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- 1. NATURAL RESOURCES Dr Kulkarni Vihangraj Vijaykumar Assistant Professor Department of Civil Engineering National Institute of Technology Silchar, Assam Subject Code:CE102 Subject Name: Environmental Science and Engineering COVID19
- 2. NATURAL RESOURCES The materials which living organism can take from nature for their life and to promote their welfare. Renewable resources • Can be regenerated within a given span of time. • Forests, wildlife, wind energy, biomass energy, solar energy Non-renewable resources • Cannot be regenerated. • Fossil fuel like coal, petroleum, minerals etc. COVID19
- 3. Renewable Natural Resources COVID19 FOREST RESOURCES WATER RESOURCES FOOD RESOURCES ENERGY RESOURCES LAND RESOURCES MINERAL RESOURCES
- 4. Forest resources One of the most important natural resource on this earth. There are three major type of forests, classed according to latitude Tropical forest Temperate forest Boreal forest COVID19
- 5. Tropical forest Occurs near equator (Latitude 23.5N to 23.5S) Two seasons are present ( Rainy and Dry) Temperature : 20 – 25̊ C Precipitation : evenly distributed throughout the year. Annual rainfall exceeding 2000mm. Soil type : nutrient poor and acidic. Decomposition is rapid and soils are subjected to heavy leaching. Canopy : Multilayered and continuous, allowing little light penetration. Flora : Highly diverse. Trees are 25-35 m tall, with buttressed trunks and shallow roots, mostly evergreen. Plants such as orchids, bromeliads, vines, ferns, mosses and palms are present . Fauna : Include numerous birds, bats, small mammals and insects. COVID19
- 6. Temperate forest Occur in Eastern North America, North East Asia, and Western and Central Europe. Well defined seasons with a distinct winter characteristics. Moderate climate and a growing season of 140-200 days during 4-6 frost-free months distinguish temperate forests. Temperature : varies from -30̊ C to 30̊ C. Precipitation : (75-150 cm) is distributed evenly throughout the year. Soil : Fertile and enriched with decaying litter. Canopy : Moderately dense and allows light to penetrate, resulting in well developed and richly diversified understory vegetation and stratification of animals Flora : 3-4 tree species per square kilometre. Trees are distinguished by broad leaves that are lost annually. Oak, hickory, beech, maple, hemlock, basswood, cottonwood etc. Are found here. Fauna : Represented by squirrels, rabbits, skunks, birds, deer, mountain lion, bobcat, timber wolf, fox and black bear. COVID19
- 7. Boreal forest Largest terrestrial biome. Occurring between 50 and 60 degrees north latitudes. Found in the broad belt of Eurasia and North America. Length of the growing season in boreal forests is 130 days. Temperature : Very low. Precipitation : Primarily in the form of snow, 40-100 cm annually. Soil : Thin, nutrient-poor and acidic. Canopy : Permits low- light penetration. Flora : Consists mostly of cold-tolerant evergreen conifers with needle like leaves, such as pine, fir and spruce. Fauna : Include woodpeckers, hawks, moose, bear, weasel, lynx, fox, wolf, deer, hares, chipmunks, shrews, and bats. COVID19
- 9. Uses of forest Producing 60% of the net productivity of all terrestrial ecosystems. The diverse functions of forests can be stated as • One acre of forest provides over 6 Tons of oxygen per year. • Roughly half our wood is used for fuel. • Bark of Yew tree provides Taxol, an anti-cancer agent. • Medicinal use Production functions • Protect water and manage climate. • Mitigate the impact of floods and erosion Protective functions • Regulates temperature, humidity, precipitation, shape soil environment and different geochemical cycles. Regulative function COVID19
- 10. Deforestation Defined as permanent destruction of indigenous forests and woodlands and their replacement by using land for other purpose. Resulted in the reduction of indigenous forests to four-fifths of their pre agricultural area. Deforestation rate is relatively less in temperate countries but it is very alarming in tropical countries. Causes of deforestation Population growth Shifting cultivation Fuel requirements Raw materials for industrial use Development projects Growing food need Overgrazing Fires Acid rain COVID19
- 11. Consequences of deforestation COVID19 Rise in temperature Low rainfall & Desertification Accelerated soil erosion Loss of habitat and species Affect hydrological cycle Silting of water courses, lakes and dams Decrease of recharge to groundwater Consequences of deforestation
- 12. Water resources Unique features of water which make it a marvellous resource are It exists as liquid over a wide range of temperature It has the highest specific heat and high latent heat of fusion It also has high latent heat of vaporisation It has anomalous expansion behaviour It is an excellent solvent for several nutrients Due to high surface tension and cohesion it can easily raise through great heights COVID19
