinical Trials Market was valued at USD 2.05 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.64% through 2030. The market is driven by a variety of factors, making India an attractive destination for pharmaceutical companies and researchers. India's vast and diverse patient population, cost-effective operational environment, and a large pool of skilled medical professionals contribute significantly to the market's growth. Additionally, increasing government support in streamlining regulations and the growing prevalence of lifestyle diseases further propel the clinical trials market.
Growing Prevalence of Lifestyle Diseases
The rising incidence of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is a major trend driving the clinical trials market in India. These conditions necessitate the development and testing of new treatment methods, creating a robust demand for clinical trials. The increasing burden of these diseases highlights the need for innovative therapies and underscores the importance of India as a key player in global clinical research.
2. 2.1. MICROSCOPE
Microscopy is the act of using a microscope to view tiny
things that cannot be seen with the unaided eye.
A microscope is a laboratory instrument used to examine
objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye.
It enables us to see microorganisms and their structures
which are invisible to the naked eye.
3. Cont.…
Depending upon the principle on which magnification is
based, microscopes are of two categories
Light or optical microscope
Electron microscope
4. Cont.…
A) Light microscopy: magnification is obtained by a system of
optical lenses using light waves.
Two types namely Simple and Compound Microscope
1. Simple Microscope consists of a single lens.
A hand lens is an example of a simple Microscope.
2. Compound Microscope consists of two or more lenses in
series.
The image formed by the first lens is further magnified by
another lens.
7. Cont.…
Light microscopy, in which magnification is obtained by a system
of optical lenses using light waves.
Types of light microscopes
1. Bright field microscope
2. Dark- field microscope
3. Phase-contrast microscope
4. Fluorescence microscope
Is the ordinary light microscope
It is called a bright field because it forms a dark image against a
brighter background
8. Cont.…
2. Dark- field microscope:
The effect produce by the dark- field technique is that of a
dark back ground against which objects are brilliantly
illuminated
3. Phase-contrast microscope:
Is valuable for studying living unstained cells and is widely
used in applied and theoretical biological studies.
It uses a conventional light microscope fitted with a phase
contrast objective and a phase contrast condenser.
9. Cont.…
4. Fluorescence microscope:
Exposes a specimen to ultraviolet, violet or blue light and
forms an image of the object with the resulting fluorescent
light.
Usually the specimens have been stained with dye
molecules, called fluorochromes
To understand how a light microscope operates one must
know the three principles of a light microscope;
Magnification, Resolving power, Illumination
10. Cont.…
Magnification:
The magnification of a compound microscope depends on
ocular and objective lens systems.
The total magnification of a microscope is equal to the
product of the ocular lens and the objective lens
magnifications.
11. Cont.…
Resolving power:
The ability of a microscope to distinguish two adjacent
points (particles) as distinct and separate
Resolving power can be increased either
o By reducing the wave length of the light or
o By increasing the numerical aperture.
12. Cont.…
Illumination:
The easily available source of illumination is ordinary
day light but usually artificial light is used.
The light from illumination source is refracted in to the
sub stage condenser via the mirror located just below the
condenser.
13. Cont.…
B) Electron microscope
Uses a beam of electrons in place of light waves to
produce the image.
Specimens can be examined by either transmission or
scanning EM
EM has a practical resolution roughly 1,000 times better
than the light microscope
14. Cont.…
electron illuminates the
specimen, the microscope’s
resolution is enormously
increased because the wave
length of the radiation is a
round0.005nm,
approximately100,000 times
shorter than that of visible
light.
15. 2.2. Preparation and staining of specimen
There are several types of microscope slides preparations. These include:
Dry mount: A specimen is placed on a slide with or without a coverslip
over it. This method is useful for viewing dry specimens such as hair or
pollen.
Wet mount: A specimen is placed on a drop of water on the slide, with a
coverslip placed over it. This is often used for viewing cells.
Prepared slides: This type of slide has already been professionally
prepared, and can last long-term. Many types of prepared microscope
slides can be purchased.
