The document discusses the importance of buildings in human life and their significant impact on the environment, consumption of resources, and sustainability. It emphasizes the need for sustainable building practices, including the adoption of green technologies and innovative construction methods, such as prefabrication and modular construction, to reduce energy consumption and waste. Additionally, it details various housing technology projects aimed at improving the efficiency, quality, and affordability of construction in India.

1. Jit Kumar Gupta
Chandigarh
jit.kumar1944@gmail.com

2. Context of
Buildings--
Resources/
environment

3.  Buildings-- integral part of human history, growth, development
 Buildings – definer of future journey of human growth
 Buildings-- a manmade environment
 Buildings-- vital for human growth
 Buildings – living organism
 Buildings – catering to all human activities
 Buildings --valuable - 80% human life spent in buildings
 Buildings- full of dualities and contradictions
 Buildings -- largest consumers of energy
 Buildings - largest consumers of resources
 Buildings – largest generators of waste
 Buildings- largest polluter of environment /ecology
 Buildings --- responsible for largest carbon footprints
 Buildings -- responsible for global warming
 Buildings -- major determinant of global sustainability


4.  Buildings– provide optimum/worst living conditions
 Buildings -- make people healthy/sick
 Buildings -- vital to overcome human/ ecological concerns,
global warming, reducing carbon footprints
 Making Buildings Sustainable-- essential to make value
addition to -- resources, environment ,ecology
 Researches made/Studies carried out revealed —
 Green buildings-- create win-win situation for owners,
occupants & users
 A Green School-makes learning easy & more meaningful
 A Green House--makes people happy, healthy, productive
 A Green Hospital-- cures patients quickly
 A Green Shopping Mall-- increases sale / profits

5. BUILDINGS --AS CONSUMERS OF RESOURCES
•Built environment-significantly impact environment and consumption of
resources:
16% of world’s fresh water withdrawal.
25% of wood harvested.
30% of consumption of raw material.
50% of global energy consumption.
35% of world's CO2 emission
40% of Municipal solid waste.
50% of Ozone depleting CFC’s still in use.
30% of residents having sick building syndrome
• --70% of global warming outcome of ;
•--built environment & transportation
-- Majority of existing buildings
--- low concern for energy, water, resources, environment, waste,
sustainability .

6. ENERGY DEMAND WITH RAPID URBANIZATION
4 0%
2 4 %
9%
1 8%
9%
2017
Industry Residential Commercial Agriculture others
3 1%
3 8 %
1 1%
1 5%
5%
2030
Industry Residential Commercial Agriculture others
1066 Twh
Climate Smart Buildings| LHP Rajkot | PMAY Urban
2239 Twh
Residential Buildings: Fast Growth in Electricity Consumption.
*IESS, NITI Aayog
• Residential buildings consumes
around 255 TWh electricity in 2017,
the electricity consumption in
residential buildings is expected to
multiply by more than 3X and
reach around 850 TWh by 2030.
conditioning / HVAC
residential building is the
Increased penetration of air-
in
key
reason for this growth.
• Residential buildings will become
the largest end-user of
electricity in the country
accounting for 38% of the total
electricity consumption.

7. 

9. -- Initial Cost
- Life Cycle- cost

10. Operating Cost 89%
Maintenance/
Consumables 1%
Initial Cost
10%

11. WHAT CONSTITUTES INITIAL COST OF
BUILDING
 Cost of building includes:
I Cost of land
ii Cost of construction
iii Cost of maintenance and
iv Cost of operations
 Building cost viewed --in both -- short term & long term
 Building cost also evaluated -- Initial Cost & Life Time Cost
 Short Time Cost includes-- Initial Cost of Construction of building
 Long Term Cost component --- whole life cost.
 Whole life Cost of building includes:
 --initial design cost
 --construction cost,
 -- on-going operations and
 -- maintenance cost ,
 -- parts replacement cost
 -- disposal cost or salvage value, and
 -- useful life of the system or building
 To promote economy in building– Life cycle cost of
building will be critical

12. -SDGs
-Green Buildings
--Principles for designing
-Integrated Approach
-Climate
--Orientation
-Planning

15.  --Adopting integrated approach to Green building design
 --Design based on Climate
 Macro Climate – Regional climate;
 Meso Climate– local climate
 Micro Climate--Site climate -- based on site characteristics,
 --Orientation -- to optimize light , heat gain/ heat loss
 Sun movement-- to maximizes use of free solar energy for heating /lighting
 --Wind direction---using air movement for ventilation/ cooling
 --Planning of Building-- optimize site, size, shape of building, planning of spaces, allocating uses, placing
rooms, circulation, promoting building efficiency, promoting natural sunlight, air / ventilation
 --Designing Building Envelop--– Mass – space relationships/ solids/voids, positioning –openings/projections,
shading devices, height, shape of building, natural lighting and ventilations etc
 --Materials- Materials used for buildings -- low embodied energy materials; locally available; used in
natural form, lightweight –
 --Technology- cost effective/material efficient/speedier/energy efficient- Lean Construction
 -Indoor Air Quality-Creating optimum living conditions for occupants
 --

16. -- construction technology is ;
-- “collection of innovative tools, machinery, modifications, software, etc.
-- used during the construction phase of a project.
-- to help push industry forward,
-- to drive advancement / innovation/ increase efficiency
-- empowers people to work smarter and more efficiently.
- Modular construction, prefab construction and 3D printing—
- -- changing way industry looks at --production / construction.
- -- Being able to-- build parts of a project off-site,
- -- to print it to exact specifications and-
- --- to mass-produce pieces -- used repeatedly
- -- taking construction productivity to a whole new level.
- helping industry address larger challenges
- ---- labour shortages--complicated and difficult to address.
- -- Technology--key to address major challenges and to adapt to the future.

18. APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY
 -- originally Known as--intermediate technology
 – evolved by economist Ernst Friedrich-- “ Fritz Schumacher ”
-- in his work Small Is Beautiful--Outcome of energy crisis of 1970s
 --Appropriate Technologies/ technological choice made applicable- should ;
 --focus on solving local issues
 -- Involving locally solution
 - focusing on environment / Sustainability Issues
 -- focus on affordability
 -- remain labor-intensive,
 -- promote energy-efficient,
 -- remain environmentally friendly
 -- remain people-centric.
 --Mahatma Gandhi -- often cited as --"father" of appropriate technology movement.

19.  Appropriate technology-- holds advantages over current methods/ other technologies
--- help grow - countries - not educated or economically well off
.-- usually much cheaper-- for smaller applications.
-- User friendly-- making process/services- easier for uneducated natives to use them.
--built to last for a long time.
-- sustainable /environmentally friendly.
-- Use community’s natural resources-- preventing necessity of importing goods.
-- Papua New Guinea-- have large supply of coconuts -- not useful/ allowed to rot on
ground.
--Professor of engineering -- made diesel fuel using coconut oil.
-- Replacing Traditional diesel fuel --- which was imported-- very expensive.
-- Successfully created fuel --also found ways of using rest of coconut for building
materials
-- so none of it would be wasted.
--designing tool /process -- manufactured in country by people-- able to help
community economically as well.
- Senegal’s long dry season- lowers , water levels in wells-- before replenished during
rainy season.
-- Using appropriate technology of solar-powered pumping systems
, --communities keep utilizing available water for agriculture.

20. PREFABRICATI
ON-Technology for
BUILDINGS

21.  Prefabricated buildings are buildings,
 -- designed /constructed in factories in parts,
 -- as per modular design,
 - Transported & placed on site
 --joined through in-situ concrete or anchors.
 numerous prefab technologies used in India/ in
different countries.
 National Building Code of India,--
 -- prepared design standards for
 --various prefab Technologies being used in India.

22.  Majority of construction in India follow;
 -- traditional on-site pattern of construction.
 --Known as linear construction
 -- where every component constructed on site &
 -- also completed before project moves to next phase.
 --Construction major implications in terms of
 -- time;
 -- cost,
 --quality,
 safety,
 noise,
 pollution,
 manpower

23.  Highly time consuming-time intensive
 Generating large scale waste- material inefficient- waste intensive
 Construction dictated by prevailing weather - Weather dependent
 Unsafe for workers deployed in construction.- safety Issues
 Large manpower needed for making /supervision- manpower intensive
 Large inventory of material- material intensive/Storage facilities
 Creation of accommodation for workers deployed at construction
 Loss/theft of material-- Constructed/Individual/human oriented
 Large variation in quality- dependent on work force deployed
 Use of lot of water/energy – resource intensive- Grey Buildings
 Increased initial cost of construction- cost inefficient
 Uneconomical in cost/resources- cost overrun
 Delayed return / Unpredictable project schedule- Construction inefficiency
 Limited application in hazardous areas
 Large site disruption ;Adverse impact on surroundings- Pollution intensive;

24. ADVANTAGES
Building in Hazardous Area
Assured Quality Construction
Material Efficiency
Cost- Efficiency
Green Construction
Flexibility
 Reduced Site Disruption
Time Efficiency
Safety

25.  Building in Hazardous Area-----Advantages in remote area/disasters/ areas hit by
disasters where-
 accessibility/manpower/transportation of materials/time available problem --best
option for construction in minimum time /cost.
 --In hill areas with extreme climatic conditions--pre-fabrication helps in creating
well insulated structures/least susceptible to extreme outside climate. -Leh,
Ladakh, Lahaul, Spiti
 Assured Quality Construction
 Constructing building components in industrial setting----- under highly controlled
environment -- involving lot of quality checks/ balances, --assured uniform quality--
unlike site-built structures.
 Modular buildings manufactured to code-making owners free from worry of
quality,-- saving of time/energy involved in supervision

26. Material Efficiency
 Prefabricated buildings-- known for material efficiency --both onsite /off-site..
 -- Eliminate onsite waste-- since material for construction arrives in finished state .
 -- leaves/ creates very little waste --during the manufacturing, assembly, disassembly
 ---involves just putting together-- all components manufactured to approved design..
Cost- Efficiency
 -- Large Capacity to promote economy /cost- efficiency,
 -- generally achieved through; large discounts received from material suppliers,
 -- reduction in construction time,
 --- mass production of components and
 -- economy achieved through standardisation,
 ---repetitive nature of operations and large scale operations.
 --Reduction of wastage and in- house recycling of the extra materials
 -- less storage cost ,
 -- less material loss
 -- saving on labour hours /manpower cost in construction
 --without weather constraints and on-site/off-site-- work done simultaneously

27. Green Construction
 -Modular buildings require less power consumption compared to traditional constructions,
 -- Eco-friendly--- both in long / short-term.
 --lower life cycle energy implications-- as compared to on-site construction
 -- Minimum requirement of water --absence of onsite watering of brick/concrete
 -- Energy efficiency-- achieved through using recycled materials
 -- Resource efficient /greener construction process
 -- reduced material waste/ pollution
 --increased use of recycled materials
Flexibility
 Flexibility --based on easy dismantling /Relocation of buildings to different sites,
 permit flexibility in building structure/ design –--by changing design of specific prefab
component.

