An essential aspect of the immune response is the ability to recognize almost limitless numbers of foreign cells and nonself substances, distinguishing them from self molecules that are native to the body – it distinguishes self from nonself.
L1 The_Immune_Response immune system is clearly essential for survival. .pptwalealufa
It also detects and responds to abnormal cells and molecules that periodically develop in the body so that diseases such as cancers do not occur.
An essential aspect of the immune response is the ability to recognize almost limitless numbers of foreign cells and nonself substances, distinguishing them from self molecules that are native to the body – it distinguishes self from nonself.
An essential aspect of the immune response is the ability to recognize almost limitless numbers of foreign cells and nonself substances, distinguishing them from self molecules that are native to the body – it distinguishes self from nonself.
L1 The_Immune_Response immune system is clearly essential for survival. .pptwalealufa
It also detects and responds to abnormal cells and molecules that periodically develop in the body so that diseases such as cancers do not occur.
An essential aspect of the immune response is the ability to recognize almost limitless numbers of foreign cells and nonself substances, distinguishing them from self molecules that are native to the body – it distinguishes self from nonself.
Immune System Cells are of various types. However, they are divided .pdfannikasarees
Immune System Cells are of various types. However, they are divided mainly into two types
based on their type of response-
Cells of the Innate/ Non-Specific Immune System- These are the cells which have the natural or
inborn capacity of defence. They defend the host from infection by any foreign organisms, but
their effect is not long lasting.
These mainly comprise of: Natural killer cells, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, macrophages,
neutrophils, and dendritic cells, and function within the immune system by identifying and
eliminating pathogens that might cause infection.Mast cells act by rapidly releasing characteristic
granules, rich in histamine and heparin, along with various hormonal mediators and chemokines,
or chemotactic cytokines into the environment. Histamine dilates blood vessels, causing the
characteristic signs of inflammation.Eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils kill foreign cells by
releasing toxic substances which are present in their granules like hydrogen peroxide and free
oxygen radicals. Macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells act by phagocytosis. This is a
process by which the foreign body is engulfed by the immune cell and then kill it by releasing
granules or respiratory burst.
Cells of the Adaptive Immune System- These are the cells which response to a specific antigen
containing foriegn body. These antigens specifically react to initiate the Adaptive immunity.
Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific
pathogen, and leads to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that pathogen. This
process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. Cells of the Adaptive Immune
Systemmainly comprises of the B-lymphocytes and the T-.lymphocytes. B-lymphocytes bear
certain receptors on their surface called antibodies, for which the anigen has sequences called
epitopes, due to which specific binding with the antibody occurs. This antigen-antibody binding
results in precipitation or some other form of degradation and thus,the foreign substance is
eliminated out of the host\'s body.
T-lymphocytes are of two types. Cytotoxic T cells (also known as TC, killer T cell, or cytotoxic
T-lymphocyte (CTL)) are a sub-group of T cells that induce the death of cells that are infected
with viruses (and other pathogens), or are otherwise damaged or dysfunctional. These could be
by release of cytotoxic granules or by Fas mediated killing. Another, group of T-Lymphocytes
called T-helper cells help in activating the cytotoxic cells. They help in presenting the antigen to
the adaptive immune system and releases cytokines that increases the activity of the adaptive
immune system
Solution
Immune System Cells are of various types. However, they are divided mainly into two types
based on their type of response-
Cells of the Innate/ Non-Specific Immune System- These are the cells which have the natural or
inborn capacity of defence. They defend the host from infection by any foreign organis.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Immune System Cells are of various types. However, they are divided .pdfannikasarees
Immune System Cells are of various types. However, they are divided mainly into two types
based on their type of response-
Cells of the Innate/ Non-Specific Immune System- These are the cells which have the natural or
inborn capacity of defence. They defend the host from infection by any foreign organisms, but
their effect is not long lasting.
