Chapter 15: Information Retrieval from Medical Knowledge Resources
WILLIAM R. HERSH
Learning Objectives
After viewing this presentation, viewers should be able to:
Enumerate the basic biomedical and health knowledge resources in books, journals, electronic databases, and other sources
Describe the major approaches used to indexing knowledge-based content
Apply advanced searching techniques to the major biomedical and health knowledge resources
Discuss the major results of information retrieval evaluation studies
Describe future directions for research in information retrieval
Introduction
Information Retrieval (IR), sometimes called search, concerns the acquisition, organization, and searching of knowledge-based information, which is usually defined as information derived and organized from observational or experimental research
Although IR in biomedicine traditionally concentrated on the retrieval of text from the biomedical literature, the study has expanded to include newer types of media that include images, video, chemical structures, gene and protein sequences, and a wide range of other digital media of relevance to biomedical education, research, and patient care
Introduction
The overall goal of the IR process is to find content that meets a person’s information needs
Components of information retrieval systems
IR tends to focus on knowledge-based information
Knowledge-based information categories:
Primary knowledge–based information (also called primary literature) is original research that appears in journals, books, reports, and other sources
Secondary knowledge–based information consists of the writing that reviews, condenses, and/or synthesizes the primary literature. The most common examples of this type of literature are books, monographs, and review articles in journals and other publications
Knowledge Based Information
Virtually all scientific journals are published electronically
Not only is there the increased convenience of redistributing articles, but research has found that freely available on the Web have a higher likelihood of being cited by other papers than those that are not (Bork 2012)
Printing and mailing, tasks no longer needed in electronic publishing, comprised a significant part of the “added value” from publishers of journals. There is still however value added by publishers, such as hiring and managing editorial staff to produce the journals and managing the peer review process
Publication of Knowledge-Based Information
The basic principle of open access publishing is that authors and/or their institutions pay the cost of production of manuscripts up front after they are accepted through a peer review process. After the paper is published, it becomes freely available on the Web. Since most research is usually funded by grants, the cost of open access publishing should be included in grant budgets. The uptake of publishers adhering to.
Biomedical indexing and retrieval system based on language modeling approachijseajournal
This summarizes a research paper that proposes a biomedical indexing and retrieval system called BIOINSY. It uses a language modeling approach to select the best Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) descriptors to index medical articles from sources like PUBMED. The system first preprocesses articles by splitting text, stemming words, and removing stop words. It then extracts terms using a hybrid linguistic and statistical approach. Terms are weighted based on semantic relationships in MeSH, not just statistics. Descriptors are selected by disambiguating terms and estimating the probability a descriptor was generated by the article's language model. Experiments showed the effectiveness of this conceptual indexing approach.
The document defines various terms related to indexing such as index, descriptor, document, identifier, indexing language, indexing system, keyword, qualifier, and translation. It then discusses the history and development of indexing from early civilizations to modern computerized indexing. It also covers different types of indexes like alphabetical, classified, concordance, and periodical indexes. Finally, it outlines principles of indexing like exhaustivity, specificity, consistency and different indexing languages and systems.
How to conduct_a_systematic_or_evidence_reviewEaglefly Fly
This document provides guidance on conducting a systematic or evidence-based literature review. It discusses defining search terms, identifying relevant articles through database searches and other methods, applying inclusion/exclusion filters to evaluate articles, synthesizing results, and summarizing the evidence found to determine the best intervention. The goal is to reduce bias and provide a comprehensive review of a topic through an explicit and transparent process.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Ontology oriented concept based clusteringeSAT Journals
Abstract Worldwide health centre scientists, physicians and other patients are accessing, analyzing, integrating and storing massive amounts of digital medical data in different database. The potential for retrieval of information is vast and daunting. The objective of our approach is to differentiate relevant information from irrelevant through user friendly and efficient search algorithms. The traditional solution employs keyword based search without the semantic consideration. So the keyword retrieval may return inaccurate and incomplete results. In order to overcome the problem of information retrieval from this huge amount of database, there is a need for concept based clustering method in ontology. In the proposed method, WorldNet is integrated in order to match the synonyms for the identified keywords so as to obtain the accurate information and it presents the concept based clustering developed using k-means algorithm in accordance with the principles of ontology so that the importance of words of a cluster can be identified. Keywords: Ontology, Concept based clustering, K-means algorithm and information retrieval.
This document provides information on conducting a literature review for research. It begins with definitions of key terms like literature review and databases. It then discusses the purpose and types of literature reviews. The document outlines the major electronic databases and other sources to search for literature. It provides the steps for conducting a literature review, which include understanding the research problem, identifying relevant sources, searching the literature, analyzing and synthesizing the findings, and writing the review. Key points are that a literature review lays the foundation for a study, helps avoid duplication, and allows findings to be discussed in context of prior work.
INTEGRATED, RELIABLE AND CLOUD-BASED PERSONAL HEALTH RECORD: A SCOPING REVIEWhiij
Personal Health Records (PHR) emerge as an alternative to integrate patient’s health information to give a
global view of patients' status. However, integration is not a trivial feature when dealing with a variety
electronic health systems from healthcare centers. Access to PHR sensitive information must comply with
privacy policies defined by the patient. Architecture PHR design should be in accordance to these, and take
advantage of nowadays technology. Cloud computing is a current technology that provides scalability,
ubiquity, and elasticity features. This paper presents a scoping review related to PHR systems that achieve
three characteristics: integrated, reliable and cloud-based. We found 101 articles that addressed
thosecharacteristics. We identified four main research topics: proposal/developed systems, PHR
recommendations for development, system integration and standards, and security and privacy. Integration
is tackled with HL7 CDA standard. Information reliability is based in ABE security-privacy mechanism.
Cloud-based technology access is achieved via SOA.
INTEGRATED, RELIABLE AND CLOUD-BASED PERSONAL HEALTH RECORD: A SCOPING REVIEWhiij
Personal Health Records (PHR) emerge as an alternative to integrate patient’s health information to give a
global view of patients' status. However, integration is not a trivial feature when dealing with a variety
electronic health systems from healthcare centers. Access to PHR sensitive information must comply with
privacy policies defined by the patient. Architecture PHR design should be in accordance to these, and take
advantage of nowadays technology. Cloud computing is a current technology that provides scalability,
ubiquity, and elasticity features. This paper presents a scoping review related to PHR systems that achieve
three characteristics: integrated, reliable and cloud-based. We found 101 articles that addressed
thosecharacteristics. We identified four main research topics: proposal/developed systems, PHR
recommendations for development, system integration and standards, and security and privacy. Integration
is tackled with HL7 CDA standard. Information reliability
Biomedical indexing and retrieval system based on language modeling approachijseajournal
This summarizes a research paper that proposes a biomedical indexing and retrieval system called BIOINSY. It uses a language modeling approach to select the best Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) descriptors to index medical articles from sources like PUBMED. The system first preprocesses articles by splitting text, stemming words, and removing stop words. It then extracts terms using a hybrid linguistic and statistical approach. Terms are weighted based on semantic relationships in MeSH, not just statistics. Descriptors are selected by disambiguating terms and estimating the probability a descriptor was generated by the article's language model. Experiments showed the effectiveness of this conceptual indexing approach.
The document defines various terms related to indexing such as index, descriptor, document, identifier, indexing language, indexing system, keyword, qualifier, and translation. It then discusses the history and development of indexing from early civilizations to modern computerized indexing. It also covers different types of indexes like alphabetical, classified, concordance, and periodical indexes. Finally, it outlines principles of indexing like exhaustivity, specificity, consistency and different indexing languages and systems.
How to conduct_a_systematic_or_evidence_reviewEaglefly Fly
This document provides guidance on conducting a systematic or evidence-based literature review. It discusses defining search terms, identifying relevant articles through database searches and other methods, applying inclusion/exclusion filters to evaluate articles, synthesizing results, and summarizing the evidence found to determine the best intervention. The goal is to reduce bias and provide a comprehensive review of a topic through an explicit and transparent process.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Ontology oriented concept based clusteringeSAT Journals
Abstract Worldwide health centre scientists, physicians and other patients are accessing, analyzing, integrating and storing massive amounts of digital medical data in different database. The potential for retrieval of information is vast and daunting. The objective of our approach is to differentiate relevant information from irrelevant through user friendly and efficient search algorithms. The traditional solution employs keyword based search without the semantic consideration. So the keyword retrieval may return inaccurate and incomplete results. In order to overcome the problem of information retrieval from this huge amount of database, there is a need for concept based clustering method in ontology. In the proposed method, WorldNet is integrated in order to match the synonyms for the identified keywords so as to obtain the accurate information and it presents the concept based clustering developed using k-means algorithm in accordance with the principles of ontology so that the importance of words of a cluster can be identified. Keywords: Ontology, Concept based clustering, K-means algorithm and information retrieval.
This document provides information on conducting a literature review for research. It begins with definitions of key terms like literature review and databases. It then discusses the purpose and types of literature reviews. The document outlines the major electronic databases and other sources to search for literature. It provides the steps for conducting a literature review, which include understanding the research problem, identifying relevant sources, searching the literature, analyzing and synthesizing the findings, and writing the review. Key points are that a literature review lays the foundation for a study, helps avoid duplication, and allows findings to be discussed in context of prior work.
INTEGRATED, RELIABLE AND CLOUD-BASED PERSONAL HEALTH RECORD: A SCOPING REVIEWhiij
Personal Health Records (PHR) emerge as an alternative to integrate patient’s health information to give a
global view of patients' status. However, integration is not a trivial feature when dealing with a variety
electronic health systems from healthcare centers. Access to PHR sensitive information must comply with
privacy policies defined by the patient. Architecture PHR design should be in accordance to these, and take
advantage of nowadays technology. Cloud computing is a current technology that provides scalability,
ubiquity, and elasticity features. This paper presents a scoping review related to PHR systems that achieve
three characteristics: integrated, reliable and cloud-based. We found 101 articles that addressed
thosecharacteristics. We identified four main research topics: proposal/developed systems, PHR
recommendations for development, system integration and standards, and security and privacy. Integration
is tackled with HL7 CDA standard. Information reliability is based in ABE security-privacy mechanism.
Cloud-based technology access is achieved via SOA.
