This document provides a summary of key concepts in physics including: 1. It defines terms like photoelectric effect, quanta, blackbody, and Planck's quantum theory. 2. It explains Einstein's model of light as photons and concepts like isotopes, mass defect, and types of radiation such as alpha, beta, gamma, and X-rays. 3. It covers nuclear physics topics including nuclear reactions, radioactive decay, half-life, dosimetry, and applications of radiation in areas like cancer treatment.

1. Chapter 16
Matter and Energy
By Padua, Crisostomo and Rabago (pp. 366 – 399)
1. The name given to the observation that when light is shone onto a piece of metal, a small
current flows through the metal.
a. The Photoelectric Effect b. The Quantum Theory c. Theory of Relativity
2. Einstein realized that the only way to explain the photoelectric effect was to say that instead of
being a wave, light was actually made up of lots of small packets of energy called __.
a. neutrinos b. photons c. quanta
3. An object which absorbs all radiant energy that is incident on it.
a. blackbody b. quartz c. photons
4. Plank proposed a revolutionary theory that vibrating atoms or molecules of hot objects radiate
energy in definite amounts called __.
a. photons b. quartz c. quanta
5. What formula best define the amount of each bundles of energy?
a. € = hf b. E = mc2 c. A = λN
6. What is the smallest amount of energy that can either be absorbed or emitted by an infrared
radiation with a frequency of 1.0x1015 cycles per second?
a. 6.63 x10 -19 joules b. 3.66 x 10-19 joules c. 6.36 x 10-19 joules
7. They are produced by the abrupt stopping of fast moving electron when it hits a heavy metal
target.
a. alpha rays b. X-rays c. gamma rays
8. Albert Einstein postulated that energy has a mass equivalence. His postulation is more
popularly known in the form:
a. € = hf b. E = mc2 c. A = λN
9. Atoms of the same element having different atomic mass.
a. blackbody b. photons c. isotopes
10. The difference between the total mass of the individual nucleus and the atomic mass of
carbon-12.
a. binding energy b. mass defect c. mass equivalence
11. Mev means
a. Mega electrical volts b. million electron volt c. Mendeleev volt
12. The energy needed to separate a nucleus into its individual nucleons.
a. nuclear binding energy b. mass binding energy c. kinetic energy
13. What is the energy equivalent of 1.50 x 10-28 kilograms?
a. 5.31 x 10-11J b. 1.35 x 10-11 J c. 2.70 x 10-11 J
14. 1 Mev is equivalent to ___ Joules.
a. 1.68 x 10-13 b. 6.8 x 10-11 c. 1.60 x10-13
-11
15. 3.5 x 10 Joules = ___Mev
a. 420 b. 110 c. 220
16. Radiation is present in our bodies in small amounts. Below are some of the substances
except:
a. Phosphorous-32 b. Potassium-40 c. Carbon-12
17. An electromagnetic energy, in the form of particles or waves, which is given off when atoms
undergo changes.
a. radiation b. infrared c. ultraviolet rays
18. Which is an example of non- ionizing radiation?
a. radio waves b. X rays c. gamma rays
19. All are examples of ionizing radiation except:
a. Alpha b. Ultraviolet rays c. Beta
20. The energies of non-ionizing radiation can only excite but cannot knock electrons out of an
atom.
a. True b. False
21. This type of radiation has sufficiently high energy that can alter atoms or knock electrons
away from atoms.
a. Cosmic Radiation b. Ionizing Radiation c. Non-ionizing Radiation

2. 22. When electrons are knocked away from atoms an electrically charged particles called ___
are created.
a. photons b. positrons c. ions
23. Tritium, one of the materials present in fallout from nuclear explosives emits __ radiation.
a. Alpha b. Beta c. Gamma
24. This radiation can be stopped completely by a sheet of paper.
a. Alpha b. Beta c. Gamma
25. ___ rays can be used in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
a. Neutron b. Gamma c. Beta
26. A nuclear radiation, rarely detected at sea level but present at greater altitudes.
a. Neutron b. Gamma c. Beta
27. Henri Becquerel discovered accidentally a compound caused a completely sealed
photographic plate to become exposed. What compound is this?