These mainly comprise of: Natural killer cells, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, macrophages,
neutrophils, and dendritic cells, and function within the immune system by identifying and
eliminating pathogens that might cause infection.Mast cells act by rapidly releasing characteristic
granules, rich in histamine and heparin, along with various hormonal mediators and chemokines,
or chemotactic cytokines into the environment. Histamine dilates blood vessels, causing the
characteristic signs of inflammation.Eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils kill foreign cells by
releasing toxic substances which are present in their granules like hydrogen peroxide and free
oxygen radicals. Macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells act by phagocytosis. This is a
process by which the foreign body is engulfed by the immune cell and then kill it by releasing
granules or respiratory burst.
Cells of the Adaptive Immune System- These are the cells which response to a specific antigen
containing foriegn body. These antigens specifically react to initiate the Adaptive immunity.
Adaptive immunity creates immunological memory after an initial response to a specific
pathogen, and leads to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters with that pathogen. This
process of acquired immunity is the basis of vaccination. Cells of the Adaptive Immune
Systemmainly comprises of the B-lymphocytes and the T-.lymphocytes. B-lymphocytes bear
certain receptors on their surface called antibodies, for which the anigen has sequences called
epitopes, due to which specific binding with the antibody occurs. This antigen-antibody binding
results in precipitation or some other form of degradation and thus,the foreign substance is
eliminated out of the host\'s body.
T-lymphocytes are of two types. Cytotoxic T cells (also known as TC, killer T cell, or cytotoxic
T-lymphocyte (CTL)) are a sub-group of T cells that induce the death of cells that are infected
with viruses (and other pathogens), or are otherwise damaged or dysfunctional. These could be
by release of cytotoxic granules or by Fas mediated killing. Another, group of T-Lymphocytes
called T-helper cells help in activating the cytotoxic cells. They help in presenting the antigen to
the adaptive immune system and releases cytokines that increases the activity of the adaptive
immune system
Solution
Immune System Cells are of various types. However, they are divided mainly into two types
based on their type of response-
Cells of the Innate/ Non-Specific Immune System- These are the cells which have the natural or
inborn capacity of defence. They defend the host from infection by any foreign organis.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
2. Objectives
At the end of this presentation, students will
Know about different level of immunity
The Mechanism of immunity
Know about inflammatory response
Know about different Cells of immune system
Know about Proteins that helps in immunity
4. Levels of Immune System
When a pathogen or any antigen try to enter into the
body, it is resist with different mechanism at different
levels and of immunity
Basically there are three Levels of immunity which
encounter the pathogen
5. First Line Defense/Innate immunity
The body's first line of defense against pathogens
uses mostly physical and chemical barriers. Such
barrier includes:
Skin – acts as a barrier to invasion
Sweat – has chemicals which can kill different
pathogens.
6. First Line Defense/Innate immunity
Tears - have lysozyme which has powerful
digestive abilities that render antigens harmless.
Saliva – also has lysozyme.
Mucus - can trap pathogens, which are then
sneezed, coughed, washed away, or destroyed by
chemicals.
Stomach Acid – destroys pathogens
7. Second-Line Defenses
If a pathogen is able to get past the body's first line of
defense, and an infection starts, the body can rely on
it's second line of defense. This will result in a
process is called
Inflammatory response (inflammation )
8. Inflammatory Response
Inflammatory response is a protective
attempt by the organism to remove the
injurious stimuli and to initiate the healing
process.
It is part of the complex biological response
of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, such as
pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants.
9. Inflammatory response
Inflammatory response causes
Redness - due to capillary dilation resulting in
increased blood flow
Heat - due to capillary dilation resulting in increased
blood flow
Swelling – due to passage of plasma from the blood
stream into the damaged tissue
Pain – due mainly to tissue destruction and, to a
lesser extent, swelling.
10.
11. Third-Line Defenses
Sometimes the second line of defense is still not
enough and the pathogen is then heading for the
body's last line of defense, the immune system.
The immune system recognizes, attacks, destroys,
and remembers each pathogen that enters the
body. It does this by making specialized cells
and antibodies that render the pathogens
harmless.