INTEGRATED, RELIABLE AND CLOUD-BASED PERSONAL HEALTH RECORD: A SCOPING REVIEWhiij
Personal Health Records (PHR) emerge as an alternative to integrate patient’s health information to give a
global view of patients' status. However, integration is not a trivial feature when dealing with a variety
electronic health systems from healthcare centers. Access to PHR sensitive information must comply with
privacy policies defined by the patient. Architecture PHR design should be in accordance to these, and take
advantage of nowadays technology. Cloud computing is a current technology that provides scalability,
ubiquity, and elasticity features. This paper presents a scoping review related to PHR systems that achieve
three characteristics: integrated, reliable and cloud-based. We found 101 articles that addressed
thosecharacteristics. We identified four main research topics: proposal/developed systems, PHR
recommendations for development, system integration and standards, and security and privacy. Integration
is tackled with HL7 CDA standard. Information reliability
INTEGRATED, RELIABLE AND CLOUD-BASED PERSONAL HEALTH RECORD: A SCOPING REVIEWhiij
Personal Health Records (PHR) emerge as an alternative to integrate patient’s health information to give a
global view of patients' status. However, integration is not a trivial feature when dealing with a variety
electronic health systems from healthcare centers. Access to PHR sensitive information must comply with
privacy policies defined by the patient. Architecture PHR design should be in accordance to these, and take
advantage of nowadays technology. Cloud computing is a current technology that provides scalability,
ubiquity, and elasticity features. This paper presents a scoping review related to PHR systems that achieve
three characteristics: integrated, reliable and cloud-based. We found 101 articles that addressed
thosecharacteristics. We identified four main research topics: proposal/developed systems, PHR
recommendations for development, system integration and standards, and security and privacy. Integration
is tackled with HL7 CDA standard. Information reliability is based in ABE security-privacy mechanism.
Cloud-based technology access is achieved via SOA.
Scientific research writing involves communicating research to others through technical writing. Key elements of research writing include research manuscripts, review articles, peer review papers, meta-analyses, dissertations, and research journals. Manuscripts should follow common guidelines including front matter, references, and common chapters such as an introduction and literature review. Authors should consider publication elements like impact factor, DOIs, plagiarism checks, and referencing styles when writing.
Secondary literature includes reviews and systematic reviews that summarize and synthesize primary literature on a topic. Systematic reviews use explicit and reproducible methods to comprehensively search for and analyze relevant studies. They may qualitatively summarize results or conduct a quantitative meta-analysis. Indexing and abstracting databases like PubMed provide access to citations and abstracts of primary literature and use controlled vocabularies like MeSH terms. Both PubMed and Google Scholar can be used to search biomedical literature, but PubMed's controlled vocabulary and indexing of medical terms allows it to retrieve more targeted results.
This document provides an overview of how to effectively search for information to answer a research question. It discusses developing a focused question using PICO elements, identifies appropriate biomedical databases like Medline and Embase, explains peer review of sources, and demonstrates using MeSH terms and Boolean operators to search Medline through Ovid. It also discusses evaluating websites, citation management software, and when to consult a librarian for help.
The document discusses the importance and process of reviewing literature for research. It states that a literature review identifies what is already known about the topic, potential gaps, and helps develop hypotheses and research questions. The review examines primary sources like research reports and secondary sources like summaries. It provides examples of electronic databases and online journals that can be searched, as well as printed sources such as nursing journals, research reports, dissertations, and books. The purpose is to convey previous knowledge on the topic and help improve research methodologies.
This document outlines finding knowledge in digital libraries for nursing. It defines digital libraries and describes their advantages over traditional libraries. It discusses personal reference managers, library guides, and bibliographic databases useful for nursing research, including CINAHL, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO. The document describes embarking on a quest for knowledge through questioning practice, searching evidence, analyzing literature, applying findings, and evaluating outcomes. It also discusses challenges to adopting evidence-based nursing.
Finding articles and books using database for your discipline pubricaPubrica
A literature search is a well-organised and systematic survey from the already published data to become aware of a breadth of good pleasant references on a particular topic. Formulating a well-focussed question is an important step for facilitating accurate scientific research.
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Library science applies various tools and perspectives from fields like management and information technology to the collection, organization, preservation, and dissemination of information resources. It also covers how people interact with and are trained to use information. Key areas studied include collection management, information systems, research methods, and preservation. Library science is constantly evolving to incorporate new topics. Classification systems are used to organize library collections to facilitate subject access and the physical location of resources.
This document provides guidance on effectively searching medical bibliographic databases. It begins by outlining the objectives of orienting the audience on how to search these databases and identifying appropriate databases. The introduction discusses the rapid growth of medical information and the importance of effectively reviewing previous literature. The document then describes several major medical bibliographic databases and how to access them. It provides a model for the information search process, including defining the research problem, choosing relevant databases, developing a search strategy, and evaluating results. Finally, it offers practical tips for searching, such as using Boolean operators and wildcards to account for variations in search terms.
This document provides an overview of information resources for conducting research. It discusses developing a focused research question, identifying relevant terms and databases to search, evaluating search results, and tools for managing citations. Key databases recommended for answering public health and ethnic minority questions include Medline, Embase, and CINAHL. The document emphasizes refining searches and stresses that librarians can help at all stages of the research process.
Module 4 Report Writing and ResearchCommentaryTopicsResearc.docxmoirarandell
Module 4: Report Writing and Research
Commentary
Topics
ResearchReports
Research
Research skills are important in both the academic and the work environment. During your career as a student, you have researched different subjects to gain knowledge. In the workplace, you may conduct research for numerous reasons, such as to determine the cost of new equipment, to gain an understanding of a technical term or concept, to summarize a procedure for your supervisor, or to uncover facts for a technical report.
To keep up with changes in technology, it is imperative that you gain familiarity with all available research methods. In the past, people typically performed research at a library. Today, they turn to the World Wide Web; however, technical writers can conduct research through numerous channels. Personal interviews, e-mail questionnaires, and listservs (programs by which e-mail messages are sent to a mailing list go out to all those on that list) can provide valid research opportunities.
Chances are, if you need to research a particular topic, your first source will be the Internet. There, you can find information from government organizations, academic institutions, commercial groups, and individuals. Remember, though, that not every site on the Web is a reliable source of information. Universities, for example, are more credible than obscure Web sites with a single author who lacks verifiable credentials. To conduct research on the Internet, follow these tips:
· Look for Web sites that end in .gov, .org, and .edu.
· For a .edu or other site, make sure you can find the author of the material.
· Check the author's credentials and see if he or she is referenced in the field.
· Find out whether the author has a bibliography or a works cited section, and check to ensure that his or her references are reputable (i.e., academic books, government journals, etc.).
· See whether the Web page has a publication date, and when the last update occurred.
· If you can't locate the origins of a Web page or its author, be aware that you may not have found a credible source.
Many groups, including federal agencies, offer online indexes and databases. These are generally broken down by subject matter (such as MEDLINE from the Community of Science (COS), which offers medical journals and health publications; or ERIC from the Institute of Education Sciences (IES) of the U.S. Department of Education, which provides literature on education from journals and other sources). Within each of these databases, you can drill down to relevant research materials by entering specific search requirements. UMUC's Information and Library Services Web site provides a wealth of up-to-date online indexes. You can also find this link in the Toolkit section of this course, if you would like to use it for your reference.
The type of research you'll perform will be determined by your audience and purpose. For example, if your supervisor wants you to report on the latest trends and de ...
Medical writers play an important role in clearly communicating complex medical data and information. They are used by organizations and individuals who have limited time or writing skills but need to produce high-quality documents. The document discusses the roles and responsibilities of medical writers, which include analyzing data, writing documents, coordinating reviews, and ensuring formatting consistency. It notes that using medical writers can produce documents faster and with fewer errors. Bad writing can be costly, as it can slow regulatory reviews and potentially lead to paper rejections. The document provides references on medical writing skills and common reasons for manuscript rejections.
Survey on Key Phrase Extraction using Machine Learning ApproachesYogeshIJTSRD
The automated keyword extraction task is to define a collection of representative terms for the text. Extracting keywords defines a small collection of terms, key phrases and keywords that define the document’s context. Keyword search allows large document collections to be searched effectively. To allocate suitable key phrases to new documents, text categorization techniques can be applied. A predefined collection of key phrases from which all key phrases for new documents are selected is given in the training documents. The training data for each key phrase describes a collection of documents associated with it. Standard machine learning techniques are used for each key phrase to construct a classifier from the training materials, using those relevant to it as positive examples and the rest as negative examples. Provided a new text, it is processed by the classifier of each key phrase. Preeti Sondhi | Aakib Jabbar "Survey on Key Phrase Extraction using Machine Learning Approaches" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39890.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/39890/survey-on-key-phrase-extraction-using-machine-learning-approaches/preeti-sondhi
Great model a model for the automatic generation of semantic relations betwee...ijcsity
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FOCUS INFORMATION LITERACY^A Survey of Scholarly Literatu.docxkeugene1
FOCUS: INFORMATION LITERACY^
A Survey of Scholarly Literature Databases
for Clinical Laboratory Science
DONNA LO'MALLEY
Ihis article reviews the use of journal literature databases
including CINAHL, EMBASE, and Web of Science; sum-
marizing databases including Cochrane Database of System-
atic Reviews, online textbooks, and clinical decision-support
tools; and the Internet search engines Coogle and Coogle
Scholar, llic series closes with a practical example employ-
ing a cross-section of the knowledge and skills gained from
all three articles.
ABBREVIATIONS: C : D S R = Cochrane Database of Sys-
tematic Reviews; CINAHL = Cumulative Index to Nursing
and Allied Health Literature; CDM = gestational diabetes;
SCI = Science Citation Index.
INDEX TERMS: algorithms; bibliographic databases; infor-
mation storage and retrieval; Internet; medical technology;
online systems.
Clin Lab Sci 2008;21( l ) :49
Donna L O'Malley MLS is library associate professor at
rhe Dana Medical Library at the University of Vermont,
Burlington VT.
Addressforcorrespondence:Donna L OMalley MLS, library
iissociate professor, Dana Medical Library, University of Ver-
mont, Medical Education Center, Burlington VT05405. (802)
656-44!5, (802) 656-0762 (fax), [email protected]
Frances Delwiche MLIS MT(ASCP) is the Foeus: Information
Literacy guest editor.
fhe Focus icctiim seeks to publish reievani and timely continuing
vducation for cliuicnl laboratory practitioners. Section editors, topics,
and authors art selected in advance to cover current areas of interest in
each discipline. Readers Ciin ohtiiin continuing education credit (CE)
through PA. C.EJ'hy completing the continuing education registration
form, recording answers to the examination, and mailing a photocopy of
it with the appropriate fee to the arUress designated on the form. Sugges-
lions jor future Eoctis topics andatithors, and manuscripts appropriate
for CE credit are encouraged. Direct all inquiries to the Clin Lab Sci
Editorial Office, ICInk, 858 Saint Annes Drive, Iowa City IA 52245.