a. Uranium b. Radium c. Plutonium
28. Isotopes , without any external stimulus, will change themselves into isotopes of different
elements by emitting particles.
a. Stable b. Unstable c. Radioisotopes
29. The process by which an isotope undergo change by emitting particles.
a. Radiation b. Radioactive decay c. Radioactivity
30. The spontaneous decay of unstable atomic nucleus so that it is transformed into a more stable
form.
a. Radioactive Disintegration b. Nuclear Radiation c. Radioactivity
31. An alpha particle is the nucleus of a ___ atom.
a. Hydrogen b. Helium c. Nitrogen
32. Alpha Decay occurs principally with heavy elements such as:
a. Uranium and Plutonium b. Uranium and Radium c. Plutonium and Barium
33. An alpha decay consists of __ protons and __ neutrons.
a. 2,3 b. 3,2 c. 2,2
34. The emission of an electron from the nucleus.
a. Alpha decay b. Beta decay c. Electron Capture
35. A Beta decay has practically ___ mass and a charge of ___.
a. 0,-1 b. 2,+1 c. 0,+1
36. The process in which a nucleus absorbs an electron from the K-shell or the lowest orbit of an
atom.
a. Alpha decay b. Beta decay c. Electron Capture
37. A process which completes with electron capture.
a. Positron emission b. Compton Scattering c. Radiation Activity
38. A particle of the same mass as an electron but with positive charge.
a. Neutron b. Positron c. ions
39. It is emitted during spontaneous fission when parent nucleus splits into two lighter nuclei.
a. Neutron b. Electron c. Protons
40. Decay by any processes may leave the nucleus in an energetically excited state, immediately
relieved by emission of EM radiation known as ___ rays.
a. Alpha b. Gamma c. Beta
41. The time it takes for half of the nuclei of a radioisotope to decay.
a. Carbon dating b. Radioactive dating c. Half Life
42. When charged particles are slowed down very rapidly, they emit energy in the form of X-
rays. This is known as
a. Photoelectric effect b. Bremsstrahlung c. Compton Scattering
43. Gamma radiations interact with matter indirectly. They will have to interact first with atomic
particles. Which is not a gamma ray interaction?
a. Pair Production b. Bremsstrahlung c. Photoelectric effect
44. In this gamma ray interaction, the entire energy of the gamma ray is transferred to an orbital
electron which is ejected from its parent atom.
a. Photoelectric effect b. Pair Production c. Compton Scattering

3. 45. This gamma ray interaction occurs when only part of the energy of the photon is transferred
to an orbital electron.
a. Pair Production b. Compton Scattering c. Neutron Capture
46. This happens in an intense electric field close to a charged particle, where an energetic
photon may be converted into a positron-electron pair.
a. Neutron Capture b. Pair Production c. Photoelectric effect
47. This refer to the rate of radioactive decay of a given sample.
a. Radiation Activity b. Absorbed Dose c. Dose Equivalent
48. The old unit for radiation activity is ___.
a. Curie(Ci) b. Bequerel (Bq) c. dps
49. The activity of a given sample can be determined by using the formula:
a. absorbed dose x quality factor b. G x Q x N c. A = λN
50. This is a measure of the biological effect of radiation.
a. Dose equivalent b. Absorbed Dose c. Radiation Activity
51. This refer to the energy deposition in any medium by any type of ionizing radiation.
a. Neutron capture b. Radiation Activity c. Absorbed Dose
52. The old unit for Absorbed Dose was rad, meaning..
a. rapid absorbed dose b. radiation absorbed dose c. random absorbed dose
53. The SI unit for Absorbed Dose is gray(Gy) which is defined as an energy deposition of ___.
a. 1 J/kg b. 1 kg/J c. 1Gy = 10 rads
54. Rem is the old unit for dose equivalent, which means
a. radiation equivalent in man b. roentgen equivalent in man c. radiation equivalent meter
55. Which is not true of Dose Equivalent?
a. The SI unit is sievert(Sv).
