Chapter 1.2 OSI Layer.pdf
•
0 likes•4 views
The document discusses the 7 layers of the OSI model: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application. Each layer has a specific function and protocol data unit (PDU). The Physical layer deals with physical components like cables. The Data Link layer handles framing and MAC addressing. The Network layer deals with IP addressing and routing between devices. The Transport layer focuses on reliability and flow control of data segments. Above this are the Session, Presentation and Application layers which handle user sessions, data translation and different application protocols.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Download to read offline
Recommended
Chapter 1. introduction to tcpip networking
The document discusses the Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) 7-layer model for network communication. The OSI model defines 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layer. Each layer performs a specific function in network communication and passes data to the next layer. Common examples of protocols and devices associated with each layer are also provided.
Chapter 1.2 OSI Layer.pptx
The OSI model is a 7-layer model developed by ISO in 1984 to standardize network communication. Each layer defines a specific function and protocols are used to define communication between layers. While data flows down from the Application layer to the Physical layer, it is not necessary for data to pass through every layer - some can be skipped. The layers help encapsulate data moving through the network, with each layer adding its own header. This allows different types of networks to communicate through a common protocol.
computer network NCC l4dc assingment
Ncc Education
1st semister
L4DC
Computer network .. la mooj gara
haddi haseyo hola
result 70 aayo assingment ma ..
pppppppppppppppppjjjjjjjjjjjpppppppp.pptx
The document discusses network reference models and the OSI and TCP/IP models. It provides details on each layer of the OSI model and its functions. The key points are that reference models divide network communication into simpler components, provide standardization, and prevent changes in one layer from affecting others. The OSI model has 7 layers and separates network functions into upper layers for applications and lower layers for data transmission. The TCP/IP model is based on widely used TCP and IP protocols.
Ccent notes part 1
The document provides notes on networking fundamentals from CCENT/CCNA ICND1 Official Exam Certification Guide. It discusses the TCP/IP and OSI networking models, including their layers and functions. It also covers fundamentals of local area networks (LANs) such as Ethernet standards, speeds, cable types and maximum lengths. Common Ethernet standards include 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX, 1000BASE-SX, 1000BASE-LX and 1000BASE-T.
Lecture 02 networking
The document discusses the OSI reference model, which breaks network communication into 7 layers, with each layer performing a unique task and only interacting with adjacent layers. It also compares the OSI model to the TCP/IP model. The key difference is that TCP/IP combines the functions of the OSI data link and physical layers. The document further explains the Internet Protocol (IP) which specifies packet formatting and addressing for data transmission. It distinguishes between IPv4 and IPv6, noting IPv6 uses a 128-bit addressing scheme and provides improvements over IPv4 such as no NAT.
OSI Model
The document summarizes the seven layers of the OSI model:
1) Application layer - Contains protocols like HTTP and FTP that applications use to transfer files and browse the web.
2) Presentation layer - Converts application data into binary and performs encryption/decryption.
3) Session layer - Manages connections by allowing applications on different computers to communicate.
4) Transport layer - Controls reliability through techniques like segmentation, flow control and error control.
5) Network layer - Handles logical addressing and routing of data packets between different networks.
6) Data link layer - Performs physical and logical addressing to transmit data packets to adjacent nodes.
7) Physical layer - Moves data in the form of electromagnetic
Unit 3 Assignment 1 Osi Model
Here are the key differences between flow control and congestion control:
Flow control is used at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model to regulate the amount of data
transferred between two endpoints (e.g. between a computer and a router) so that the receiving
endpoint is not overwhelmed. It ensures reliable delivery of frames by using mechanisms like
windowing and acknowledgments.
Congestion control is used at the transport layer (layer 4) of the OSI model to regulate the amount
of data entering the network to avoid overloading intermediate network nodes and links. It ensures
reliable delivery of packets by adjusting the transmission rate when congestion is detected through
packet loss or queue build-up
Recommended
Chapter 1. introduction to tcpip networking
The document discusses the Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) 7-layer model for network communication. The OSI model defines 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layer. Each layer performs a specific function in network communication and passes data to the next layer. Common examples of protocols and devices associated with each layer are also provided.