{319)354-3861, (319)338-1016 (fax), [email protected]
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Descrihe what is meant by "primary literature" in the
health sciences.
2. Discuss the characteristics of the major primary and
summarizing databases used by health professionals.
3. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of searching
the Internet for professional health information.
4. Illustrate how popular Internet search engines can be
used to find unique information in the health sciences.
The primary literature in the health sciences consists of re-
ports of original research generally published in the form of
articles in scholarly/academic journals. Ihe articles in these
journals are indexed by searchable databases such as MED-
LINE, CINAHL, and EMBASE, which function as an aid
to finding articles on a desired topic. The primary literature
has the advantage of being a direct communication from the
researchers who performed the inv.
The document defines important terms related to searching bibliographic databases such as MEDLINE and PubMed. MEDLINE is the National Library of Medicine's premier bibliographic database covering medicine and health fields. PubMed provides free access to the MEDLINE database. Each record in PubMed represents a journal article and includes fields like author, title, and MeSH headings. MeSH is the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary system used to index articles. Boolean operators like AND and OR can be used to combine search terms in the PubMed query box.
This document provides guidance on conducting literature searches for sports-related research. It outlines key biomedical databases like Medline and Science Citation Index that can be used to find peer-reviewed journal articles. It emphasizes planning searches by defining concepts and keywords in order to retrieve the most relevant results. Criteria for evaluating sources like currency, authority and objectivity are also discussed. Inter-library loans can obtain articles not available through the library's databases. Referencing found literature is important for properly attributing sources.
A systematic review uses systematic and explicit methods to identify, select, critically appraise, and extract and analyze data from relevant research [Higgins & Green 2011].
The document discusses various citation databases and research metrics used to evaluate scholarly publications and researchers. It describes major citation databases like Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar that compile citations from bibliographies. It also explains common research metrics like the Impact Factor, h-index, g-index, i10 Index, Cite Score, SJR, and SNIP used to measure the influence and impact of publications and researchers. These metrics are calculated based on factors like the number of citations a publication or researcher receives.
CompetencyAnalyze how human resource standards and practices.docxbartholomeocoombs
Competency
Analyze how human resource standards and practices within the healthcare field support organizational mission, visions, and values.
Scenario
Wynn Regional Medical Center (WRMC) is the premier hospital in your area. The hospital has been in your city for over 100 years. Over the past decade, the hospital has been losing money for various reasons, though primarily due to uncompensated care. You were recently hired as the Vice President for Human Resources at WRMC, and part of your responsibilities include presenting historical information to participants of the new employee orientation.
Instructions
Create a PowerPoint presentation detailing the changing nature of the healthcare workforce. The presentation should contain speaker notes for each slide or voiceover narration. The presentation should address the following topics and questions:
Historical information on the changing healthcare workforce
How have legislation and policies changed in the past decade?
How have patient demographics changed in the past decade (baby boomers, generation X, millennials, ethnicities)?
How have patient centric approaches changed in the past decade (use of the Internet and social media to gather health information)?
Challenges associated with the changing healthcare workforce
What are some of the challenges associated with the policy and legislative changes?
What are some challenges associated with demographic changes?
What are some of the challenges associated with patients “researching” their own health instead of going to the doctor?
Current state of healthcare
What have been some of the improvements to the healthcare system over the last decade?
Resources
This
link
has information for creating a PowerPoint presentation.
Here is a
link
to information about adding speaker notes.
Here is a
link
to information about creating a voiceover narration using Screencast-O-Matic.
GRADING RUBRICS:
1.Clear and thorough explanation of the history of the changing healthcare workforce. Includes comprehensive descriptions with multiple supporting examples for each of the SUB-BULLET POINTS.
2. Clear and thorough discussion of the challenges associated with the changing healthcare workforce. Includes comprehensive descriptions with multiple supporting examples for each of the SUB-BULLET POINTS.
3. Comprehensive analysis of the current state of healthcare.
Includes a clear and thorough assessment of improvements to the healthcare system over the last decade and supports assertions with multiple supporting examples.
.
CompetencyAnalyze financial statements to assess performance.docxbartholomeocoombs
Competency
Analyze financial statements to assess performance and to ensure organizational improvement and long-term viability
.
Scenario
In an ongoing effort to explore the feasibility of expanding services into rural areas of the state, leadership at Memorial Hospital has determined that conducting a review of its financial condition will be essential to ensuring the organization’s ability to successfully achieve its expansion goals.
Instructions
The CFO has provided you with a copy of the organization’s
financial statements
. This information will be critical in evaluating the organization’s financial capacity to support the proposed expansion of services into the rural areas of the state.
You are asked to review these financial statements (which include the Income Statement, Statement of Cash Flows, and the Balance Sheet) and prepare an executive summary outlining the financial strength of the organization and evidence to support the expansion. Your executive summary should include the following:
An overview of the issue.
A review of critical financial ratios (Liquidity, Solvency, Profitability, and Efficiency) based on financial statements.
Inferences of forecasts, estimates, interpretations, and conclusions based on the key ratios.
Provide a recommendation based on ration analysis.
Resources
This
link
has information for creating an executive summary.
Grading Rubric:
1.
Comprehensive identification of summary of the issue. Includes multiple examples or supporting details.
2. Clear and thorough review of critical financial ratios--Liquidity, Solvency, Profitability, and Efficiency--based on financial statements. Includes multiple examples or supporting details per topic.
3. Clear and thorough inferences of forecasts, estimates, interpretations, and conclusions based on the key ratios. Includes multiple examples or supporting details per topic.
4. Comprehensive recommendation, based on ration analysis. Includes multiple examples or supporting details.
.
More Related Content
Similar to Chapter 15 Information Retrieval from Medical Knowledge Resourc.docx
INTEGRATED, RELIABLE AND CLOUD-BASED PERSONAL HEALTH RECORD: A SCOPING REVIEWhiij
Personal Health Records (PHR) emerge as an alternative to integrate patient’s health information to give a
global view of patients' status. However, integration is not a trivial feature when dealing with a variety
electronic health systems from healthcare centers. Access to PHR sensitive information must comply with
privacy policies defined by the patient. Architecture PHR design should be in accordance to these, and take
advantage of nowadays technology. Cloud computing is a current technology that provides scalability,
ubiquity, and elasticity features. This paper presents a scoping review related to PHR systems that achieve
three characteristics: integrated, reliable and cloud-based. We found 101 articles that addressed
thosecharacteristics. We identified four main research topics: proposal/developed systems, PHR
recommendations for development, system integration and standards, and security and privacy. Integration
is tackled with HL7 CDA standard. Information reliability is based in ABE security-privacy mechanism.
Cloud-based technology access is achieved via SOA.
Scientific research writing involves communicating research to others through technical writing. Key elements of research writing include research manuscripts, review articles, peer review papers, meta-analyses, dissertations, and research journals. Manuscripts should follow common guidelines including front matter, references, and common chapters such as an introduction and literature review. Authors should consider publication elements like impact factor, DOIs, plagiarism checks, and referencing styles when writing.
Secondary literature includes reviews and systematic reviews that summarize and synthesize primary literature on a topic. Systematic reviews use explicit and reproducible methods to comprehensively search for and analyze relevant studies. They may qualitatively summarize results or conduct a quantitative meta-analysis. Indexing and abstracting databases like PubMed provide access to citations and abstracts of primary literature and use controlled vocabularies like MeSH terms. Both PubMed and Google Scholar can be used to search biomedical literature, but PubMed's controlled vocabulary and indexing of medical terms allows it to retrieve more targeted results.
This document provides an overview of how to effectively search for information to answer a research question. It discusses developing a focused question using PICO elements, identifies appropriate biomedical databases like Medline and Embase, explains peer review of sources, and demonstrates using MeSH terms and Boolean operators to search Medline through Ovid. It also discusses evaluating websites, citation management software, and when to consult a librarian for help.
The document discusses the importance and process of reviewing literature for research. It states that a literature review identifies what is already known about the topic, potential gaps, and helps develop hypotheses and research questions. The review examines primary sources like research reports and secondary sources like summaries. It provides examples of electronic databases and online journals that can be searched, as well as printed sources such as nursing journals, research reports, dissertations, and books. The purpose is to convey previous knowledge on the topic and help improve research methodologies.
This document outlines finding knowledge in digital libraries for nursing. It defines digital libraries and describes their advantages over traditional libraries. It discusses personal reference managers, library guides, and bibliographic databases useful for nursing research, including CINAHL, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO. The document describes embarking on a quest for knowledge through questioning practice, searching evidence, analyzing literature, applying findings, and evaluating outcomes. It also discusses challenges to adopting evidence-based nursing.
Finding articles and books using database for your discipline pubricaPubrica
A literature search is a well-organised and systematic survey from the already published data to become aware of a breadth of good pleasant references on a particular topic. Formulating a well-focussed question is an important step for facilitating accurate scientific research.
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Library science applies various tools and perspectives from fields like management and information technology to the collection, organization, preservation, and dissemination of information resources. It also covers how people interact with and are trained to use information. Key areas studied include collection management, information systems, research methods, and preservation. Library science is constantly evolving to incorporate new topics. Classification systems are used to organize library collections to facilitate subject access and the physical location of resources.
This document provides guidance on effectively searching medical bibliographic databases. It begins by outlining the objectives of orienting the audience on how to search these databases and identifying appropriate databases. The introduction discusses the rapid growth of medical information and the importance of effectively reviewing previous literature. The document then describes several major medical bibliographic databases and how to access them. It provides a model for the information search process, including defining the research problem, choosing relevant databases, developing a search strategy, and evaluating results. Finally, it offers practical tips for searching, such as using Boolean operators and wildcards to account for variations in search terms.
This document provides an overview of information resources for conducting research. It discusses developing a focused research question, identifying relevant terms and databases to search, evaluating search results, and tools for managing citations. Key databases recommended for answering public health and ethnic minority questions include Medline, Embase, and CINAHL. The document emphasizes refining searches and stresses that librarians can help at all stages of the research process.
Module 4 Report Writing and ResearchCommentaryTopicsResearc.docxmoirarandell
Module 4: Report Writing and Research
Commentary
Topics
ResearchReports
Research
Research skills are important in both the academic and the work environment. During your career as a student, you have researched different subjects to gain knowledge. In the workplace, you may conduct research for numerous reasons, such as to determine the cost of new equipment, to gain an understanding of a technical term or concept, to summarize a procedure for your supervisor, or to uncover facts for a technical report.