28.  Reduced Site Disruption
 Traditional construction-- involves major site disruption
 -- all building processes performed on site
 -- transporting/storage/mixing of materials/water storage/creating residential space for labour etc
 --- Prefab construction --much of these disruptions taken away from site
 -- factory manufacturing reduce traffic, equipment/ material suppliers around final construction site.
 Time Efficiency
 -- Time efficient to build-- taking less than half time when compared to traditional construction
 --due to better planning, reduced site disruptions / quicker fabrication of multiple components.
 -- Permits multiple projects simultaneously
 -- Reduced on-site construction manpower /supervision-- leads to construction efficiency.
 -- Minimum operation for finishing on site-- including watering of concrete/ brick walls, seasoning of wood, painting and
polishing of wood/door etc, - which minimises time span for construction

Safety
 Promote safety of workers at site during construction
 . Risks/ dangers posed by hazardous sites, weather, etc., neutralized
 -- components mostly manufactured in a controlled/ safe environment

29. 133 Houses constructed in solar
colony, Leh- in 45 days only
Material transported -in trucks to
Leh-- in lots of 4 units
Plinths --consisting of 9 nos. Concrete
stumps were commissioned at site by
local contractors /labour
-ahead of arrival of PUF(Polyurethane
Foam) panels.
PUF panels -- more warmer than mud
blocks.
 PUF panel -- one of most effective ways to maintain energy
efficiency of the building.

30. Monotony
Restricting additions and alterations
Reduced Re--sale Value
Roadblock in Financing
Accuracy and Precision
High Transportation Cost
Mass Production
 Skilled Manpower and Cost

33. COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE
VICTORIA HALL KOLKATA
COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE
FRONT FAÇADE ADORNED WITH DEEP SCREEN OF PRE-
CAST CONCRETE, A SORT OF MINIATURE brise-soleil

37. Events organized by MoHUA w.r.t. GHTC India Challenge
Climate Smart Buildings| LHP Rajkot | PMAY Urban
GHTC-India
Launch: 14th Jan
2019
Indian Housing
Technology Mela,
Lucknow: 5th Oct
2021
Indian Urban Housing
Conclave, Rajkot: 19th Oct 2022

38. GLOBAL HOUSING TECHNOLOGY CHALLENGE- INDIA (GHTC-INDIA
MoHUA has initiated the GHTC-India to identify and mainstream a basket of innovative construction technologies
from across the globe for the housing construction sector that is sustainable, eco-friendly, and disaster-resilient.
GHTC-India
54 Innovative
Construction
Technologies
Shortlisting
Light House
projects with 6
selected
technologies
Climate Smart Buildings| LHP Rajkot | PMAY Urban
AGARTALA,
TRIPURA
Light Gauge Steel
Structural System &
Pre-Engineered Steel
Structural System
CHENNAI,
NADU
Precast
Construction
TAMIL
Concrete
System-
Precast Components
Assembled at Site
INDORE, MADHYA
PRADESH
Prefabricated
Sandwich Panel
System
LUCKNOW,
UTTAR PRADESH
Stay in-place
Formwork System
RAJKOT,
GUJARAT
Monolithic
Concrete
Construction
System
RANCHI,
JHARKHAND
Precast Concrete
Construction
System-3D Pre-
Cast Volumetric

39. LIGHT HOUSE PROJECTS- INTENT
 LHPs are model housing projects with houses
built with
 shortlisted alternate technology
 suitableto the geo-climatic / hazard conditions
of region,
 initiative under Climate Smart Building
Programme.
 Projects demonstrate
 - deliver ready to live houses
 Constructedwith speed,
 Economical
 Better quality of construction
 Based on sustainability
Currently LHPs’ being implemented in
six states
--(UttarPradesh, Gujarat,
--Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand;
-- Tamil Nadu;Tripura)
--under Global Housing Technology
Challenge (GHTC).
Projects Involve
---- use of modern technology
-- innovative processes
-- reduced construction time
-- making Housing- more resilient/
affordable, comfortable for poor.
Climate Smart Buildings| LHP Rajkot | PMAY Urban

40. FEATURES OF LHP
Definition
Minimum Size of
houses
Available on-site
facilities
Design Construction Period
A model housing project
with approximate 1,000
houses built with shortlisted
Construction technology
under GHTC Challenge,
demonstrating speed,
economy and better quality
of construction in a
sustainable manner
A model housing project
with approximate 1,000
houses built with shortlisted
Construction technology
under GHTC Challenge,
demonstrating speed,
economy and better quality
of construction in a
sustainable manner
A model housing project
with approximate 1,000
houses built with shortlisted
Construction technology
under GHTC Challenge,
demonstrating speed,
economy and better quality
of construction in a
sustainable manner
A model housing project
with approximate 1,000
houses built with shortlisted
Construction technology
under GHTC Challenge,
demonstrating speed,
economy and better quality
of construction in a
sustainable manner
• Designed as per the dimensional requirements mandated in the National Building Code (NBC) 2016.
• Design in concurrence with existing centrally sponsored schemes and Missions such as Smart Cities, AMRUT, Swachh Bharat (U), National Urban Livelihood
Mission (NULM), Ujjwalla, Ujala, Make in India, etc.
• Structural details designed considering durability and safety requirements of applicable loads including earthquakesand cyclone and flood as applicable confirming
to applicable Indian/International standards.
• Design of Cluster involves the possibility of innovative system of water supply, drainage and rainwater harvesting, renewable energy sources with special focus on
solar energy.
Climate Smart Buildings| LHP Rajkot | PMAY Urban