Chapter 1.2 OSI Layer.pptx
The OSI model is a 7-layer model developed by ISO in 1984 to standardize network communication. Each layer defines a specific function and protocols are used to define communication between layers. While data flows down from the Application layer to the Physical layer, it is not necessary for data to pass through every layer - some can be skipped. The layers help encapsulate data moving through the network, with each layer adding its own header. This allows different types of networks to communicate through a common protocol.
computer network NCC l4dc assingment
Ncc Education
1st semister
L4DC
Computer network .. la mooj gara
haddi haseyo hola
result 70 aayo assingment ma ..
pppppppppppppppppjjjjjjjjjjjpppppppp.pptx
The document discusses network reference models and the OSI and TCP/IP models. It provides details on each layer of the OSI model and its functions. The key points are that reference models divide network communication into simpler components, provide standardization, and prevent changes in one layer from affecting others. The OSI model has 7 layers and separates network functions into upper layers for applications and lower layers for data transmission. The TCP/IP model is based on widely used TCP and IP protocols.
Ccent notes part 1
The document provides notes on networking fundamentals from CCENT/CCNA ICND1 Official Exam Certification Guide. It discusses the TCP/IP and OSI networking models, including their layers and functions. It also covers fundamentals of local area networks (LANs) such as Ethernet standards, speeds, cable types and maximum lengths. Common Ethernet standards include 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX, 1000BASE-SX, 1000BASE-LX and 1000BASE-T.
Lecture 02 networking
The document discusses the OSI reference model, which breaks network communication into 7 layers, with each layer performing a unique task and only interacting with adjacent layers. It also compares the OSI model to the TCP/IP model. The key difference is that TCP/IP combines the functions of the OSI data link and physical layers. The document further explains the Internet Protocol (IP) which specifies packet formatting and addressing for data transmission. It distinguishes between IPv4 and IPv6, noting IPv6 uses a 128-bit addressing scheme and provides improvements over IPv4 such as no NAT.
OSI Model
The document summarizes the seven layers of the OSI model:
1) Application layer - Contains protocols like HTTP and FTP that applications use to transfer files and browse the web.
2) Presentation layer - Converts application data into binary and performs encryption/decryption.
3) Session layer - Manages connections by allowing applications on different computers to communicate.
4) Transport layer - Controls reliability through techniques like segmentation, flow control and error control.
5) Network layer - Handles logical addressing and routing of data packets between different networks.
6) Data link layer - Performs physical and logical addressing to transmit data packets to adjacent nodes.
7) Physical layer - Moves data in the form of electromagnetic
Unit 3 Assignment 1 Osi Model
Here are the key differences between flow control and congestion control:
Flow control is used at the data link layer (layer 2) of the OSI model to regulate the amount of data
transferred between two endpoints (e.g. between a computer and a router) so that the receiving
endpoint is not overwhelmed. It ensures reliable delivery of frames by using mechanisms like
windowing and acknowledgments.
Congestion control is used at the transport layer (layer 4) of the OSI model to regulate the amount
of data entering the network to avoid overloading intermediate network nodes and links. It ensures
reliable delivery of packets by adjusting the transmission rate when congestion is detected through
packet loss or queue build-up
Avani
This document provides an overview of the protocol stack and addressing in computer networks. It describes the seven-layer OSI model and the functions of each layer, including physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. It also discusses some common protocols that operate at each layer, such as Ethernet, TCP, HTTP, and IP. Finally, it covers physical addressing with MAC addresses and network addressing with IPv4 and IPv6.
CN unit 1 part 2 2023.ppt
The document discusses network layering and protocols. It describes how layering decomposes complex network systems into more manageable components and provides a modular design. Protocols define rules for data communication, including syntax, semantics, and timing. Key elements of protocols include service interfaces and peer interfaces. The OSI model is presented as a standard with 7 layers from physical to application. TCP/IP is also summarized as a 4 layer model. Socket programming interfaces are introduced as the main way for applications to connect to networks.
OSI model (7 LAYER )
This document discusses layered network models, specifically the OSI model and TCP/IP model. It provides an overview of each layer in both models and their functions. The key points are:
- The OSI model defines 7 layers that break communication into smaller parts to simplify the process and allow different hardware/software to work together.