To keep up with changes in technology, it is imperative that you gain familiarity with all available research methods. In the past, people typically performed research at a library. Today, they turn to the World Wide Web; however, technical writers can conduct research through numerous channels. Personal interviews, e-mail questionnaires, and listservs (programs by which e-mail messages are sent to a mailing list go out to all those on that list) can provide valid research opportunities.
Chances are, if you need to research a particular topic, your first source will be the Internet. There, you can find information from government organizations, academic institutions, commercial groups, and individuals. Remember, though, that not every site on the Web is a reliable source of information. Universities, for example, are more credible than obscure Web sites with a single author who lacks verifiable credentials. To conduct research on the Internet, follow these tips:
· Look for Web sites that end in .gov, .org, and .edu.
· For a .edu or other site, make sure you can find the author of the material.
· Check the author's credentials and see if he or she is referenced in the field.
· Find out whether the author has a bibliography or a works cited section, and check to ensure that his or her references are reputable (i.e., academic books, government journals, etc.).
· See whether the Web page has a publication date, and when the last update occurred.
· If you can't locate the origins of a Web page or its author, be aware that you may not have found a credible source.
Many groups, including federal agencies, offer online indexes and databases. These are generally broken down by subject matter (such as MEDLINE from the Community of Science (COS), which offers medical journals and health publications; or ERIC from the Institute of Education Sciences (IES) of the U.S. Department of Education, which provides literature on education from journals and other sources). Within each of these databases, you can drill down to relevant research materials by entering specific search requirements. UMUC's Information and Library Services Web site provides a wealth of up-to-date online indexes. You can also find this link in the Toolkit section of this course, if you would like to use it for your reference.
The type of research you'll perform will be determined by your audience and purpose. For example, if your supervisor wants you to report on the latest trends and de ...
Medical writers play an important role in clearly communicating complex medical data and information. They are used by organizations and individuals who have limited time or writing skills but need to produce high-quality documents. The document discusses the roles and responsibilities of medical writers, which include analyzing data, writing documents, coordinating reviews, and ensuring formatting consistency. It notes that using medical writers can produce documents faster and with fewer errors. Bad writing can be costly, as it can slow regulatory reviews and potentially lead to paper rejections. The document provides references on medical writing skills and common reasons for manuscript rejections.
Survey on Key Phrase Extraction using Machine Learning ApproachesYogeshIJTSRD
The automated keyword extraction task is to define a collection of representative terms for the text. Extracting keywords defines a small collection of terms, key phrases and keywords that define the document’s context. Keyword search allows large document collections to be searched effectively. To allocate suitable key phrases to new documents, text categorization techniques can be applied. A predefined collection of key phrases from which all key phrases for new documents are selected is given in the training documents. The training data for each key phrase describes a collection of documents associated with it. Standard machine learning techniques are used for each key phrase to construct a classifier from the training materials, using those relevant to it as positive examples and the rest as negative examples. Provided a new text, it is processed by the classifier of each key phrase. Preeti Sondhi | Aakib Jabbar "Survey on Key Phrase Extraction using Machine Learning Approaches" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39890.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/39890/survey-on-key-phrase-extraction-using-machine-learning-approaches/preeti-sondhi
Great model a model for the automatic generation of semantic relations betwee...ijcsity
The
large
a
v
ailable
am
ou
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t
of
non
-
structured
texts
that
b
e
-
long
to
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n
t
domains
su
c
h
as
healthcare
(e.g.
medical
records),
justice
(e.g.
l
a
ws,
declarations),
insurance
(e.g.
declarations),
etc. increases
the
effort
required
for
the
analysis
of
information
in
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decision making
pro
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Differe
n
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pr
o
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o
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h
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pro
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ow
e
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a
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generate
these
summaries
do
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ery
w
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within
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domains
that
require
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disc
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of
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health
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disc
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new
facts
and
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otheses
within
the
information.
Se
v
eral
tests
w
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executed
su
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as
F
unctional
-
i
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y
,
Usabili
t
y
and
P
erformance
regarding
to
the
impleme
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ted
sof
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are.
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precision
and
recall
measures
w
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applied
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results
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-
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the
impleme
n
ted
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o
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information
obtained
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more
shorter than
the
original
FOCUS INFORMATION LITERACY^A Survey of Scholarly Literatu.docxkeugene1
FOCUS: INFORMATION LITERACY^
A Survey of Scholarly Literature Databases
for Clinical Laboratory Science
DONNA LO'MALLEY
Ihis article reviews the use of journal literature databases
including CINAHL, EMBASE, and Web of Science; sum-
marizing databases including Cochrane Database of System-
atic Reviews, online textbooks, and clinical decision-support
tools; and the Internet search engines Coogle and Coogle
Scholar, llic series closes with a practical example employ-
ing a cross-section of the knowledge and skills gained from
all three articles.
ABBREVIATIONS: C : D S R = Cochrane Database of Sys-
tematic Reviews; CINAHL = Cumulative Index to Nursing
and Allied Health Literature; CDM = gestational diabetes;
SCI = Science Citation Index.
INDEX TERMS: algorithms; bibliographic databases; infor-
mation storage and retrieval; Internet; medical technology;
online systems.
Clin Lab Sci 2008;21( l ) :49
Donna L O'Malley MLS is library associate professor at
rhe Dana Medical Library at the University of Vermont,
Burlington VT.
Addressforcorrespondence:Donna L OMalley MLS, library
iissociate professor, Dana Medical Library, University of Ver-
mont, Medical Education Center, Burlington VT05405. (802)
656-44!5, (802) 656-0762 (fax), [email protected]
Frances Delwiche MLIS MT(ASCP) is the Foeus: Information
Literacy guest editor.
fhe Focus icctiim seeks to publish reievani and timely continuing
vducation for cliuicnl laboratory practitioners. Section editors, topics,
and authors art selected in advance to cover current areas of interest in
each discipline. Readers Ciin ohtiiin continuing education credit (CE)
through PA. C.EJ'hy completing the continuing education registration
form, recording answers to the examination, and mailing a photocopy of
it with the appropriate fee to the arUress designated on the form. Sugges-
lions jor future Eoctis topics andatithors, and manuscripts appropriate
for CE credit are encouraged. Direct all inquiries to the Clin Lab Sci
Editorial Office, ICInk, 858 Saint Annes Drive, Iowa City IA 52245.
{319)354-3861, (319)338-1016 (fax), [email protected]
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Descrihe what is meant by "primary literature" in the
health sciences.
2. Discuss the characteristics of the major primary and
summarizing databases used by health professionals.
3. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of searching
the Internet for professional health information.
4. Illustrate how popular Internet search engines can be
used to find unique information in the health sciences.
The primary literature in the health sciences consists of re-
ports of original research generally published in the form of
articles in scholarly/academic journals. Ihe articles in these
journals are indexed by searchable databases such as MED-
LINE, CINAHL, and EMBASE, which function as an aid
to finding articles on a desired topic. The primary literature
has the advantage of being a direct communication from the
researchers who performed the inv.
The document defines important terms related to searching bibliographic databases such as MEDLINE and PubMed. MEDLINE is the National Library of Medicine's premier bibliographic database covering medicine and health fields. PubMed provides free access to the MEDLINE database. Each record in PubMed represents a journal article and includes fields like author, title, and MeSH headings. MeSH is the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary system used to index articles. Boolean operators like AND and OR can be used to combine search terms in the PubMed query box.
This document provides guidance on conducting literature searches for sports-related research. It outlines key biomedical databases like Medline and Science Citation Index that can be used to find peer-reviewed journal articles. It emphasizes planning searches by defining concepts and keywords in order to retrieve the most relevant results. Criteria for evaluating sources like currency, authority and objectivity are also discussed. Inter-library loans can obtain articles not available through the library's databases. Referencing found literature is important for properly attributing sources.
A systematic review uses systematic and explicit methods to identify, select, critically appraise, and extract and analyze data from relevant research [Higgins & Green 2011].
The document discusses various citation databases and research metrics used to evaluate scholarly publications and researchers. It describes major citation databases like Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar that compile citations from bibliographies. It also explains common research metrics like the Impact Factor, h-index, g-index, i10 Index, Cite Score, SJR, and SNIP used to measure the influence and impact of publications and researchers. These metrics are calculated based on factors like the number of citations a publication or researcher receives.
Similar to Chapter 15 Information Retrieval from Medical Knowledge Resourc.docx (20)
CompetencyAnalyze how human resource standards and practices.docxbartholomeocoombs
Competency
Analyze how human resource standards and practices within the healthcare field support organizational mission, visions, and values.
Scenario
Wynn Regional Medical Center (WRMC) is the premier hospital in your area. The hospital has been in your city for over 100 years. Over the past decade, the hospital has been losing money for various reasons, though primarily due to uncompensated care. You were recently hired as the Vice President for Human Resources at WRMC, and part of your responsibilities include presenting historical information to participants of the new employee orientation.
Instructions
Create a PowerPoint presentation detailing the changing nature of the healthcare workforce. The presentation should contain speaker notes for each slide or voiceover narration. The presentation should address the following topics and questions:
Historical information on the changing healthcare workforce
How have legislation and policies changed in the past decade?
How have patient demographics changed in the past decade (baby boomers, generation X, millennials, ethnicities)?
How have patient centric approaches changed in the past decade (use of the Internet and social media to gather health information)?
Challenges associated with the changing healthcare workforce
What are some of the challenges associated with the policy and legislative changes?
What are some challenges associated with demographic changes?
What are some of the challenges associated with patients “researching” their own health instead of going to the doctor?
Current state of healthcare
What have been some of the improvements to the healthcare system over the last decade?
Resources
This
link
has information for creating a PowerPoint presentation.
Here is a
link
to information about adding speaker notes.
Here is a
link
to information about creating a voiceover narration using Screencast-O-Matic.
GRADING RUBRICS:
1.Clear and thorough explanation of the history of the changing healthcare workforce. Includes comprehensive descriptions with multiple supporting examples for each of the SUB-BULLET POINTS.
2. Clear and thorough discussion of the challenges associated with the changing healthcare workforce. Includes comprehensive descriptions with multiple supporting examples for each of the SUB-BULLET POINTS.
3. Comprehensive analysis of the current state of healthcare.
Includes a clear and thorough assessment of improvements to the healthcare system over the last decade and supports assertions with multiple supporting examples.
.
CompetencyAnalyze financial statements to assess performance.docxbartholomeocoombs
Competency
Analyze financial statements to assess performance and to ensure organizational improvement and long-term viability
.
Scenario
In an ongoing effort to explore the feasibility of expanding services into rural areas of the state, leadership at Memorial Hospital has determined that conducting a review of its financial condition will be essential to ensuring the organization’s ability to successfully achieve its expansion goals.