41. LIGHT HOUSE
PROJECTS
Climate Smart Buildings| LHP Rajkot | PMAY Urban

42. LHP Location TECHNOLOGY SELECTED
NUMBER OF HOUSES TO
BE
CONSTRUCTED
Rajkot, Gujarat Monolithic Concrete Construction using Tunnel Formwork 1144
Indore, Madhya
Pradesh
Prefabricated Sandwich Panel System 1024
Chennai, Tamilnadu
Precast Concrete Construction System – Precast Components
Assembled at Site
1152
Ranchi, Jharkhand Precast Concrete Construction System – 3D Volumetric 1008
Agartala, Tripura
Light Gauge Steel Structural System & Pre-engineered Steel Structural
System
1000
Lucknow, Uttar
Pradesh
PVC Stay in Place Formwork System 1040
DETAILS OF LHP PROJECTS ALONG WITH CONSTRUCTION
TECHNOLOGIES USED
Climate Smart Buildings| LHP Rajkot | PMAY Urban

43. LIGHT HOUSE PROJECTS
Following are the details of Construction Technologies being employed at the Light House Projects selected
under the Global HousingTechnology Challenge (GHTC) – India
Monolithic Concrete
Construction using
Tunnel Formwork
• LHP Location: Rajkot,
Gujarat
• No. of Houses: 1144
Prefabricated
Sandwich Panel
System
• LHP Location:
Indore, Madhya
Pradesh
• No. of Houses: 1024
Precast Concrete
Construction
System – Precast
Components
Assembled at Site
• LHP Location:
Chennai, Tamilnadu
• No. of Houses: 1152
Precast Concrete
Construction
System – 3D
Volumetric
• LHP Location:
Ranchi, Jharkhand
• No of Houses: 1008
Light Gauge Steel
Structural System &
Pre-engineered
Steel Structural
SystemAgartala,
Tripura
• LHP Location:
Agartala, Tripura
• No of Houses: 1000
PVC Stay in Place
Formwork System
• LHP Location:
Lucknow, Uttar
Pradesh
• No of Houses: 1040
Climate Smart Buildings| LHP Rajkot | PMAY Urban

44. LHP- Rajkot-
 Monolithic Concrete Construction using
Tunnel Formwork

45. MONOLITHIC TUNNELFORMWORK TECHNOLOGY – LHP RAJKOT
Stripping of the
formwork from the
previous day.
Positioningof the
formwork for the
current day’s
phase, with the
installation of
mechanical,
electrical and
plumbing services.
Installation of
reinforcement in
the walls and slabs.
Concreting
--Concrete walls and slabs are castin one go at site-- giving monolithicstructure
-using high-precision, re-usable, room-sized, Steel forms or molds called ‘TunnelForm’.
--system replacesconventional RCC Beam-Column structure--which uses steel/plywood shuttering-uses customizedengineered steel
formwork–
consisting of two half shellswhich are placedtogether --concretingis thendone to form a room size module. Severalsuch modules make
an apartment.
Construction Process
Climate Smart Buildings| LHP Rajkot | PMAY Urban

46. Monolithic Concrete Construction using Tunnel Formwork
Tunnel formwork is a mechanised
cellularstructure construction
system. It is made up of two half
shells that are joined to make a
room or a cell. An apartment is
made up of several cells.
Tunnel forms allow wallsand slabs to be cast in one day
through several phases to the structure. The programme and
the amount of floor area that can be poured in one day define
the phasing. The task to be done each day is defined by the 24-
Hour cycle. In the morning, the formwork is set up for the day's
pour. In the afternoon, the reinforcement and services are
installed, and concrete is poured. Concrete for walls and slabs
must be poured in one operation once reinforcing has been
installed. Early in the morning, the formwork is removed and
positioned for the next phase.
This formwork is manufacturedin
a completely automatedfacility in
France and there is no
manufacturing plant in India.
The assembly-line approach of the system to construction
provides developers and contractors with benefits relating to
the certainty of their site schedule, efficient time management
and an overall reduction in cost. This enables companies to
develop a better quality, monolithic structure that is more
acoustically and thermally efficient. The repetitive nature of
tunnel form tasks ensures high productivity, and optimum use
of labour and these are of considerable benefit to the project
manager.
-
CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY OF LHP-HTTPS://GHTC-
INDIA.GOV.IN/CONTENT/LHP-RAJKOT.HTML RAJKOT-
Climate Smart Buildings| LHP Rajkot | PMAY Urban

47. CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY – 24 HOUR CYCLE
The task to be done each day is defined
by the 24-Hour cycle. The overall
structure is divided into a numberof
more or less comparable construction
phases, each matching to aday's work, to
establish this cycle. The amount of labour
andequipment requiredis then
calculatedbasedon the magnitude of
these phases. Every day, the phasesare
similarto achieve optimal efficiency.
1. Stripping of the
formwork from previous
day
2. Positioning of the
formwork for the current
day's phase, with the
installation of mechanical,
electrical and plumbing
services
3. Installation of
reinforcement in walls
andslabs
4. Concreting andif
necessary, the heating
equipment
The implementation of 24-HourCycle shall be in
accordance with IS456:2000 – Code of practice
for plain and reinforced concrete. However, the
structuralengineer shall furnishdetails aboutthe
actualprocess of removalof formworkafter
casting of concrete
Climate Smart Buildings| LHP Rajkot | PMAY Urban