- The TCP/IP model has 4 layers - application, transport, internet, and network access. It is used widely on the internet.
- Each layer adds header information to data as it moves down the stack. This encapsulation allows communication between layers and across networks.
chapter 4.pptx
The document discusses network models and compares the OSI model and TCP/IP model. It provides details on the layers of the OSI model including the 7 layers from physical to application layer. It describes the functions of each layer such as physical dealing with raw bit transmission, data link framing bits into frames, network routing packets, transport ensuring reliable data delivery, session controlling connections, presentation translating between systems, and application providing user interfaces. It also summarizes the similarities and differences between the OSI and TCP/IP models.
Network layers
The document discusses network layer models. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model and the four layers of the TCP/IP model. It explains how each layer functions, such as the physical layer transmitting signals and the application layer enabling programs like web browsers. It then compares the two models, noting similarities like layered structures but also differences like OSI having more defined layers and TCP/IP being more practical. The purpose of network layer models is to help understand complex network interactions by breaking them into standardized, interconnected layers.
computer network and chapter 7 OSI layers.pptx
The document discusses several key network models and protocols. It provides an overview of the OSI 7-layer model and describes the functions of each layer. It also covers the TCP/IP 5-layer model and compares it to the OSI model. Several important application layer protocols are defined, including HTTP, HTTPS, SMTP, FTP, SNMP, DNS, and Telnet. The document aims to explain the fundamentals of network communication standards and protocols.
006 Osi Model
The document provides an overview of the seven-layer OSI model for computer networking. It describes each layer and its functions, including the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. The physical layer defines cable specifications, the data link layer provides addressing and error detection, and the network layer enables routing between different networks using logical addresses. Higher layers include the transport layer for reliable data transmission, and the session, presentation and application layers for establishing communication between applications and presenting data to the end user.
Networking Fundamentals
This document provides an overview of networking concepts including:
- Networking refers to interconnecting two or more computers. Common network types include intranets, the internet, and extranets.
- Bandwidth refers to the maximum data transfer capacity of a network connection or line. Collision and broadcast domains describe how devices interact on a shared network medium.
- Common networking devices like bridges, hubs, switches, and routers are described along with their functions in managing data and network traffic.
- Popular networking protocols are defined including TCP/IP, FTP, TFTP, NFS, SNMP, DHCP and others. The OSI model and TCP/IP networking stacks are also summarized.
OSI MODEL
The document describes the 7-layer Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. The 7 layers are the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. Each layer has a specific role, with the physical layer concerned with physical connections and signals and the application layer providing protocols for user software. The OSI model was developed by ISO to allow devices with different internal systems to communicate by standardizing network communication.
Introduction to OSI and QUIC
This document discusses computer networking and the OSI model. It provides an overview of how computers communicate at different layers, from the physical layer up to the application layer. It also discusses protocols like TCP/IP and how they map to the OSI model. The document compares OSI to the TCP/IP protocol suite and provides examples of protocols that operate at each layer.
OSI Pankaj yadav
The document discusses network models including the OSI model and TCP/IP model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model and the four layers of the TCP/IP model. For each layer, it provides details on their functions and protocols. It also compares the OSI and TCP/IP models, noting they are both based on layered architectures but that the TCP/IP model combines some layers and better fits existing protocols.
Ch4 Protocols.pptx
The document summarizes several key networking protocols. It begins with an overview of protocols in general and the two main protocol models: TCP/IP and OSI. It then describes some of the most widely used protocols for various functions: SNMP for network management, HTTP and HTTPS for web communication, DNS for domain name resolution, DHCP for dynamic IP address assignment, SMTP for email transmission, FTP for file transfer, TCP and UDP for transport layer functions, IP for network layer packet delivery, and ICMP for reporting network errors. The document provides details on the purpose and basic operation of each protocol.
COC to-manage-and-monitor-the-network.pdf
This document provides tutorials on TCP/IP protocols, OSI layers, DNS configuration, networking commands, and the operating system boot sequence. It summarizes key protocols like IP, TCP, UDP, FTP, HTTP, and SNMP. It describes the 7 layers of the OSI model and functions of each layer. It also outlines how to configure DNS zones and common networking commands like ipconfig, ping, tracert and netstat. Finally, it lists the typical boot file sequence for Windows systems from NTLDR to hardware detection files.