Instructions
The CFO has provided you with a copy of the organization’s
financial statements
. This information will be critical in evaluating the organization’s financial capacity to support the proposed expansion of services into the rural areas of the state.
You are asked to review these financial statements (which include the Income Statement, Statement of Cash Flows, and the Balance Sheet) and prepare an executive summary outlining the financial strength of the organization and evidence to support the expansion. Your executive summary should include the following:
An overview of the issue.
A review of critical financial ratios (Liquidity, Solvency, Profitability, and Efficiency) based on financial statements.
Inferences of forecasts, estimates, interpretations, and conclusions based on the key ratios.
Provide a recommendation based on ration analysis.
Resources
This
link
has information for creating an executive summary.
Grading Rubric:
1.
Comprehensive identification of summary of the issue. Includes multiple examples or supporting details.
2. Clear and thorough review of critical financial ratios--Liquidity, Solvency, Profitability, and Efficiency--based on financial statements. Includes multiple examples or supporting details per topic.
3. Clear and thorough inferences of forecasts, estimates, interpretations, and conclusions based on the key ratios. Includes multiple examples or supporting details per topic.
4. Comprehensive recommendation, based on ration analysis. Includes multiple examples or supporting details.
.
CompetencyAnalyze ethical and legal dilemmas that healthcare.docxbartholomeocoombs
Competency
Analyze ethical and legal dilemmas that healthcare workers may encounter in the medical field.
Instructions
You have recently been promoted to Health Services Manager at Three Mountains Regional Hospital, a small hospital located in a mid-size city in the Midwest. Three Mountains is a general medical and surgical facility with 400 beds. Last year there were approximately 62,000 emergency visits and 15,000 admissions. More than 6,000 outpatient and 10,000 inpatient surgeries were performed.
An important aspect of the provider/patient relationship pertains to open communication and trust. Patients want to know that their doctors and the support staff associated with their care understand their wishes and will abide by them. Ideally, these conversations happen well before an emergency or procedure takes place; however, often times this information is missing from a patient's file. As part of Three Mountains' initiative to build trust with their patients, an increased emphasis has been placed on obtaining living wills from the patient as part of the intake process to ensure that the healthcare team has written directives of the patient's wishes in case of incapacitation. You will be creating a living will for a patient and provide educational information as to why the patient should fill it out during the admission process before a procedure.
Introduction:
Explain the definition of a living will and its key components. This section will provide an educational overview of the document for the patient.
Living Will Template:
Create a living will that can serve as a template to the patients. This should cover the basic treatment issues such as resuscitation, feeding tubes, ventilation, organ and tissue donations, etc. Provide instructions in the template that can be easily altered, depending on each patient's wishes.
Summary:
In this section, you will discuss the importance of this document and encourage patients to complete it. Address how this document ensures that a patient's wishes are known and followed by the healthcare team.
NOTE
- APA formatting and proper grammar, punctuation, and form required. APA help is available
here.
.
CompetencyAnalyze ethical and legal dilemmas that healthcare wor.docxbartholomeocoombs
Competency
Analyze ethical and legal dilemmas that healthcare workers may encounter in the medical field.
Instructions
You have recently been promoted to Health Services Manager at Three Mountains Regional Hospital, a small hospital located in a mid-size city in the Midwest. Three Mountains is a general medical and surgical facility with 400 beds. Last year there were approximately 62,000 emergency visits and 15,000 admissions. More than 6,000 outpatient and 10,000 inpatient surgeries were performed.
An important aspect of the provider/patient relationship pertains to open communication and trust. Patients want to know that their doctors and the support staff associated with their care understand their wishes and will abide by them. Ideally, these conversations happen well before an emergency or procedure takes place; however, often times this information is missing from a patient's file. As part of Three Mountains' initiative to build trust with their patients, an increased emphasis has been placed on obtaining living wills from the patient as part of the intake process to ensure that the healthcare team has written directives of the patient's wishes in case of incapacitation. You will be creating a living will for a patient and provide educational information as to why the patient should fill it out during the admission process before a procedure.
Introduction:
Explain the definition of a living will and its key components. This section will provide an educational overview of the document for the patient.
Living Will Template:
Create a living will that can serve as a template to the patients. This should cover the basic treatment issues such as resuscitation, feeding tubes, ventilation, organ and tissue donations, etc. Provide instructions in the template that can be easily altered, depending on each patient's wishes.
Summary:
In this section, you will discuss the importance of this document and encourage patients to complete it. Address how this document ensures that a patient's wishes are known and followed by the healthcare team.
NOTE
- APA formatting and proper grammar, punctuation, and form required.
.
CompetencyAnalyze collaboration tools to support organizatio.docxbartholomeocoombs
Competency
Analyze collaboration tools to support organizational goals.
Scenario
You are a new manager at Elliot Building Supplies International who has seen huge success in managing your global team remotely. This success has been shown in the team outcomes/production and employee satisfaction and engagement. Senior leadership has taken notice of your success and has asked you to create a presentation to share with your peers, who also manage remotely, that explains the best collaboration tools for remote teams. Also, you will explain the best way to manage effectively and create a motivating and satisfying work environment that supports collaboration.
Instructions
You will need to include the following in your PowerPoint presentation.
Presentation welcome/introduction slide.
Collaboration tools that you have used to be successful.
This should include at least 4 different types of tools.
Each type should be explained in detail, along with the benefits it provides.
Critical skills to successfully manage remote employees.
Closing slide to share final thoughts and ideas.
.
Competency Checklist and Professional Development Resources .docxbartholomeocoombs
Competency Checklist and Professional Development Resources
An important and yet often overlooked function of leadership in an early childhood program is the ability to positively influence the people in the program. For this group assignment, consider the characteristics of a leader who can support and lead teachers in reflective teaching. This type of self-reflection is the first step to understanding how a supervisor supports teachers to accomplish their goals through mentoring. For this assignment, your group will need to address the following two components:
Part 1
: Consider the following question as your group completes the competency checklist below: What might be evidence that a teacher leader possesses the competence to also be a mentor? You are encouraged to evenly divide the competencies among your group, so that each member contributes to providing brief examples of interactions while highlighting the characteristic(s) that demonstrates each competency. While this portion can be completed independently, you should then collaborate to ensure that each group member provides feedback before submitting the full collaborative document.
Competency Checklist
Competency
Describe an example of a teacher-leader with children (when acting as a teacher)
Describe an example of a teacher-leader with adults (when acting as a supervisor)
Listens well, does not interrupt, and respects the pace of the other person
Is able to wait for others to discover solutions, form own ideas, and reflect
Asks questions that encourage details
Is aware of and comfortable with his or her feelings and the emotions of others
Is responsive to others
Guides, nurtures, supports, and empathizes
Integrates emotion and intellect
Fosters reflection or wondering by others
Is aware of how others’ reactions affect a process of dialogue and reflection, including sensitivity to bias and cultural context
Is willing to have consistent and predictable meeting times and places
Is flexible and available
Is able to form trusting relationships
Part 2:
Professional Development Resources Document
–Early childhood programs have numerous curriculum options which may contribute to a need to support teachers and staff in a curriculum context they are not familiar with. Therefore, as we prepare to support protégés, we can refer to the National Association of the Education of Young Children core standards for professional development, to promote the use of best practices. These six core standards, briefly describe what early childhood professionals should know and be able to do. After reading each of the
NAEYC Standards for Early Childhood Professional Preparation Programs (Links to an external site.)
, focus on the first four standards:
STANDARD 1.
PROMOTING CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND LEARNING
STANDARD 2.
BUILDING FAMILY AND COMMUNITY RELATIONSHIPS
STANDARD 3.
OBSERVING, DOCUMENTING, AND ASSESSING TO SUPPORT YOUNG CHILDREN AND FAMILIES
STANDARD 4.
US.
Competency 6 Enagage with Communities and Organizations (3 hrs) (1 .docxbartholomeocoombs
This document discusses competency 6 which focuses on engaging with communities and organizations during the COVID-19 situation. Students are asked to explore how their community is addressing citizen needs during the pandemic by consulting with community leaders and organizations. They then need to provide a detailed account of the community needs they identified and how they participated at the community level to help address those needs.
Competency 2 Examine the organizational behavior within busines.docxbartholomeocoombs
Competency 2: Examine the organizational behavior within business systems
Provide the name of the corporation you will be using as the basis for this project.
Provide the organization’s purpose or mission statement.
Describe the organization's industry.
Provide the name and position of the person interviewed during this portion of the assignment (indicate as much pertinent information (e.g., length of service with company, previous roles in the company, educational background, etc.).
Provide the list of interview questions you asked the manager/executive.
Indicate which two - three of the following concepts from this competency that you intend to evaluate the organization/team on and describe the company’s/team’s current situation with each topic you’ve selected:
Motivational theories
Psychological contract
Job design
Use of evaluation, feedback and rewards
Misbehavior
Individual or organizational stress
Provide citations in APA format for any references
.
CompetenciesEvaluate the challenges and benefits of employ.docxbartholomeocoombs
Competencies
Evaluate the challenges and benefits of employing a diverse workforce.
Design a plan for conducting business and managing employees in a global society.
Critique the actions of organizations as they integrate diverse perspectives into their cultures.
Evaluate the role of identity, diverse segments, and cultural backgrounds within organizations.
Attribute different cultural perspectives to current social-cultural dimensions.
Analyze the importance of managing a diverse workforce.
Scenario Information
Your company has been nominated for a national diversity award associated with your efforts and dedication to diversity initiatives in the workplace and their impact on the organization and community. You have been asked to summarize your efforts for the year in a slide presentation for the diversity committee who selects the winner. Be sure to include details of the changes you made in your organization and the impact the changes made.
Instructions
As part of your nomination, you have been asked to create a slide presentation including a voice recording for your entry (Voice Recording not needed). Remember your audience when giving your presentation and include the following slides:
Title slide
Highlighting the importance of workplace diversity
Discussing the points that were included in your diversity plan
Describing how culture and inclusion impact your organization
Providing examples of how diverse workgroups work together in the workplace
Gives examples of strategies used to incorporate Hofstede's cultural dimensions in a global workforce
Provides best practices for managers associated with managing a diverse, global workforce
Conclusion slide that includes a summary of why you should win this award
Any additional, relevant information
References
.
CompetenciesDescribe the supply chain management principle.docxbartholomeocoombs
Competencies
Describe the supply chain management principles through the flow of information, materials, services, and resources.
Analyze the external and internal drivers that influence supply chain principles.
Evaluate supply chain management operational best practices.
Compare the nature of logistics operations and services in both international and domestic contexts.