48. MONOLITHIC TUNNELFORMWORK TECHNOLOGY – LHP RAJKOT
Climate Smart Buildings| LHP Rajkot | PMAY Urban
Facilitating rapid construction
of multiple/ mass modular
units (similarunits).
Making structuredurablewith
low maintenancerequirement.
The precise finishing can be
ensured with no plastering
requirement.
The concretecan be designed to
use industrialby-productssuch
as Fly Ash, Ground granulated
blast furnace slag (GGBS),
Microsilica etc.resulting in
improved workability&
durability,whilealso
conserving naturalresource
Being Box type monolithic
structure,it is safe against
horizontal forces (earthquake,
cyclone etc.)
The large number of modular
units bring economy in
construction.
Special Features

49. WALLING MATERIAL CASE STUDIES, LIGHT HOUSE PROJECTS
Light House Project: Rajkot
Climate Smart Buildings| LHP Rajkot | PMAY Urban
• Monolithic Concrete Construction using tunnel
formwork
• S and 8 Floors
• Tunnel forms are room size formworks that
allow walls and floors to be caste in a single
pour

50. LHP- Indore-
Prefabricated Sandwich Panel System


51. PREFABRICATED SANDWICH PANEL SYSTEM – LHP INDORE
Climate Smart Buildings| LHP Rajkot | PMAY Urban
• Factory made PrefabricatedSandwich Panel System is made out of –
• cement or calcium silicate boards -- andcement mortarwith EPS granules balls, -and --- act as wall panels
• . These replace conventional brick &- mortar walling construction practices and
• -- can be used as load-bearing andnon-load bearing wallingfor residential and commercial buildings.
• -- For buildingshigher than single storey, the systemcan be used either with RCC or steel framedstructure.
• --- , houses are being constructed using Prefabricated Sandwich Panel System ---with Pre-Engineered SteelStructural System.
• -- EPS CementPanelsare manufacturedatthe factory in controlledcondition,-- which are then dispatched to the site.
• The panelshaving tongueand groove are joint together for construction of the building.
Being dry walling system,
brings speed in construction,
water conservation (no use of
water for curing of walling
components at site).
The sandwich panels have
light weight material as core
material, which brings
resource efficiency, better
thermal insulation, acoustics
& energy efficiency.
Being light in weight results
in lower dead load of
building & foundation size.
Special Features

52. WALLING MATERIAL CASE STUDIES, LIGHT HOUSE PROJECTS
Light House Project: Indore
Climate Smart Buildings| LHP Rajkot | PMAY Urban
• Prefabricated Sandwich Panel System
• S and 08 Floors
• Lightweight composite wall, floor, and
roof sandwich panels made of thin fiber
cement/calcium silicate board
• Face covered boards and the core
material is EPS granule balls

53. LHP- Chennai-
 Precast Concrete Construction System – Precast Components
Assembled at Site


54. PRECAST CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM – PRECAST COMPONENTS
ASSEMBELED AT SITE – LHP CHENNAI
, Precast concrete construction is a system
• where individual precast components such as walls,slabs,stairs, column, beam etc, of building are
• manufactured in plant or casting yard in controlledconditions
• . The finished components are then transported to site,erected& installed.
• Technology provides solution for lowrise to high rise buildings, especially for residential and commercial buildings.
The construction process comprises of manufacturing of precast concrete Columns, Beams and Slabs in steel moulds.
The reinforcement
cages are placed at the
required position in
the moulds.
Concrete is poured
and compaction of
concrete is done by
shutter/ needle
vibrator.
Casted components
are then moved to
stacking yard where
curing is done for
requited time and
then these
components are ready
for transportation and
erection at site.
These precast
components are
installed at site by
crane and assembled
through in-situ
jointing and/or
grouting etc.
Climate Smart Buildings| LHP Rajkot | PMAY Urban

55. Climate Smart Buildings| LHP Rajkot | PMAY Urban
Nearly all components of
building work are
manufacturedin plant/casting
yard & the jointing of
components is done In-situ
leading to reduction in
construction time.
The controlled factory
environment brings resource
optimization, improved
quality, precision & finish.
The concrete can be designed
industrial by-products suchas
Fly Ash, Groundgranulated
blastfurnace slag(GGBFS),
Micro silica etc. resulting in
improved workability &
durability, while also
conserving naturalresources.
Eliminates use of plaster.
Helps in keeping neat & clean
construction site anddust free
environment.
Optimum use of waterthrough
recycling.
Use of shuttering & scaffolding
materials is minimal.
All weather construction &
bettersite organization.
Special Features
PRECAST CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM – PRECAST COMPONENTS
ASSEMBELED AT SITE – LHP CHENNAI
Precast Concrete Construction System – Precast Components Assembeled at site
– LHP Chennai

56. WALLING MATERIAL CASE STUDIES, LIGHT HOUSE PROJECTS
Light House Project: Chennai
Climate Smart Buildings| LHP Rajkot | PMAY Urban
• Precast Concrete Construction System
and Precast component Assembly at the
site
• G and 05 Floors
• Precast dense reinforced cement concrete
hollow core columns, structural RCC
shear walls, T/L/Rectangular shaped
beams, stairs, floor/roof solid….
• AAC blocks are used for partition walls