Osi , tcp/ip protocol and Addressing
osi and tcp/ip layers , how can work ,the differences beteen them , and desicrbe for all typs of addressing
OsI reference model
The document provides information about the ISO/OSI 7-layer model and TCP/IP 4-layer model for network communication. It describes the layers and functions of each model. The ISO/OSI model defines seven layers for complete communication including physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. The TCP/IP model has four layers - host-to-network, internet, transport and application layer. It also compares the two models highlighting differences in their approach, layers, services provided, and protocol usage.
Ch4 Protocols.pptx
Protocols define the rules and format for how computers exchange information over a network. The key features of protocols include syntax, semantics, and timing. There are two main protocol models - the TCP/IP model and OSI reference model. TCP/IP is comprised of four layers including network access, internet, host-to-host transport, and application layers. The OSI model has seven layers and provides a framework for developing networking standards. Common protocols like TCP, IP, UDP, HTTP, FTP and SMTP control how different aspects of networking like file transfers, email, and web browsing function.
Lecture 2 -_understanding_networks_with_presenter_notes
This document provides an overview of key network terminology and concepts, including:
- Network components like network interface cards, hubs, switches, and cables.
- Network protocols and how they allow different devices to communicate.
- Operating systems' role in managing network resources and enabling sharing.
- The OSI model and what each layer is responsible for in data transmission.
- Common network addressing schemes and protocols like IP, TCP, UDP, and IPv6.
Ccna introduction
The document provides information about the CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate) certification exam, including its introduction, syllabus, fees, number of questions, passing marks, and exam structure over two exams. It also includes summaries of the OSI reference model and TCP/IP model, which define standards for network communication and how data is packaged and transmitted between devices.
Computer Networks Notes Complete Syllabus
Points Covered
UNIT 1:
1. The Internet Architecture
2. Networking Devices
3. OSI Model
4. TCP/IP Model
5. Topologies
6. Types of Networks with diagrams.
7.
UNIT 2:
1. X.25
2. Frame Relay
3. FDDI
4. Token Ring
5. Bluetooth
6. RFID
7. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
UNIT 3:
1. Data Link Layer
2. Error Control
3. Flow Control
4. Types of services provided to the network layer
UNIT 4:
1. Classful IP Addressing
2. Difference between IPV4 and IPV6
3. Piggybacking
4. Methods to improve QoS
5. Subnet, subnet mask, Private IP, Public IP and NAT
6. Congestion Control and how it works in TCP
7. TCP and UDP
8. Explain TCP with its header format
9. Socket
UNIT 5:
1. Application Layer
2. DNS
3. SMTP
4. POP3
5. HTTP
6. URL
7. FTP
8. Basic functions of e-mail system
9. HTTP,FTP Difference
UNIT 6:
1. Network Security Goals
2. Public key Encryption/Decryption
3. Public and Private key Encryption
4. What is a firewall? Mention the types of firewalls
5. Steps followed in creating digital signature
6. Differentiate between digital signature and digital certificate
OSI Model of Networking
A presentation on the OSI model. Describes the need for a layered approach, and discusses the function of each of the layers.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
More Related Content
Similar to Chapter 1.2 OSI Layer.pdf
Avani
This document provides an overview of the protocol stack and addressing in computer networks. It describes the seven-layer OSI model and the functions of each layer, including physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. It also discusses some common protocols that operate at each layer, such as Ethernet, TCP, HTTP, and IP. Finally, it covers physical addressing with MAC addresses and network addressing with IPv4 and IPv6.
CN unit 1 part 2 2023.ppt
The document discusses network layering and protocols. It describes how layering decomposes complex network systems into more manageable components and provides a modular design. Protocols define rules for data communication, including syntax, semantics, and timing. Key elements of protocols include service interfaces and peer interfaces. The OSI model is presented as a standard with 7 layers from physical to application. TCP/IP is also summarized as a 4 layer model. Socket programming interfaces are introduced as the main way for applications to connect to networks.