Apply strategic supply chain management to logistics systems.
Analyze different software systems and technology strategies used in supply chain management.
Scenario
You have just been promoted to Senior Analyst at Mitchell Consulting, a firm that specializes in providing managerial expertise in supply chain management. After completing many assignments under the supervision of a Senior Analyst, your role now allows you to make selections for clients. You are assigned a new client, Scent
Solution
s. Your new manager, Partner Ronda Anderson, has directed you to work on this case and provide analysis and options to resolve the problems directly to the client.
Scent
.
CompetenciesABCDF1.1 Create oral, written, or visual .docxbartholomeocoombs
Competencies
A
B
C
D
F
1.1: Create oral, written, or visual communications appropriate to the audience, purpose, and context.
4 points
Key Criteria: Tailors communication to purpose, context, and target audience. Clearly articulates the thesis and purpose, and supports the thesis and purpose with authentic and appropriate evidence. Provides smooth transitions and leaves no awkward gaps from point to point. Shows coherent progress from the introduction to the conclusion with no unnecessary sections.
3 points
Key Criteria: Tailors communication to purpose, context, and target audience. Articulates the thesis and purpose, and supports the thesis and purpose with authentic and appropriate evidence. Generally provides smooth transitions and leaves few awkward gaps from point to point. Shows identifiable progress from the introduction to the conclusion with no unnecessary sections.
2 points
Key Criteria: Considers the purpose, context, and target audience. Articulates the thesis and purpose, and shows some evidence supporting both. Some transitions are not smooth, and there are occasional gaps or awkward connections from point to point. There is a sense of progress from the introduction through the conclusion, but the organization may not be completely clear.
1 point
Key Criteria: Does not tailor communication well in terms of purpose, context, and target audience. Provides a weak thesis, unclear purpose, and little or no evidence to support points. Transitions may be rough or nonexistent, and there are significant gaps or connections between points that leave sections incomprehensible. Progress from the introduction through the conclusion is difficult to decipher, and there may be some material that is unrelated to thesis and purpose.
0 points
Key Criteria: Does not tailor communication in terms of purpose, context, and target audience. Lacks a good thesis and has little or no evidence to support a thesis. Transitions are rough or nonexistent, and there are few discernable connections from point to point. There is no identifiable progress from the introduction through the conclusion, and/or there is substantial material that is unrelated to thesis and purpose.
1.2: Communicate using appropriate writing conventions, including spelling, grammar, mechanics, word choice, and format.
4 points
Uses a format that is highly appropriate to the writing task and carefully tailors the style and tone to the specific audience. Aligns both the writing style and grammar usage to standards appropriate to the task.
3 points
Uses a format that is appropriate to the writing task and tailors the style and tone to the specific audience. Aligns both the writing style and grammar usage to standards appropriate to the task.
2 points
Generally has a clear purpose, but there may be a gap between the format used and the writing task. Fails to fully align the style and tone to the audience, or fails to fully define the audience for the writing task. Has some style or grammar.
COMPETENCIES734.3.4 Healthcare Utilization and Finance.docxbartholomeocoombs
COMPETENCIES
734.3.4
:
Healthcare Utilization and Finance
The graduate analyzes financial implications related to healthcare delivery, reimbursement, access, and national initiatives.
INTRODUCTION
It is essential that nurses understand the issues related to healthcare financing, including local, state, and national healthcare policies and initiatives that affect healthcare delivery. As a patient advocate, the professional nurse is in a position to work with patients and families to access available resources to meet their healthcare needs.
REQUIREMENTS
Your submission must be your original work. No more than a combined total of 30% of the submission and no more than a 10% match to any one individual source can be directly quoted or closely paraphrased from sources, even if cited correctly. An originality report is provided when you submit your task that can be used as a guide.
You must use the rubric to direct the creation of your submission because it provides detailed criteria that will be used to evaluate your work. Each requirement below may be evaluated by more than one rubric aspect. The rubric aspect titles may contain hyperlinks to relevant portions of the course.
A. Compare the U.S. healthcare system with the healthcare system of Great Britain, Japan, Germany, or Switzerland, by doing the following:
1. Identify
one
country from the following list whose healthcare system you will compare to the U.S. healthcare system: Great Britain, Japan, Germany, or Switzerland.
2. Compare access between the
two
healthcare systems for children, people who are unemployed, and people who are retired.
a. Discuss coverage for medications in the two healthcare systems.
b. Determine the requirements to get a referral to see a specialist in the two healthcare systems.
c. Discuss coverage for preexisting conditions in the two healthcare systems.
3. Explain
two
financial implications for patients with regard to the healthcare delivery differences between the two countries (i.e.; how are the patients financially impacted).
B. Acknowledge sources, using in-text citations and references, for content that is quoted, paraphrased, or summarized.
C. Demonstrate professional communication in the content and presentation of your submission.
File Restrictions
File name may contain only letters, numbers, spaces, and these symbols: ! - _ . * ' ( )
File size limit: 200 MB
File types allowed: doc, docx, rtf, xls, xlsx, ppt, pptx, odt, pdf, txt, qt, mov, mpg, avi, mp3, wav, mp4, wma, flv, asf, mpeg, wmv, m4v, svg, tif, tiff, jpeg, jpg, gif, png, zip, rar, tar, 7z
RUBRIC
A1:COUNTRY TO COMPARE
NOT EVIDENT
A country for comparison is not identified.
APPROACHING COMPETENCE
The identified country for comparison is not from the given list.
COMPETENT
The identified country for comparison is from the given list.
A2:ACCESS
NOT EVIDENT
A comparison of healthcare system access is not provided.
APPROACHING COMPETENCE
The comparison does not acc.
Competencies and KnowledgeWhat competencies were you able to dev.docxbartholomeocoombs
Competencies and Knowledge
What competencies were you able to develop in researching and writing the course Comprehensive Project? How did you leverage knowledge gained in the assignments (Units 1–4) in completing the Comprehensive Project? How will these competencies and knowledge support your career advancement in management
.
Competencies and KnowledgeThis assignment has 2 parts.docxbartholomeocoombs
Competencies and Knowledge
This assignment has 2 parts:
What competencies were you able to develop in researching and writing the course Comprehensive Project? How did you leverage knowledge gained in the intellipath assignments (Units 1- 4) in completing the Comprehensive Project? How will these competencies and knowledge support your career advancement in management?
Discuss the similarities and differences between shareholder wealth maximization and stakeholder wealth maximization.
.
Competencies and KnowledgeThis assignment has 2 partsWhat.docxbartholomeocoombs
Competencies and Knowledge
This assignment has 2 parts:
What competencies were you able to develop in researching and writing the course Comprehensive Project? How did you leverage knowledge gained in the intellipath assignments (Units 1- 4) in completing the Comprehensive Project? How will these competencies and knowledge support your career advancement in management?
Discuss the similarities and differences between shareholder wealth maximization and stakeholder wealth maximization.
.
Competences, Learning Theories and MOOCsRecent Developments.docxbartholomeocoombs
Competences, Learning Theories and MOOCs:
Recent Developments in Lifelong Learning
Karl Steffens
Introduction
We think of our societies as ‘knowledge societies’ in which lifelong learning is
becoming increasingly important. Lifelong learning refers to the idea that people
not only learn in schools and universities, but also in non-formal and informal
ways during their lifespan.The concepts of lifelong learning and lifelong education
began to enter the discourse on educational policies in the late 1960s (Tuijnman
& Boström, 2002). However, these are related, but distinct concepts. As Lee (2014,
p. 472) notes ‘the terminological change (from lifelong education, continuing
education and adult education, to lifelong learning) reflects a conceptual departure
from the idea of organised educational provision to that of a more individualised
pursuit of learning’.
One of the first important documents on lifelong learning was the report of the
International Commission on the Development of Education to UNESCO in
1972, titled ‘Learning to be. The world of education today and tomorrow’. In his
introductory letter to the Director-General of UNESCO, the chairman of the
Commission, Edgar Faure, stated that the work of the Commission was based on
four assumptions (see Elfert pp. and Carneiro pp. in this issue). The first was
related to the idea that there was an international community which was united by
common aspirations and the second was the belief in democracy and in education
as its keystones. The third was ‘that the aim of development is the complete
fulfilment of man, in all the richness of his personality, the complexity of his forms
of expression and his various commitments — as individual, member of a family
and of a community, citizen and producer, inventor of techniques and creative
dreamer’. The last assumption was that ‘only an over-all, lifelong education can
produce the kind of complete man, the need for whom is increasing with the
continually more stringent constraints tearing the individual asunder’ (Faure,
1972, p. vi).
Following the Faure Report, the UNESCO Institute for Education, which
was founded in Germany in 1951, started to focus on lifelong learning and
subsequently became the UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning (UIL, http://
uil.unesco.org/home/). It was under its leadership that a formal model of lifelong
education was developed and published in the book ‘Towards a System of Life-
long Education’ (Cropley, 1980). The concept of lifelong learning also became
manifest in the ‘Education for All’ (EFA) agenda that was launched at the World
Conference on Education for All which took place in Jomtien (Thailand) in
1990 (Inter-Agency Commission, 1990). Ten years later, at the World Education
Forum in Dakar (Senegal) in 2000, the Dakar Framework for Action was
designed ‘to enable all individuals to realize their right to learn and to fulfil their
responsibility to contribute to the development of their society’ (UNESCO,
2000, p..
Compensation & Benefits Class 700 words with referencesA stra.docxbartholomeocoombs
Compensation & Benefits Class 700 words with references
A strategic purpose for a well-blended compensation program, one that includes various types of direct compensation, is gaining employee commitment and productivity. One of the most effective tactics for this strategy is designing a process for linking individual achievement to organizational goals.
Prepare a report to senior leaders addressing the following:
·
Explain the concept of tying performance to organizational goals.
·
Describe the different types of individual and group-level performance measurements.
·
What are the advantages and disadvantages of individual versus group-level performance recognition?
·
Discuss the options an organization has to link individual or group monetary rewards to organizational success.
·
Develop recommendations for how to implement, monitor, and evaluate such a program.
.
Compensation, Benefits, Reward & Recognition Plan for V..docxbartholomeocoombs
Compensation, Benefits, Reward & Recognition Plan for V.P. Operations
Learning Team B
HRM 595
December 19, 2017
Rosalie M. Lopez
Running head: COMPENSATION, BENEFITS, REWARD & RECOGNITION PLAN
1
COMPENSATION, BENEFITS, REWARD & RECOGNITION PLAN
2
Compensation, Benefits, Reward & Recognition Plan for V.P. Operations
Introduction
Base Salary Range
For the position of VP of Operations, the National Average Salary is $122,624. In San Francisco, the average is higher and placed at $155,946. This amount is 16% higher than the National Average (Payscale, 2016). The reason for this increase is because of experience and geography. These are the two prime factors that impact the pay scale. Another major factor is the employer. Most employers base their decision to hire an individual on the experience they bring with them. Of course, with more experience, higher pay is required. With our company cutting cost a less experienced individual would be the best fit for the position.