58. LHP- Lucknow
 PVC Stay in Place Formwork System

59. WALLING MATERIAL CASE STUDIES, LIGHT HOUSE PROJECTS
Light House Project: Lucknow
Climate Smart Buildings| LHP Rajkot | PMAY Urban
• PVC Stay in Place Formwork System
• S and 13 Floors
• Rigid polyvinyl chloride (PVC) based formwork
system serves as a permanent stay-in-place durable
finished form-work for concrete walls
• The PVC extrusions consist of the substrate (inner)
and Modifier (outer). The two layers are co-
extruded during the manufacturing process to create
a solid profile.

60. 

61. LHP-Ranchi
 Ranchi,Jharkhand
Precast Concrete Construction System – 3D Volumetric
 PrecastConcreteConstructionSystem–3D Volumetric

62. Climate Smart Buildings | LHP Rajkot | PMAY Urban
Precast Concrete Construction System – 3D Volumetric – LHP Ranchi
An already established System for building construction in Europe, Singapore, Japan & Australia, this 3D Volumetric concrete construction is the
modern method of building by which solid precast concrete structural modules like room, toilet, kitchen, bathroom, stairs etc. & any combination of
these are cast monolithically in Plant or Casting yard in a controlled condition. These Modules are transported, erected & installed using cranes and
push-pull jacks and are integrated together in the form of complete building unit.
Subject to the hoisting capacity, building of any height can be constructed using the technology.
Sequential construction in the project here begins with keeping the designed foundation of the building ready, while
manufacturing of precast concrete structural modules are taking place at the factory.
•Factory finished
building
units/modules are
then installed at the
site with the help of
tower cranes.
•Gable end walls are
positioned to
terminate the sides of
building. Pre stressed
slabs are then
installed as flooring
elements.
•Rebar mesh is finally
placed for structural
screed thereby
connecting all the
elements together.
•Consecutive floors
are built in similar
manner to complete
the structure.
Construction Process

63. Climate Smart Buildings | LHP Rajkot | PMAY Urban
Precast Concrete Construction System – 3D Volumetric – LHP Ranchi
Special Features
•About 90% of the building work
including finishing is complete in
plant/casting yard leading to
significant reduction in
construction & occupancy time.
•The controlled factory
environment brings resource
optimization, improved quality,
precision & finish.
•With smooth surface it
eliminates use of plaster.
•The monolithic casting of walls
& floor of a building module
reduces the chances of leakage.
•The system has minimal
material wastage (saving in
material cost), helps in keeping
neat & clean construction site and
dust free environment.
•Use of Optimum quantity of
water through recycling.
•Use of shuttering & scaffolding
materials is minimal.
•All weather construction &
better site organization

64. WALLING MATERIAL CASE STUDIES, LIGHT HOUSE PROJECTS
Light House Project: Ranchi
Climate Smart Buildings| LHP Rajkot | PMAY Urban
• Pre-Cast Concrete Construction System – 3D
volumetric
• Ground and 8 Floors
• 90% pre-casted at the casting yard
• Use of Fly Ash Ground granulated blast furnace
slag (GGBS), micro silica.
• Minimal shutter and scaffolding

65. LHP-Agartala-Ranchi,Jharkhand
Light Gauge Steel Structural System & Pre-engineered Steel
Structural System

66. Climate Smart Buildings | LHP Rajkot | PMAY Urban
Light Gauge Steel Structural System & Pre – engineered Steel Structural System – LHP
Agartala
An already established System for building construction in Japan, Australia & North America; Light Gauge Steel Frame (LGSF) System uses factory
made galvanized light gauge steel components. The components/sections are produced by cold forming method and assembled as panels at site
forming structural steel framework up to G+3 building. LGSF is used in combination with pre-engineered steel structural system for buildings
above G+3 for longevity, speedier construction, strength and resource efficiency.
Under this Light House Project, houses are being constructed using Light Gauge Steel Frame System (LGSF) with Pre-Engineered Steel Structural
System.
Construction Process
The sequence of construction comprises of
foundation laying, fixing of Pre-
Engineered Steel Structural System, fixing
of tracks, fixing of wall panels with
bracings as required, fixing of floor panels,
decking sheet, fixing of electrical &
plumbing services and finally fixing of
concrete walling panels with light weight
concrete as infill.
The other options of dry walling
components such as sandwich panels with
insulation material in between can also be
used.
Similarly, the floors can either by
composite slab/deck slabs/precast hollow
core slabs as per the need & requirements.