OSI model (7 LAYER )
This document discusses layered network models, specifically the OSI model and TCP/IP model. It provides an overview of each layer in both models and their functions. The key points are:
- The OSI model defines 7 layers that break communication into smaller parts to simplify the process and allow different hardware/software to work together.
- The TCP/IP model has 4 layers - application, transport, internet, and network access. It is used widely on the internet.
- Each layer adds header information to data as it moves down the stack. This encapsulation allows communication between layers and across networks.
chapter 4.pptx
The document discusses network models and compares the OSI model and TCP/IP model. It provides details on the layers of the OSI model including the 7 layers from physical to application layer. It describes the functions of each layer such as physical dealing with raw bit transmission, data link framing bits into frames, network routing packets, transport ensuring reliable data delivery, session controlling connections, presentation translating between systems, and application providing user interfaces. It also summarizes the similarities and differences between the OSI and TCP/IP models.
Network layers
The document discusses network layer models. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model and the four layers of the TCP/IP model. It explains how each layer functions, such as the physical layer transmitting signals and the application layer enabling programs like web browsers. It then compares the two models, noting similarities like layered structures but also differences like OSI having more defined layers and TCP/IP being more practical. The purpose of network layer models is to help understand complex network interactions by breaking them into standardized, interconnected layers.
computer network and chapter 7 OSI layers.pptx
The document discusses several key network models and protocols. It provides an overview of the OSI 7-layer model and describes the functions of each layer. It also covers the TCP/IP 5-layer model and compares it to the OSI model. Several important application layer protocols are defined, including HTTP, HTTPS, SMTP, FTP, SNMP, DNS, and Telnet. The document aims to explain the fundamentals of network communication standards and protocols.
006 Osi Model
The document provides an overview of the seven-layer OSI model for computer networking. It describes each layer and its functions, including the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. The physical layer defines cable specifications, the data link layer provides addressing and error detection, and the network layer enables routing between different networks using logical addresses. Higher layers include the transport layer for reliable data transmission, and the session, presentation and application layers for establishing communication between applications and presenting data to the end user.
Networking Fundamentals
This document provides an overview of networking concepts including:
- Networking refers to interconnecting two or more computers. Common network types include intranets, the internet, and extranets.
- Bandwidth refers to the maximum data transfer capacity of a network connection or line. Collision and broadcast domains describe how devices interact on a shared network medium.
- Common networking devices like bridges, hubs, switches, and routers are described along with their functions in managing data and network traffic.
- Popular networking protocols are defined including TCP/IP, FTP, TFTP, NFS, SNMP, DHCP and others. The OSI model and TCP/IP networking stacks are also summarized.
OSI MODEL
The document describes the 7-layer Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. The 7 layers are the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. Each layer has a specific role, with the physical layer concerned with physical connections and signals and the application layer providing protocols for user software. The OSI model was developed by ISO to allow devices with different internal systems to communicate by standardizing network communication.
Introduction to OSI and QUIC
This document discusses computer networking and the OSI model. It provides an overview of how computers communicate at different layers, from the physical layer up to the application layer. It also discusses protocols like TCP/IP and how they map to the OSI model. The document compares OSI to the TCP/IP protocol suite and provides examples of protocols that operate at each layer.
OSI Pankaj yadav
The document discusses network models including the OSI model and TCP/IP model. It describes the seven layers of the OSI model and the four layers of the TCP/IP model. For each layer, it provides details on their functions and protocols. It also compares the OSI and TCP/IP models, noting they are both based on layered architectures but that the TCP/IP model combines some layers and better fits existing protocols.
Ch4 Protocols.pptx
The document summarizes several key networking protocols. It begins with an overview of protocols in general and the two main protocol models: TCP/IP and OSI. It then describes some of the most widely used protocols for various functions: SNMP for network management, HTTP and HTTPS for web communication, DNS for domain name resolution, DHCP for dynamic IP address assignment, SMTP for email transmission, FTP for file transfer, TCP and UDP for transport layer functions, IP for network layer packet delivery, and ICMP for reporting network errors. The document provides details on the purpose and basic operation of each protocol.