b. Dose equivalent = absorbed dose
c. G x Q x N
56. If a man works in an area for 2 hours and receives a dose equivalent of 4 mSv, what is the
dose equivalent rate?
a. 4 mSv/h b. 2 mSv/h c. 8 mSv/h
57. If a man is permitted to receive a dose rate of 1 mSv in a week, for how many hours may he
work in an area where the dose equivalent rate is 50 mSv/h?
a. 25 b. 100 c. 50
58. There are three principal methods used to control radiation exposure. Which one is not
applicable?
a. Distance b. Shielding c. Amount
Consider the following nuclear reactions: W
a. 0n1 + 92U235 92U
236 97
37Rb + 55Cs
137
+ 0n1 + 0n1
3 3 4 1 1
b. 1H + 1H 2He + 0n + 0n + Energy
Which represents…
59. Nuclear fission
60. Nuclear fusion

4. 61. The process by which a nucleus target is split into two smaller nuclei upon bombardment.
a. nuclear fusion b. nuclear fission c. nuclear reactor
62. Which among the following is true of nuclear fission?
a. It releases tremendous amount of energy.
b. The energy is in order of about 200 Mev per uranium nucleus.
c. It is the process by which the stars, including our own sun, “cook up” their tremendous
energy releases.
63. Another nuclear reaction in which two nuclei combine to form a single nucleus.
a. nuclear fusion b. nuclear reactor c. nuclear fission
64. In order to bring protons and neutrons close enough for fusion to happen what temperature is
needed?
a. moderate b. very low c. very high
65. He and his co-workers built the first nuclear reactor or atomic pile.
a. Otto Hann b. Enrico Fermi c. Fritz Strassman
66. Fission of U-235 atom can take place when uranium is divided into discrete parcels and
placed underneath about 400 tons of a form of carbon called ____.
a. graphite b. graviton c. isotopes
67. This part of nuclear reactor slows down neutrons that are normal too fast to be absorbed by
fissionable isotopes.
a. reactor b. moderator c. breeder
68. Another kind of fission nuclear reactor used to create plutonium for nuclear weapons.
a. moderator b. reactor c. breeder reactor
69. This kind of bomb derives its explosive force from the release of atomic energy through the
process of splitting of the nuclei of a heavy chemical element.
a. atomic bomb b. hydrogen bomb c. neutron bomb
70. The idea of this bomb is that fusion will generate a neuron flux of billions of radioactive
particles that will in turn generate doses of radiation. Thus it is termed as a “clean bomb”.
a. hydrogen bomb b. neutron bomb c. atomic bomb
71. The most destructive weapon developed by man. Its massive destructive energy is derived
from the joining together of hydrogen isotopes.
a. hydrogen bomb b. atomic bomb c. nuclear bomb
72. On the basis of the quark model all the elementary particles are formed by just three except:
a. leptons b. quarks c. gravitons
73. The sub atomic particles are divided into two groups: the hadrons, to which protons and
neutrons belong, and the ___, to which electrons belong.
a. quarks b. antiquarks c. leptons
74. The sub atomic particle hadron is divided into this two groups:
a. protons, neutrons b. baryons, mesons c. quarks, antiquarks
75. One of the four basic forces of nature which causes subatomic particles to shoot out of the
atomic nuclei during the radioactive decay of such unstable elements as uranium.
a. electromagnetism b. weak nuclear force c. strong nuclear force
76. The kind of force that binds protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus.
a. strong nuclear force b. gravitational force c. weak nuclear force
77. The theory which states that the electroweak force can merge with the strong nuclear force.
a. Superstring theory b. The theory of Supersymmetry c. Grand Unified Theory
78. The Theory of Supersymmetry attempts to unite bosons and fermions. Fermions are
associated with particles of matter while bosons are associated with ____.
a. particles of matter likewise b. forces of nature c. energies of nature
79. _____ requires the existence of a new particle called gravitino together with graviton.
a. Superstring c. Supersymmetry c. Supergravity
80. This theory says that the final building blocks of nature consist of very small vibrating
strings.
a. Superstring Theory b. The Theory of Supersymmetry c. Grand Unified Theory