Standard Employee Benefit
In many cases, your employee benefits could be the turning point for a prospective employee. This benefit is a vital portion of any employee packet. These valuable benefits are used as a blanket of security in the case of any sickness, injury, unemployment, old age, or death (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin & Cardy, 2015, p. 362). There is a significant difference between incentives and benefits: benefits are financial and nonfinancial compensations that are indirect to the employee. To have a competitive strategy Blossoms Up! must align their profits with the compensation package that has been already put in place. This action will help provide flexibility to the amount and the benefits available (Gomez-Mejia et al., 2015).
There are also some benefits that most companies are legally obligated to provide. Three benefits are required regardless of the number of employees that the company has. These interests involve social security, workers compensation, and unemployment insurance (Gomez-Mejia et al., 2015). Other laws must be adhered to when dealing with a certain number of individuals. When a company has 50 or more employee they must have the Family and Medical Leave Act in place and since its induction in 2015 the Affordable Care Act for Health Insurance for companies with 20 or more employees. For the health insurance to be considered standard medical, vision and dental plans must be made available to the business. These programs that must be regarded as being under the Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) or a Preferred Provider Organization (PPO) (Gomez-Mejia et al., 2015).
There are some voluntary benefits that we can include. We are already looking into adding a pension package using the Defined Contribution Plan as well as the 401(K) plan (Gomez-Mejia et al., 2015). Life insurance is another excellent benefit that could be added to the package as well as short-term and long-term disability insurance. Adding Vacation and PTO, and Holiday pay is .
Compete the following tablesTheoryKey figuresKey concepts o.docxbartholomeocoombs
Compete the following tables:
Theory
Key figures
Key concepts of personality formation
Explanation of the disordered personality
Scientific credibility
Comprehensiveness
Applicability
Attachment
Complete the following...200-300 words..
Is Freud's theory a viable theory for this century?
Provide reasons for
your
view.
.
Compensation Strategy for Knowledge WorkersTo prepare for this a.docxbartholomeocoombs
The document discusses the importance of physical security for computer and network security. It notes that physical access negates all other security measures, as an attacker can directly access systems if they have physical proximity. It outlines several ways an attacker could exploit physical access, such as using bootable media like LiveCDs to access tools and directly image hard drives. The document emphasizes that physical security is foundational and must be carefully designed and implemented to protect against unauthorized access to systems and data.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Chapter 15 Information Retrieval from Medical Knowledge Resourc.docx
1. Chapter 15: Information Retrieval from Medical Knowledge
Resources
WILLIAM R. HERSH
Learning Objectives
After viewing this presentation, viewers should be able to:
Enumerate the basic biomedical and health knowledge resources
in books, journals, electronic databases, and other sources
Describe the major approaches used to indexing knowledge-
based content
Apply advanced searching techniques to the major biomedical
and health knowledge resources
Discuss the major results of information retrieval evaluation
studies
Describe future directions for research in information retrieval
2. Introduction
Information Retrieval (IR), sometimes called search, concerns
the acquisition, organization, and searching of knowledge-based
information, which is usually defined as information derived
and organized from obser-vational or experimental research
Although IR in biomedicine traditionally concentrated on the
retrieval of text from the biomedical liter-ature, the study has
expanded to include newer types of media that include images,
video, chemical structures, gene and protein sequences, and a
wide range of other digital media of relevance to biomedical
education, research, and patient care
Introduction
The overall goal of the IR process is to find content that meets a
person’s information needs
Components of information retrieval systems
3. IR tends to focus on knowledge-based information
Knowledge-based information categories:
Primary knowl-edge–based information (also called primary
literature) is original research that appears in journals, books,
reports, and other sources
Secondary knowledge–based information consists of the writing
that reviews, condenses, and/or synthesizes the primary
literature. The most com-mon examples of this type of literature
are books, monographs, and review articles in journals and
other publications
Knowledge Based Information
Virtually all scientific journals are published electronically
Not only is there the increased con-venience of redistributing
articles, but research has found that freely available on the Web
have a higher likelihood of being cited by other papers than
those that are not (Bork 2012)
Printing and mailing, tasks no longer needed in electronic
publishing, comprised a significant part of the “added value”
4. from publishers of journals. There is still however value added
by publishers, such as hiring and managing editorial staff to
produce the journals and managing the peer review process
Publication of Knowledge-Based Information
The basic principle of open access publishing is that authors
and/or their institutions pay the cost of production of
manuscripts up front after they are accepted through a peer
review process. After the paper is published, it becomes freely
available on the Web. Since most research is usually funded by
grants, the cost of open access publishing should be included in
grant budgets. The uptake of publishers adhering to the open
access model has been modest, with the most prominent being
Biomed Central (BMC, www.biomedcentral.com ) and the
Public Library of Science ( PLoS, www.plos.org )
Publishing Costs and Open Access
5. Information content is classified in four categories:
Bibliographic: the best-known and most widely used biomedical
bibliographic database is MEDLINE, which contains
bibliographic references to all the biomedical articles,
editorials, and letters to the editors in approximately 5,000
scientific journals
Full-text content: a large component of this content con-sists of
the online versions of books and periodicals. As already noted,
most traditionally paper-based medical literature, from
textbooks to journals, is now available electronically
Content
Annotated content: these resources are usually not stored as
freestanding Web pages but instead are often housed in database
management systems
Aggregated content: Aggregated content has been developed for
all types of users from consumers to clinicians to scientists.
Probably the largest aggregated consumer information resource
is MedlinePlus ( http://medlineplus.gov ) from the NLM.
MedlinePlus includes all the types of content previously
described, aggregated for easy access to a given topic
Content
6. Indexing is the process of assigning metadata to content to
facilitate its retrieval. Most modern commercial content is
indexed in two ways:
Manual indexing—where human indexers, usually using a
controlled terminology, assign indexing terms and attributes to
documents, often following a specific protocol
Automated indexing—where computers make the indexing
assignments, usually lim-ited to breaking out each word in the
document (or part of the document) as an indexing term
Indexing
A controlled terminology contains a set of terms that can be
applied to a task, such as indexing
When the terminology defines the terms, it is usually called a
vocabulary
When the terminology contains variants or synonyms of terms,
it is also called a thesaurus
Controlled Terminologies
7. A controlled terminology usually contains a list of terms that
are the canonical repre-sentations of the concepts. If it is a
thesaurus, it contains relationships between terms, which
typically fall into three categories:
Hierarchical—terms that are broader or narrower. The
hierarchical organization not only provides an overview of the
structure of a thesaurus but also can be used to enhance
searching (e.g., MeSH tree explosions that add terms from an
entire portion of the hierarchy to augment a search)
Synonym—terms that are synonyms, allowing the indexer or
searcher to express a concept in different words
Related—terms that are not synonymous or hierarchical but are
somehow otherwise related. These usually remind the searcher
of different but related terms that may enhance a search
Controlled Terminologies
The MeSH terminology is used to manually index most of the
databases produced by the NLM
The latest version contains over 26,000 subject headings
MeSH contains the three types of relationships described in the
8. previous slide:
Hierarchical—MeSH is organized hierarchically into 16 trees,
such as Diseases, Organisms, and Chemicals and Drugs
Synonym—MeSH contains a vast number of entry terms, which
are synonyms of the headings
Related—terms that may be useful for searchers to add to their
searches when appro-priate are suggested for many headings
Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
The MeSH terminology files, their associated data, and their
supporting documentation are available on the NLM’s MeSH
Web site http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh
Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
“Slice” through MeSH hierarchy
9. Manual indexing is most commonly done for bibliographic and
annotated content, although it is sometimes for other types of
content as well
While most Web content is indexed automatically (see next
slide), one approach to manual indexing has been to apply
metadata to Web pages and sites, exemplified by the Dublin
Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI, www.dublincore.org )
Manuel Indexing
The goal of the DCMI has been to develop a set of standard data
elements that creators of Web resources can use to apply
metadata to their content
DCMI standard has been approved by the National Information
Standards Organization and the International Organization of
Standards specification has 15 defined elements and sample
elements include:
DC.title - name given to the resource
DC.creator - person or organization primarily responsible for
creating the intellectual content of the resource
DC.subject - topic of the resource
DC.description - a textual description of the content of the
resource
DC.publisher - entity responsible for making the resource
available in its present form
DC.date - date associated with the creation or availability of the
resource
Manuel Indexing
10. In automated indexing, the indexing is done by a computer
We will focus on the auto-mated indexing used in operational
IR systems, namely the indexing of documents by the words
they contain
Word indexing is typically done by defining all consecutive
alphanumeric sequences between white space (which consists of
spaces, punctuation, carriage returns, and other non-
alphanumeric characters) as words. Systems must take particular
care to apply the same process to documents and the user’s
query, especially with characters such as hyphens and
apostrophes
Automated Indexing
A commonly used approach for term weighting is TF*IDF
weighting, which com-bines the inverse document frequency
(IDF) and term frequency (TF).
11. The usual formula is:
Automated Indexing
Synonymy—different words may have the same meaning, such
as high and elevated. This problem may extend to the level of
phrases with no words in common, such as the synonyms
hypertension and high blood pressure
Polysemy—the same word may have different meanings or
senses. For example, the word lead can refer to an element or to
a part of an electrocardiogram machine
Content—words in a document may not reflect its focus. For
example, an article describing hypertension may make mention
in passing to other concepts, such as congestive heart failure
(CHF) that are not the focus of the article
Context—words take on meaning based on other words around
them
Morphology—words can have suffixes that do not change the
underlying meaning, such as indicators of plurals, various
participles, adjectival forms of nouns, and nominalized forms of
adjectives
Granularity—queries and documents may describe concepts at
different levels of a hier-archy. A query for antibiotics for
treatment of a specific infection returns documents that only
contain specific antibiotics
12. Automated Indexing Limitations
Exact-Match Retrieval- In exact-match searching, the IR system
gives the user all documents that exactly match the criteria
specified in the search statement(s). This type of searching is
often called Boolean searching
Retrieval
Boolean operators
Partial-Match Retrieval-Although partial-match searching was
conceptualized very early, it did not see wide-spread use in IR
systems until the advent of Web search engines in the 1990s
The most common approach to document ranking in partial-
match searching is to give each a score based on the sum of the
weights of terms common to the document and query
Retrieval
13. There are many different retrieval interfaces, with some of the
features reflecting the content or structure of the underlying
database
PubMed is the system at NLM that searches MEDLINE and
other bibliographic databases
Retrieval Systems
There has been a great deal of research over the years devoted
to evaluation of IR sys-tems.