67. Climate Smart Buildings | LHP Rajkot | PMAY Urban
Light Gauge Steel Structural System & Pre – engineered Steel Structural
System – LHP Agartala
•High strength to weight ratio.
Due to light weight, significant
reduction in design earthquake
forces is achieved. Making it
safer compared to other
structures.
•Fully integrated computerized
system with Centrally
Numerical Control (CNC)
machine primarily employed
for manufacturing of LGSF
sections provide very high
Precision & accuracy.
•Construction being very fast, a
typical four storied building
can be constructed within one
month.
•Structure being light, does not
require heavy foundation
•Structural element can be
transported to any place
including hilly areas to remote
places easily making it suitable
for far flung regions including
difficult terrains.
•Structure can be shifted from
one location to other without
wastage of materials.
•Steel used can be recycled
multiple times
•The system is very useful for
post disaster rehabilitation
work.
Special Features

68. WALLING MATERIAL CASE STUDIES, LIGHT HOUSE PROJECTS
Light House Project: Agartala
Climate Smart Buildings| LHP Rajkot | PMAY Urban
• Light Gauge Steel Framed Structure
with Infill Concrete Panels (LGSFS-
ICP)
• Ground and 06 Floors
• Weight of the LGSFS-ICP building is
about 20-30% lighter
• The LSG frames are manufactured
using numerically controlled roll
• forming machine using CAD design

70. Hudco - Building
Centres

71. • Building Centres developed by Hudco
• – for constructing affordable housing
• -- employment/ income generation at local levels. - Imparting Training
• -655 (577 Urban + 78 Rural) Building Centres approved -- 442 Building Centres functional
• - Trained --over 3,10,854 artisans
• -- promoted Cost effective- technologies
• - introduced technologies in ---production of building components/ construction of houses &
buildings
• - Saving cost savings from 15 to 40% over conventional costs.
--Rated Best Practices -Global 100 List 1998 of the UNCHS (HABITAT)
-- Centre promoted sustainable construction-
-- helping creation of micro enterprises.
-- Introduced;
-- Solid/Hollow concrete Blocks
-- Pavement tiles -- substituting bricks.
-- Ferro Cement,--FAL-G Products- Flyash-- lime –Gypsum products
--Wood Substitute Products
-- In southern states, --- ferro cement elements, FAL-G components,
-Micro –Concrete Roofing Tiles-
- RCC ---doors/window frames-- widely used in construction

72. MICRO –CONCRETE ROOFING
TILES

76.  Building Material
Technology
Promotion Council’
India-BMTPC

77.  Established 1990,
 -promotion of— cost-effective, environment-friendly & energy-efficient
 innovative building materials / construction technologies
 for housing in urban / rural areas / disaster resistant tech
 .-Taking technologies from lab to land.
 Using , mechanization, standardization, dissemination, capacity building /field level
application.
 . introduced building materials / technologies
 –using agro-industrial wastes
 --flyash based bricks/blocks,
 -- cellular light weight concrete,
 -- bamboo based materials, bagasse boards etc.
 -- Partial pre-fabrication / pre-fabricated components,
 -- Constructed demonstration houses .-- Increased productivity /quality,
 --- developed easy-to-operate simple machines, used in construction

84. Using Local
Material In Natural
Form

86.  Cost-effectiveness -- Adopting design solutions providing for optimum utilization of space
 ; row housing -- to minimize area under walls;
 common walls-- between adjoining houses to economize on space and cost;
 using bricks, locally available ;using modular system of optimum grid of 8’-3”;
 using walls as structural elements to support roof;
 using Pre-cast battens and tiles for roof
 clubbing services within house /adjoining houses
 ; extensively using brick jallis for perforation
 minimizing size of openings--- -to economize on cost of wood and glass;
 using standard battened doors with cross braces;
 bringing large area under exposed brick work to minimize maintenance;
 variety achieved through recessed entry, small square windows, projecting structural walls, exposed roof battens
 Pre-cast gargoyles for draining rain water-- instead of cast iron rain water pipes;
 maximum height of room placed at 9’-6”;
 using simple floors -- made of plain cement;
 maintaining high quality of construction-- using quality bricks ;
 minimizing -- use of steel ,concrete and shuttering.
 Adopting a clustering approach in layout plan

91.  With millions of homeless families,
 “Cost Efficiency” of housing important
 Money available used in an optimum manner
 Money used -ONLY for essentials, -- none for fancy frills!;
 MATERIALS to be used – LOCALLY AVAILABLE?
 Keep CLIENT in mind.-- should be able to house
 --for accommodating comfortably all dependents?
 Ability to extend house-- when, family grows up /earn money?
 Make house STRONG / SECURE?
 Extending House- with sheds /verandah for home occupations,
 -- carpentry or weaving etc?
 Plan must allow for local cultural/religious ways of living?
 Making available Water and sanitation / accessibility

95. Rat Trap Bond-
Masonry

96.  Rat trap bond--Architect Laurie Baker introduced --in Kerala in 1970s
 -- brick masonry method of wall construction, in which;
 -- bricks placed in vertical position
 - instead of conventional horizontal position
 -- creating a cavity (hollow space) within wall. -- used extensively
 -- lower construction cost,
 -- reduces material
 -- provide better thermal efficiency
 --than conventional masonry wall
 --without compromising
 - with strength of wall

97.  -Bricks placed in vertical position,
 - 110 mm face seen from front elevation, instead of 75mm face
 (considering brick of standard size 230 X 110 X 75 mm).
 - width of wall remains 230mm,
 -- internal cavity created.
 -- Saving Apprx 30% Material (brick and mortar)
 --Cavity--Reduces cost of construction
 -- Cavity provides- effective thermal/sound insulation
 --making rat trap bond-- energy /cost efficient building technology
 - resulting in cooler interiors during summer / warmer interiors during winter
 All vertical / horizontal reinforced bands/ lintels (for standard size openings),
 -- electrical conduits hidden inside wall,
 -- better aesthetic appearance without plastering (exposed brickwork)

98.  Things to consider while using rat trap bond
 Good Quality Bricks used
 with consistent size /straight edges
 First layer (bottom) / last layer (top) of wall—
 should be solid (without cavity).
 Layer at sill / lintel levels of opening /
 sides of opening to be solid (without cavity) for fixing frames.
 Reinforcement bars put in vertical cavities at corners / around openings
 --to improve earthquake resistance. -- Reinforcement bars can be put in horizontally
 --to make lintels / improve earthquake resistance.
 Electrical conduits /plumbing pipes, with prior planning, --can be put inside cavity for better aesthetics.