- 14. Effect of excessive groundwater usage Ground subsidence Lowering of water table Water logging Saltwater incursion pollution COVID19
- 15. Flood Due to heavy rains or sudden snow melts, the quantity of water in streams exceeds their capacity and water overflows the banks. Deforestation, overgrazing, mining, rapid industrialization, global warming are some of the main causes of flood. In India the most flood prone areas are the Brahmaputra, Ganga, and Meghna basins in the Indo-Gangetic-Brahmaputra plains in north and northeast India, which carry 60% of the nation’s river flow. COVID19
- 16. Drought Happens when country receives less of long term average rainfall About 80 countries in the world, lying in arid and semiarid regions experience frequent spell of droughts. Causes ➢ Over grazing ➢ Deforestation ➢ Mining Remedial measures ➢ Mixed cropping helps epitomise yield of crop and minimise the risks of crop failure ➢ Social forestry and wasteland development COVID19
- 17. Dams Structure those are made to restrict water for other beneficial purposes. Purposes and benefits of dams irrigation To generate electricity Flood control Industrial and domestic supply of water Fish farming Navigation COVID19
- 18. Dams Problems with dams Loss of species and ecosystem Serious consequences on living condition of indigenous people Loss of forest and wildlife habitat Affect natural flooding and water quality Water logging salinity Loss of aquatic biodiversity COVID19
- 19. FOOD RESOURCES Resources that are used as food, or provide food for organisms are called food resources. COVID19
- 20. Types of food resources COVID19 Crops • Rice, Maize • Barely, Oats • Pulses • Vegetables • Fruits Animal Products • Milk, Butter, Ghee • Egg, Meat Livestock • Animal Meat • Bird Meat • Fish
- 21. • Undernourishment • Lack of sufficient calories in diet • Min requirement is 2500 calories per day • Daily calories consumption is <90% • Don’t have sufficient energy to be active • Body susceptible to numerous infectious diseases • Serious undernourishment • Daily calories consumption is <80% • Malnutrition • Lack or deficiency of particular constituent e.g. protein, vitamin • May arise from improper diet plan • Person taking full meal may also become malnutritional • Very common in rich countries • Effects are chronic in nature and results in numerous diseases COVID19 World Food Problems
- 22. COVID19 Fertilizer problems Micronutrient imbalance Nitrate pollution Eutrophication Pesticide related problems Death of Non target organisms Biological magnification Effects of Modern Agriculture Modern Agriculture
- 23. COVID19 Land degradation Accelerated soil erosion Diversity loss Vegetation growth loss Damage by trampling Deforestation Soil erosion Eutrophication Water logging Biological Magnification Impacts of Agriculture Impacts of Overgrazing
- 24. Energy Resource An energy resources is something that can produce heat, power life , move objects ,or produce electricity matter that store energy is called fuel. COVID19
- 25. COVID19 Solar energy Wind energy Hydropower energy Tidal Energy Biomass energy Coal Petroleum Natural Gas Nuclear Energy Non- Renewable Renewable
- 26. Conservation of Energy Resources Sustainable path- promotion of energy conservation, increase use of renewable sources. COVID19 Judicious use of resources Use of Public transport system Switching off electricity when not in use Using power saving devices Using non-conventional sources Energy Conservation
- 27. ▪ Land is the finite most important and valuable resources for mankind as it provides food, fibre, wood, medicine and other biological materials needed for food ▪ Soil is the foundation for plant life on land. ▪ Top soil is classified as a renewable resources, because it is continuously regenerated by natural process at a very slow rate Land resources COVID19
- 28. Uses of land resources COVID19 Food Production(agriculture) Houses the living species of nature Industrial and commercial purpose Residential purpose Waste disposal Energy resources
- 29. Land degradation is the process of temporary or permanent lowering of productive capacity or loss of fertility of soil. Factors influencing land degradation 1. With the increase in Population, more land is needed for producing food, fibre and fuel wood 2. The increased urbanization due to population growth reduce the extent of agricultural land. 3. Increased applications of fertilizers and pesticides are leads to pollution of land and water and soil degradation 4. Water-logging, soil erosion, salination and contamination of the soil with industrial wastes all cause land degradation. Land degradation COVID19 5. Water table lowering indirectly cause land degradation
- 30. • The soil texture and COVID19 Harmful effects of land degradation Structure are deteriorated. Loss of soil fertility, due to loss of invaluable nutrients Increase in water logging, salinity, alkalinity and acidity problems. Loss of economic social and biodiversity Lowering of water table Increased soil toxicity