16. Cont.…
Smears: A smear is a sample that is spread across a slide
and allowed to dry. A coverslip may be used in this type
of preparation. This technique is helpful for viewing
blood samples.
This slide has been prepared with a smear, visible on the right side.
17. Cont.…
• Staining of Specimen
Sometimes a stain is necessary to help view cells
under a microscope.
By staining certain cells, it may be easier to view
features such as shape for classification and to see
specific cell structures like the nucleus.
There are a few different techniques for staining cells.
18. Cont.…
1) Permeabilization is a technique that is used to allow
larger dye molecules into a cell.
Since the cell membrane normally blocks larger
molecules from entering the cell, a surfactant, or soap,
is used to dissolve the cell membrane.
This allows the larger dye molecules into a cell to
stain internal structures.
19. Cont.…
2) Mordant application is used to help set stains in a
specimen.
This helps maintain the dye application during viewing.
A mordant is usually a chemical.
3) Heat-fixed means that heat was applied to help preserve
a specimen and attach it to the slide.
Heat fixation is often used for bacterial samples and
maintains the structure of the cells.
20. 2.2.Development of Culture Medium
Culture media
Media (Medium sing.): is a substance used to provide nutrients
for the growth and multiplication of microorganisms.
It gives artificial environment, simulating natural condition
necessary for growth of bacteria
Used for:
Isolation
Identification
antibiotic sensitivity test
21. Cont.…
Culture media should contain
Energy source
Carbon source
Nitrogen source
Salts
Satisfactory PH
Adequate oxidation-reduction potential and
Growth factor
22. 2.2.1. Theory and Practices of Sterilization
Bacteria are present on the surface of all laboratory
apparatus, in the dust, upon the hands and are generally
found every where.
They are the source of contamination, infection, and
decay.
Hence it is necessary to remove them from materials and
areas.
23. Sterilization
• Sterilization:- is a total destruction of all microbes
including the more resistant forms such as bacterial
spores, mycobacterium, non-enveloped viruses and fungi
• Sterilization means “destruction of all forms of
microbial life”.
• Sterilization can be achieved by
Heat
Chemical
Filtration methods
25. Cont.…
Heat sterilization
Most common method of sterilization.
The heat kills the microbes in the substance.
The amount of heat and duration of heating are the factors
that affect extent of sterilization.
two types based on the type of heat used
Moist heat method
Dry heat method
26. Cont.…
Moist heat methods of sterilization:
Boiling
Pasteurization
Use of pressurized steam (Autoclaving)
27. Cont.…
A) Boiling is preferred for metallic devices like surgical
scissors, scalpels, needles etc.
28. Cont.…
B. Pasteurization is a process of heating the milk at a
temperature of 63 ⁰C or 72 ⁰C for 30 min and 15 sec, respectively
C. Steam (autoclaving): Substances are subjected to
sterilization in an autoclave.
Three major factors required for effective autoclave
Pressure
Temperature
Time
30. Cont.…
Dry-heat sterilization
Requires a higher temperature than moist heat and a longer
exposure time.
More convenient for heat-stable, non-aqueous materials that
cannot be sterilized by steam (strong glasses like Petri dish and
tubes)
Temperature ⁰C time in min
• 160 180
• 170 60
• 180 30
31. Cont.…
• This method includes techniques like
Red heat
Flaming
Incineration
Hot air oven
Radiation sterilization
32. Cont.…
Chemical methods of sterilization
Articles are subjected to sterilization by using toxic Gases
Gas penetrates quickly into the material
But the chances of explosion and cost factors are to be
considered
The commonly used gas is ethylene oxide with
combination of CO2.
CO2 is added to minimize the chances of an explosion
33. Cont.…
Filtration method of sterilization:
Liquids are filtered though bacterial filters to remove any
microbes present
Useful to sterilize heat sensitive objects.
34. Disinfection
• Disinfection: is a process, which involves use of physical
procedures or chemical agents (disinfectants) to destroy
most microbial forms
• A disinfectant is a chemical substance that kills
microorganisms on inanimate objects, such as exam tables
and surgical instruments.