100.  A thin walled composite concrete with a uniform distribution of reinforcement of chicken wire
mesh and weld mesh, encapsulated in a rich cement mortar
 Drastic reduction in section thickness & reinforcement; by using an arch Geometry

101.  A thin walled composite concrete with a uniform distribution of reinforcement of chicken wire
mesh and weld mesh, encapsulated in a rich cement mortar
 Drastic reduction in section thickness & reinforcement; by using an arch Geometry

102. FERRO-CEMENT
Ferrocement-- a construction material consisting of;
-- wire meshes / cement mortar.
 - Large Applications in construction due to
-- low self weight,
-- low-skilled workers/ framework etc.
developed by P.L.Nervi,-- an Italian architect in 1940
. Quality of ferrocement works – assured
-- because components manufactured on machinery set up
-- execution time at work site is less.
-- Cost of maintenance is low. .
• Strength depends on two factors-- quality of sand/cement mortar mix and
quantity of reinforcing materials used.

103. FERROCEMENT-ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES
• Advantages
• Basic raw materials readily available.;
• Fabrication into any desired shape.
• Low skilled labour required.
• Ease of construction, low weight and long lifetime.
• Low construction material cost.
• Better resistance against earthquake.
• Disadvantages-- Structures punctured by collision with pointed objects.
• Corrosion reinforcing materials-- incomplete coverage of metal by mortar.
 Difficult to fasten to Ferrocement with bolts, screws, welding and nail etc.
 Process of Ferrocement Construction--Fabricating skeletal framing
system. Applying rods/meshes. Plastering Curing
 Applications of Ferrocements in Construction--Housing Marine
Agricultural ,Rural Energy ,Anticorrosive Membrane Treatment.

104. Construction of Ferro-cement
Columns and Slabs

113. Hollow blocks allow ;
- Adoption of thinner walls
- Increased floor space,
- Air space of -- 25% block’s
total area,
- Saves material.
- Lightweight
- - Less self-load of building-
--- Use less material for
jointing
- - Withstand earthquake
better
- - Easy to install
- -- Since blocks are
precast,
-- surface is smoother
-- requires less plastering
material.

114. i. Strength at par with hard wood--- Bamboo extremely strong
natural fibre, on par with hardwoods-- when cultivated, harvested,
prepared and stored properly
-- Bamboo, like true wood, is a natural composite material with a
high strength-to-weight ratio useful for structures.
--Bamboo has higher compressive strength than wood, brick or
concrete and a tensile strength that rivals steel
 ii High Flexibility - Bamboo highly flexible--during growth trained
to grow in unconventional shapes.
-- After harvest, may be bent /utilized in archways / curved areas.
iii. Earthquake-resistance - Great capacity for shock absorption, --
makes it useful in earthquake- prone areas.
iv. Lightweight - Bamboo extremely lightweight.
 -- Building with bamboo can be accomplished faster with simple
tools than building with other materials.
-Cranes /other heavy machinery rarely required.
 v. Cost-effective – Economical--- especially in areas where
cultivated/ readily available.
 --Transporting cost also much lesser.
 -- Helps achieve cost effective construction.

115. vi. vi. Durable - Long-lasting --as its wooden correlates, when properly
harvested and maintained.
 ·vii. Fast Growing--Bamboo fast growing species / renewable resource
which can be cultivated in most types of soil. ·
 viii. Simple designing- Designs of Bamboo components being simple,
there is no need of highly skilled labour.
 ·ix Reducing use of wood-- Dependency on natural forests for wood
reduced thus contributing to the protection of the environment.
 ·x Eco- friendly-- As it can grow in many types of soil, bamboo
cultivation is suitable for rehabilitation of degraded forests and other
waste lands thus converting them into fertile lands to some extent.
 xi Promoting Employment– Creating employment opportunities
especially for rural people --as Bamboo manually woven before making
them into Bamboo Mat / Boards, Bamboo Mat Veneer Composites and
Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets.
 ·xii Promoting Welfare of society/poor- Promotes overall welfare of the
society, particularly of economically weaker section.
 xiii Reducing GLOBAL warming- Captures 17 mts CO2 per hectare
per year- more than any specie
 xiv Improves indoor air Quality- By removing carbon and adding
oxygen when used as Indoor plant

118.  Reduced Embodied Energy: using Fly ash- lime-
Gypsum bricks-- 40% reduction in embodied energy of
masonry.
 • Environment Friendly: Fly ash brick uses unfired
Fly Ash technology -- CO2 emissions in
manufacturing process limited..
 • Excellent Thermal Insulation: The buildings using
fly ash bricks -- cool in summers and warm in winters.
 • Fire Resistance: very high-- as these bricks
composed of fly ash as its major constituents, which is
un-burnt residue of the coal fired in a thermal power
plant.
 • No Efflorescence: Fly ash bricks resist salt and other
sulphate attack, ensuring no efflorescence in
structure.

120. In rural Nigeria, a few creative visionaries have
created something called bottle brick technology that
allows them to build strong structures using water
bottles and soil.