COC to-manage-and-monitor-the-network.pdf
This document provides tutorials on TCP/IP protocols, OSI layers, DNS configuration, networking commands, and the operating system boot sequence. It summarizes key protocols like IP, TCP, UDP, FTP, HTTP, and SNMP. It describes the 7 layers of the OSI model and functions of each layer. It also outlines how to configure DNS zones and common networking commands like ipconfig, ping, tracert and netstat. Finally, it lists the typical boot file sequence for Windows systems from NTLDR to hardware detection files.
Osi , tcp/ip protocol and Addressing
osi and tcp/ip layers , how can work ,the differences beteen them , and desicrbe for all typs of addressing
OsI reference model
The document provides information about the ISO/OSI 7-layer model and TCP/IP 4-layer model for network communication. It describes the layers and functions of each model. The ISO/OSI model defines seven layers for complete communication including physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. The TCP/IP model has four layers - host-to-network, internet, transport and application layer. It also compares the two models highlighting differences in their approach, layers, services provided, and protocol usage.
Ch4 Protocols.pptx
Protocols define the rules and format for how computers exchange information over a network. The key features of protocols include syntax, semantics, and timing. There are two main protocol models - the TCP/IP model and OSI reference model. TCP/IP is comprised of four layers including network access, internet, host-to-host transport, and application layers. The OSI model has seven layers and provides a framework for developing networking standards. Common protocols like TCP, IP, UDP, HTTP, FTP and SMTP control how different aspects of networking like file transfers, email, and web browsing function.
Lecture 2 -_understanding_networks_with_presenter_notes
This document provides an overview of key network terminology and concepts, including:
- Network components like network interface cards, hubs, switches, and cables.
- Network protocols and how they allow different devices to communicate.
- Operating systems' role in managing network resources and enabling sharing.
- The OSI model and what each layer is responsible for in data transmission.
- Common network addressing schemes and protocols like IP, TCP, UDP, and IPv6.
Ccna introduction
The document provides information about the CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate) certification exam, including its introduction, syllabus, fees, number of questions, passing marks, and exam structure over two exams. It also includes summaries of the OSI reference model and TCP/IP model, which define standards for network communication and how data is packaged and transmitted between devices.
Computer Networks Notes Complete Syllabus
Points Covered
UNIT 1:
1. The Internet Architecture
2. Networking Devices
3. OSI Model
4. TCP/IP Model
5. Topologies
6. Types of Networks with diagrams.
7.
UNIT 2:
1. X.25
2. Frame Relay
3. FDDI
4. Token Ring
5. Bluetooth
6. RFID
7. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
UNIT 3:
1. Data Link Layer
2. Error Control
3. Flow Control
4. Types of services provided to the network layer
UNIT 4:
1. Classful IP Addressing
2. Difference between IPV4 and IPV6
3. Piggybacking
4. Methods to improve QoS
5. Subnet, subnet mask, Private IP, Public IP and NAT
6. Congestion Control and how it works in TCP
7. TCP and UDP
8. Explain TCP with its header format
9. Socket
UNIT 5:
1. Application Layer
2. DNS
3. SMTP
4. POP3
5. HTTP
6. URL
7. FTP
8. Basic functions of e-mail system
9. HTTP,FTP Difference
UNIT 6:
1. Network Security Goals
2. Public key Encryption/Decryption
3. Public and Private key Encryption
4. What is a firewall? Mention the types of firewalls
5. Steps followed in creating digital signature
6. Differentiate between digital signature and digital certificate
OSI Model of Networking
A presentation on the OSI model. Describes the need for a layered approach, and discusses the function of each of the layers.
Similar to Chapter 1.2 OSI Layer.pdf (20)
Lecture 2 -_understanding_networks_with_presenter_notes
Lecture 2 -_understanding_networks_with_presenter_notes
Recently uploaded
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Iron and Steel Technology Roadmap - Towards more sustainable steelmaking.pdf
Iron and Steel Technology towards Sustainable Steelmaking
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
5214-1693458878915-Unit 6 2023 to 2024 academic year assignment (AutoRecovere...
Bigdata of technology
22CYT12-Unit-V-E Waste and its Management.ppt
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
RAT: Retrieval Augmented Thoughts Elicit Context-Aware Reasoning in Long-Hori...