35. Cont.…
• Examples of disinfectants include:
Glutaraldehyde
Hydrogen peroxide
Per-acetic acid
Chlorine dioxide and other chlorine compounds
36. Antisepsis
Antisepsis:- Is the use of chemical agents on skin or other
living tissues to inhibit or eliminate microbes; no sporicidal
action is implied.
Antiseptics include
• Alcohols
• Iodophors
• Chlorhexidine
• Triclosan etc
37. Cont.…
An antiseptic is a chemical that is applied to a living body
to inhibit the growth of microorganisms.
Hand sanitizers are antiseptics.
Asepsis is the absence of harmful microorganisms in
living tissue.
Skin can never be completely sterile.
The inside of the body contains no bacteria and is
referred to as aseptic.
40. 2.2.4. Preparation of Smear and Staining Techniques
Preparation of Smear
The first step in most bacterial staining procedures is the
preparation of a smear.
In a smear preparation, cells from a culture are spread in a
thin film over a small area of a microscope slide, dried,
and then fixed to the slide by heating or other chemical
fixatives.
41. Cont.…
Staining Techniques
Because microbial cytoplasm is usually transparent, it is
necessary to stain microorganisms before they can be viewed
with the light microscope.
In some cases, staining is unnecessary, for example when
microorganisms are very large or when motility is to be studied,
and a drop of the microorganisms can be placed directly on the
slide and observed.
A preparation such as this is called a wet mount.
42. Cont.…
In preparation for staining, a small sample of
microorganisms is placed on a slide and permitted to air
dry.
The smear is heat fixed by quickly passing it over a
flame.
Heat fixing kills the organisms, makes them adhere to the
slide, and permits them to accept the stain.
43. Cont.…
Simple stain techniques: Can be performed with basic dyes
such as crystal violet or methylene blue, positively charged dyes
that are attracted to the negatively charged materials of the
microbial cytoplasm.
Such a procedure is the simple stain procedure.
Negative stain technique: use a dye such as nigrosine or Congo
red, acidic, negatively charged dyes.
They are repelled by the negatively charged cytoplasm and
gather around the cells, leaving the cells clear and unstained.
44. Cont.…
Differential stain techniques: distinguishes two kinds of
organisms.
An example is the Gram stain technique.
This differential technique separates bacteria into two groups,
Gram‐positive bacteria and Gram‐negative bacteria.
Crystal violet is first applied, followed by the mordant iodine,
which fixes the stain
Then the slide is washed with alcohol, and the Gram‐positive
bacteria retain the crystal‐violet iodine stain; however, the
Gram‐negative bacteria lose the stain.
45. Cont.…
The Gram‐negative bacteria subsequently stain with the
safranin dye, the counterstain, used next.
These bacteria appear red under the oil‐immersion lens,
while Gram‐positive bacteria appear blue or purple,
reflecting the crystal violet retained during the washing
step.
47. Cont.…
Acid‐fast technique: differentiates species
of Mycobacterium from other bacteria.
Heat or a lipid solvent is used to carry the first stain,
carbolfuchsin, into the cells.
Then the cells are washed with a dilute acid‐alcohol
solution.
Mycobacterium species resist the effect of the acid‐alcohol
and retain the carbolfuchsin stain (bright red).
48. Cont.…
Other bacteria lose the stain and take on the subsequent methylene
blue stain (blue).
Thus, the acid‐fast bacteria appear bright red, while the nonacid‐fast
bacteria appear blue.
49. Cont.…
• Other stain techniques seek to identify various
bacterial structures of importance. For instance, a
special stain technique highlights the flagella of
bacteria by coating the flagella with dyes or
metals to increase their width.
• Flagella so stained can then be observed.
50. Cont.…
• A special stain technique is used to examine
bacterial spores.
• Malachite green is used with heat to force the
stain into the cells and give them color.
• A counterstain, safranin, is then used to give color
to the non-sporeforming bacteria.
• At the end of the procedure, spores stain green
and other cells stain red.