12. Third-Line Defenses
Unlike the first line and second line
defense the immune system differentiates
among pathogens.
For each type of pathogen, the immune
system produces cells that are specific for
that particular pathogen therefore also
called Specific Immunity.
16. Monocytes/Macrophages
The monocytes are larger WBCs about 10 to 18
um in diameter (enlarge 5 to 10 times more
when encounter with pathogen)
They represent 5-8% of WBCs
Monocytes have a horse shoe shape nucleus
and contain azurophilic granules and have got
well developed Golgi complexes and
lysosomes.
17. Monocytes/Macrophages
Phagocytic macrophages are present in many
organs and are named according to there position
e.g. liver macrophages are also called Kuffer cells
& brain cells are also called Macroglial cells.
They are long lived months to years
Monocytes / Macrophages actively phagocytise
organisms
There main role is to remove the antigens from
the body
19. Neutrophils
The most numerous cells of Immune system are
the neutrophils also called PMNs (Polymorphs),
constitute the majority of leukocytes in the blood
i.e. about 60 – 70 %
They have characteristic multi lobed nucleus and
are 10 – 20 um in diameter.
Large numbers are released during infections
Short lived – die after digesting bacteria
20. Neutrophils
Like monocytes they adhere to endothelial cell lining
of the blood vessels and move toward tissues by
squeezing between the endothelial cells to leave the
circulation.
This process is known as diapedesis. This process is
promoted by chemo attractants such as chemokines.
They are Patrol tissues as they squeeze out of the
capillaries.
Dead neutrophils make up a large proportion of puss.
There main role is phagocytosis .
21. Eosinophils
Eosinophils comprise 2 – 5 % of the blood
leukocytes in a healthy non allergic person
Eosinophils have a bi lobed nucleus with many
cytoplasmic granules that stain with acidic dye
e.g. eosin
There are many hydrolytic enzymes present in
the granules responsible for the anti- helminthic
activity.
22. Eosinophils
Eosinophils also release histaminase and aryl
sulphatase which inactivate the mast call
products e.g histamine.
The effect of eosinophils thus dampen down
the effect of inflammatory response.
This type of action these cells can only make
and only against large pathogens which cannot
be phagocytosed e.g parasitic worms
24. Basophils
Basophils are found in a small number in the
circulation, about less than 0.2 % of leukocytes
Basophils have membrane bounded granules.
These granules in both basophils or mast cells
contain
Heparin
Leukoterins
histamine etc.
The stimulus for these cells is an allergen – an antigen
causing allergic reaction.
27. Lymphocytes
Responsible for the specific immune response.
They are agranulocytes
Represent 20-40% of circulating WBC in blood
Further sub divided into T lymphocytes and B
lymphocytes
Once stimulated with antigen enlarges 15µm into
a blast cell.
28. T Lymphocytes
These cells are mature In thymus gland therefore
called T- lymphocytes.
T-cells play major role in cell immediate
immunity.
T-cells further divided in
Killer T-cells
Helper T-cells
Memory T-cells
29. Killer T Cells
Killer T Cells recognize surface markers on other
cells labeled for destruction.
Killer T Cells help to keep virus-infected or
malignant cells in check.
31. Helper T cells
Helper T cells are the sub group of T
Lymphocytes.
These cells have no cytotoxic or phagocytic
activity.
Helper T cells activate and direct other immune
cells and helps in maximizing bactericidal activity
of phagocytes
32. Memory T-cells
Memory T-cells are derived from normal T-cells
Memory T cells have learned how to overcome an
invader by ‘remembering’ the strategy used to defeat
previous infections.
The memory cells are long-lived cells
33. B Lymphocytes
These cells are mature in bone marrow then circulate
in blood and lymph.
They produce antibodies against antigen, play major
role in Humeral immunity
There are more than 10 million different B-
lymphocytes, each of which make a different
antibody.
The B- cells which produce antibodies are called
plasma cells.