RAT: Retrieval Augmented Thoughts Elicit Context-Aware Reasoning in Long-Horizon Generation
bank management system in java and mysql report1.pdf
truth is high but higher still is truth full living
New techniques for characterising damage in rock slopes.pdf
rock mass characterization and New techniques for characterising damage in rock slopes
Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Construction Part III
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Recently uploaded (20)
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...
Iron and Steel Technology Roadmap - Towards more sustainable steelmaking.pdf
Iron and Steel Technology Roadmap - Towards more sustainable steelmaking.pdf
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...
5214-1693458878915-Unit 6 2023 to 2024 academic year assignment (AutoRecovere...
5214-1693458878915-Unit 6 2023 to 2024 academic year assignment (AutoRecovere...
RAT: Retrieval Augmented Thoughts Elicit Context-Aware Reasoning in Long-Hori...
RAT: Retrieval Augmented Thoughts Elicit Context-Aware Reasoning in Long-Hori...
basic-wireline-operations-course-mahmoud-f-radwan.pdf
basic-wireline-operations-course-mahmoud-f-radwan.pdf
bank management system in java and mysql report1.pdf
bank management system in java and mysql report1.pdf
New techniques for characterising damage in rock slopes.pdf
New techniques for characterising damage in rock slopes.pdf
Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Construction Part III
Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Construction Part III
Chapter 1.2 OSI Layer.pdf
- 2. Why OSI 1. Connecting two different vendor device 2. Ease of troubleshooting PDU – Protocol Data Units Application Layer Presentation Layer Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer L7 L6 L5 L4 L3 L2 L1 Data Segment Packet Frame Bits Data Data
- 3. Overview It is a 7 layer model developed by ISO at 1984. Each layer defines specific function. Note that every communication no need to be go through all the layers. It can skip some layers if needed - ** Will be discussed later Each layer is a package of protocol
- 4. Layers Layer 7 - Application Layer Layer 6 - Presentation Layer Layer 5 - Session Layer Layer 4 - Transport Layer Layer 3 - Network Layer Layer 2 - Data Link Layer Layer 1 - Physical Layer
- 5. Physical Layer All your physical components of the network connectivity comes under this layer. Ex. Ethernet Cable, HUB, RJ45, Fiber Cables. PDU : Bits
- 6. Data Link Layer Switching technology lies here in DLL Layer MAC addresses are used for communication MAC address header will be attached in this layer. PDU : Frame Ex. Switch
- 7. Network Layer IP header will be encapsulated to the data in this layer. Routers are of Network Layer devices. Functions : Logical Addressing : It helps in assigning an IP address to a device Routing : Helps in providing reachability to a destination device via routers Path determination : Helps in selecting the best path when we have multiple route to reach same destination. Example : Router PDU : Packet
- 8. Transport Layer This layer decides how to transfer a data. It checks the reliability of the data sent. Functions : Segmentation : Data received by session is segmented and each segment will use sequence number to re- arrange the segments by the receiver. Flow Control : To slow down or faster the data transmission between two devices Error Control : The segment uses Checksum to check the error in the data received. TCP : Transmission Control Protocol - Its a Connection Oriented protocol each and every packet sent, the source should receive an acknowledgement if not received then source will retransmit the packet. UDP : User Datagram Protocol - Its a connectionless protocol, no acknowledgement will be there for the packet sent. PDU : Segment
- 9. Session Layer Helps in Creating, Maintaining and Terminating a session. It uses API’s Functions : Authentication : Used by the server to check the user’s username and password Authorization : Used by the server to check if the user has the access to the data he is trying to access or not. PDU : Data
- 10. Presentation Layer How a data is going to be presented to the user. It can be a image, video or audio file. Functions : Translation : converts or translates datato machine language which comes from Application layer Compression : It does Data Compression so that data transmission can be faster and to reduce size of data Encryption/Decryption : It does encryption so that the data sent is secured. PDU : Data
- 11. Application Layer If you have any software in the computer that dont want to communicate to the internet then it wont use this layer ex. VLC player, but the web browsers need to communicate to the internet so behind all the web browsers we have a layer called application layer so that it can talk with the internet . Application Layer Protocol example : IP, FTP, SMPT, Telnet, SNMP etc., PDU : Data Internet Chrome application Application Layer