- 31. Soil erosion Soil erosion is the process of removal of superficial layer of the soil from one place to another. COVID19
- 32. Factors causing/agents of soil erosion 1. Climatic Agents 1. Water 2. Wind 2. Biotic agents 1. Grazing 2. Mining 3. Deforestatation COVID19
- 33. Control of soil erosion Contour Farming Terracing Wind Breaks COVID19
- 34. Desertification • Desertification is a progressive destruction or degradation of arid or semiarid lands to desert. • It is also a form of land degradation. • Desertification leads to the conversion of range lands or irrigated croplands to desert like conditions in which agricultural productivity falls. COVID19
- 35. Causes of desertification 1. Deforestation 2. Overgrazing 3. Poor Water Management 4. Mining and Quarrying 5. Climate Change 6. Pollution COVID19
- 36. Man induced land slides • Landslides are the downward and outward movement of a slope composed of earth materials such as rock, soil, artificial fills. COVID19
- 37. 1. Removal of Vegetation 2. Underground mining 3. Transport 4. Addition of Weight 5. Ground Water level Causes of man-induced land pollution Construction of Buildings in an unplanned way COVID19
- 38. • Minerals are naturally occurring homogeneous inorganic solid substance having a definite chemical composition and characteristic crystalline structure, colour and hardness. e.g. quartz, feldspar, calcite, laterite • A mineral resource is the concentration of materials that are of economic interest in or on the crust of the Earth. Almost all minerals found on Earth are used in one way or another for economic benefit. •The Social and Economic development of a nation depends on its capacity to utilize its natural resources without its wasteful use to the extent possible. Examples of minerals include gold, gravel, sand, aluminum, copper, limestone, clay and diamond. COVID19 Mineral resources
- 39. COVID19
- 40. Economic importance of minerals •The significance of mineral resources embraces several areas. They are an integral part of industrial development, economic progress, and national security. •Mineral resources are related to significant economic activity that converts natural mineral wealth into goods for industrial and domestic consumption. •Minerals are important to our health. We need small amounts of a wide variety of minerals like calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, copper, fluoride, iron, and zinc. •Coal, oil and natural gas provide us with almost all of the energy we use to light, heat and run our world. •Minerals are ingredients in almost all of the products we use from fertilizer, plastics, toothpaste, medicines. Minerals also play an important role in the processing of materials. COVID19
- 41. Role of an individual in conservation and resources • Since resources are being exhaustible, it is the duty of every individual on this earth to conserve the natural resources in such a way that they must be available for future generation also. • Individual must understand the essential of natural resources. • Due to advancement in technology and population growth, the present world is facing lot of problems on degradation of natural resources. COVID19
- 42. Measures recommended for conservation of natural resource Conservation of Energy Conservation of water COVID19
- 43. Measures recommended for conservation of natural resource Conservation of Soil Conservation of Food COVID19
- 44. Measures recommended for conservation of natural resource Conservation of Forest COVID19
- 45. Equitable use of resources for sustainable life style • Sustainable development : Sustainable development is the development of healthy environment without damaging the natural resources. In other words, all the natural resources must be used in such a way that it must be available for the future generation also. • Unsustainable development : Unsustainable development is the degradation of the environment due to over utilization and over exploitation of the natural resources. COVID19
- 46. Equitable use of resources for sustainable life style…. COVID19 Causes of unsustainability: The main cause is due to the difference between the less developed and more developed countries. i.e., (i) Over population in poor countries, consume too low resources with low income. (ii) Rich countries consume more resources with more income. Conditions for sustainable life style In order to achieve sustainable life styles: 1. It is essential to achieve a more balanced and equitable distribution of land resources and income to meet everyone's basic needs. 2. The rich countries should lower down their consumption levels, while the minimum needs of the poor should be fulfilled by providing them resources.
- 47. ➢ More balanced and equitable use of resources will reduce the differences between the most developed countries and less developed countries and will lead to sustainable development. THANK YOU COVID19