One of those frameworks organized evaluation around six
questions that someone advocating the use of IR systems might
ask (Hersh 1998):
Was the system used?
For what was the system used?
Were the users satisfied?
14. How well did they use the system?
What factors were associated with successful or unsuccessful
use of the system?
Did the system have an impact?
Evaluation
There are many ways to evaluate the performance of IR
systems, the most widely used of which are the relevance-based
measures of recall and precision
Recall is the pro-portion of relevant documents retrieved from
the database:
In other words, recall answers the question, for a given search,
what fraction of all the relevant documents have been obtained
from the database?
System-Oriented Evaluation
15. Precision is the proportion of relevant documents retrieved in
the search:
This measure answers the question, for a search, what fraction
of the retrieved docu-ments are relevant?
One problem that arises when one is comparing systems that use
ranking versus those that do not is that non-ranking systems,
typically using Boolean searching, tend to retrieve a fixed set of
documents and as a result have fixed points of recall and
preci-sion
System-Oriented Evaluation
A number of user-oriented evaluations have been performed
over the years looking at users of biomedical information. Most
of these studies have focused on clinicians
For example, Hersh et al studied in 1995 using the task-oriented
approach compared Boolean ver-sus natural language searching
in the textbook Scientific American Medicine
16. There are more studies listed in the textbook Chapter 15
User-Oriented Evaluation
Research taking place in several areas related to IR include:
Information extraction and text mining—usually through the use
of natural language processing (NLP) to extract facts and
knowledge from text
Summarization—Providing automated extracts or abstracts
summarizing the content of longer documents
Question-answering—Going beyond retrieval of documents to
providing actual answers to questions, as exemplified by the
IBM Corp. Watson system, which is being applied to medicine
(Ferrucci 2010)
Future Directions
There are many biomedical and health knowledge resources
17. online available in bibliographic databases, journals and other
full-text resources, Web sites, and other sources
Bibliographic content is likely to be indexed using controlled
vocabularies assigned by humans
Full-text and other resources are likely to be indexed via
extraction of words
The major approaches to searching biomedical and health
knowledge resources include exact-match searching using sets
and Boolean operators and partial-match searching on words
using relevance ranking
System-oriented evaluation studies tend to focus on
performance of search systems and usually involvement
measurement of the relevance-based measures of recall and
precision
User-oriented evaluation studies tend to compare users and their
abilities to complete tasks using retrieval systems
Conclusions
Chapter 16: Medical Imaging Informatics
Robert Hoyt MD
John Grizzard MD
18. Learning Objectives
After reviewing the presentation, viewers should be able to:
Describe the history behind digital radiology and the creation of
picture archiving and communication systems (PACS)
Itemize the benefits of digital radiology to clinicians, patients
and hospitals
List the challenges facing the adoption of picture archiving and
communication systems
Describe the difference between computed and digital radiology
Outline the field of medical imaging informatics
Describe new imaging technologies such as Web PACS and
mobile imaging viewers
19. Definitions
Medical Imaging Informatics: “study and application of
processes of information and communications technology for
the acquisition, manipulation, analysis and distribution of
medical image data”
Society for Imaging Informatics in Medicine (SIIM)
Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS):
medical imaging technology which provides economical storage
of, and convenient access to, images from multiple modalities
Introduction
Medical Imaging Informatics:
Could belong to Biomedical informatics or Radiology
Study of imaging, acquisition, storage, interpretation and
sharing to improve patient care
Imaging data moves throughout medical enterprise and interacts
with EHRs, voice recognition dictation systems, computer-aided
diagnosis software, health information organizations, etc.
Important to have knowledge of workflow, networks, security,
data quality, hardware and software
20. Digital imaging
Started in the 1970s
First filmless hospital occurred in 1999
Transitioning to PACS
Similar to photography (film to digital)
Introduction of computed tomography, ultrasound, and magnetic
resonance imaging that all became digital
Eliminated need for film processing and storage rooms
Images could be viewed at a remote location
Advantages: cost savings, storage, retrieval
Transition to Filmless Radiology
Extensive initial costs
Printing remained for referring physicians
Use of film scanners for digital viewing
Proprietary imaging formats
Later, DICOM (DICOM = Digital Imaging and Communications
in Medicine) standard was created
Upgrade conventional radiology rooms for CT, ultrasound, and
MRI for the digital world
Computer-based image archiving
21. Transition to Filmless Radiology
Integrate PACS with EHRs, hospital information systems (HISs)
and radiology information systems (RISs)
Veterans Health Administration launched a teleradiology
network in 2007 to provide radiology coverage to all of its
regions
Faster processors, higher capacity disk drives, higher resolution
monitors, more robust hospital information systems, better
servers and faster network speeds were necessary for the change
to digital imaging
Picture Archiving and Communication Systems (PACS)
Full PACS
Images are processed from ultrasonography (US), magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET),
computed tomography (CT), routine radiography and endoscopy
Mini-PACS
More limited and processes images from only one or two
modalities
22. PACS Key Components
PACS Key Components
Digital acquisition devices: sources of images, such as digital
angiography, fluoroscopy, mammography, CT, MRI , ultrasound
scanners
Network: ties PACS components together
Database server: high speed and robust central computer to
process information
Archival server: responsible for storing images and enables
short term (fast retrieval) and long term (slower retrieval)
storage
Radiology Information system (RIS): system that maintains
patient demographics, scheduling, billing information and
interpretations
23. Workstation: software and hardware to access PACS and
replaces standard light box or view box
Teleradiology: ability to remotely view images at a location
distant from the site of origin
Types of Digital Detectors
Computed radiography (CR)
After x-ray exposure to a special cassette, a laser reader scans
the image and converts it to a digital image. The image is erased
on the cassette so it can be used repeatedly
Digital radiography (DR)
Does not require an intermediate step of laser scanning
Typical PACS Workflow
Patient is identified in hospital information system (HIS)
An order is created that is sent to the radiology information
system (RIS) via an HL7 protocol
Orders will go to imaging device via the DICOM protocol
24. Image is created in DICOM format and sent to the PACS server
Images are stored in image archive
Radiologist is notified of a pending study
Study is then read at a computer workstation using high-
resolution monitors and viewing software available from a
variety of different vendors
Comparison can be made to prior studies
Diagnostic report is generated by the radiologist, often using
voice recognition software
Report is then stored on the PACS server
Web Based PACS
Reduce need for duplicate studies, and allow more rapid
diagnosis and treatment
DICOM imaging format could be an impediment to use of the
World Wide Web
Not browser compatible: Usually this entails downloading a
small application (thin client) from the PACS vendor that
enables the remote viewing station to act like a modified PACS
workstation
Alternate potential solution: "zero-footprint" Web viewer where
DICOM images are pre-converted to GIF
Legacy PACS compared to Web PACS in next slide
25. Legacy PACSWeb PACSOnly available on computers with
proper software installedAvailable anywhere with internet
accessUpgrades must be manually installedUpgrades are done
centrally or are not necessaryMultiple user interfacesOne user
interfaceDifficult to integrate with health information
exchangesEasy to integrate with health information
exchangesDifficult to link to multiple EHRsEasier to link to
EHRsLabor intensive for PACS administrator for maintenance
and trainingMuch less labor intensive for maintenance and
trainingCould involve multiple operating systemsOne operating
systemLess likely to be standards-basedUtilizes JPEG
compression, DICOM, HL7 and IHE profiles
Legacy vs. Web PACS
PACS and Mobile Technology
Until 2011, FDA prohibited physicians from using radiology
images displayed on mobile devices to make an official
diagnoses
Mobile MIM: Includes a VueMe version for patients
ResolutionMD Mobile is a medical imaging diagnostic
application for radiologists. Their server-based software
application allows physicians immediate access to the display,
26. reports, and analysis of patient images such as CT and MR,
stored within any healthcare facility, and to submit a clinical
diagnosis via their medical devices
OsiriX Mobile DICOM Viewer is a free PACS open source
viewer for the MAC operating system
PACS for a Hospital Desktop Features
Zoom-in feature for close-up detail
Ability to rotate images in any direction
Text button to see the report
Mark-up tool that does the following to the image: Adds text,
measures the size and ratios of objects
Measures angles
Measures the square area of a mass or region
Adds an arrow
Right click on the image and short cut tools appear
Export an image to any of the following destinations: Teaching
file,
CD-ROM, hard drive, USB drive, save to clipboard or Create
a video
27. PACS Advantages
Replaces a standard x-ray film archive
Allows for remote viewing and reporting
Expedites the incorporation of medical images into an
electronic health record
Images can be archived and transported on portable media, e.g.
USB drive and Apple’s iPhone
Other specialties that generate images may join PACS such as
cardiologists
PACS can be web-based and use “service oriented architecture”
Unlike conventional x-rays, digital films have a zoom feature
and can be manipulated in innumerable ways
Improves productivity by allowing multiple clinicians to view
the same image from different locations
Rapid retrieval of digital images for interpretation and
comparison with previous studies
PACS Advantages
Fewer “lost films”
Reports are more likely to accompany the digital image
Radiologists can view an image back and forth like a movie,
known as “stack mode”
28. Quicker reporting back to the requesting clinician
Digital imaging allows for computer aided detection (CAD)
Increased productivity
PACS Disadvantages
Cost: Open source and “rental PACS” are alternatives
New legislation cutting reimbursement rates
Expense and complexity to integrate with hospital and radiology
information systems and EHRs
Lack of interoperability with other PACSs
Bandwidth limits may require network upgrades
Different vendors may use different DICOM tags to label films
Viewing digital images a little slower than routine x-ray films
Workstations may require upgrades if high resolution monitors
are necessary
Moving Forward
Stage 2 Meaningful Use required both eligible professionals and
29. hospitals to incorporate (or make accessible) through their
electronic health records more than 10% of images ordered
Trend towards web based PACS
PACS is greatly accepted by clinicians
Fellowship in imaging informatics
Certificate in imaging informatics. Requirements can be found
in the textbook
Imaging Informatics Education
PACS is the logical progression from x-ray films to digital
imaging due to multiple new technologies
Medical Imaging Informatics will study the impact and
significance of all facets of digital imaging
PACS is very popular among clinicians, patients and hospitals,
but cost remains an issue
Web PACS offers more image interoperability options
Conclusions