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Chapter 1 restless earth

The document provides information about earth science and plate tectonics. It begins with a starter asking students where earthquakes and volcanoes occur and why. It then defines key terms like continental crust, oceanic crust, and magma. It explains the four types of plate boundaries - constructive, destructive, conservative, and conservative/transform. At constructive boundaries, plates move apart and volcanoes form as magma rises. Destructive boundaries see one plate subducting under another, causing earthquakes and volcanoes. Conservative boundaries see plates sliding past each other, resulting in earthquakes.

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Mr. Walsh - @Examrevision4u
Mr. Walsh - @Examrevision4u
Unit 1 Unit Content: Restless Earth Assessment: Junior Cert Mr. Walsh - @Examrevision4u
Cht Cht Content: Restless Earth Assessment: Junior Cert 1 Mr. Walsh - @Examrevision4u
Restless EarthHeading: Sunday, January 24, 2016Date: Lesson Objectives: 1 C ht Lesson 002
Inside the Earth! Learning Objectives: 1.To know that the earth is made from layers and be able to describe each of them. 2.To use creative writing and geographical vocab to describe a journey to the centre of the earth CW Sunday, January 24, 2016
Facts about earth 1. More than 7 billion live on earth. 2. 2/3 of the earths surface is water. 3. 1/8 of the earths surface is deserts. 4. 1/10 of the earths surface is mountains. 5. ¼ of the earths surface is forests.
Imagine you were taking a journey to the centre of the earth....... What would you come across? Journey to the centre of the earth! www.virginvolcanic.com Only 500 people have been to space, only three people have been to the bottom of the ocean, but no one has ever attempted to journey to the core of an active volcano. Until now!!!
What’s the connection?
What’s the connection?
Crust Mantle Outer Core Inner Core This is the layer we live on! This is the hottest layer. It is solid This layer is liquid and made of iron and nickel. This is the largest layer. My rock is called magma. 10-60km thick The temperature here is around 5500 ˚C The exact thickness of the varies- it is thinner where there are oceans, and thicker where there are mountains Task: 1.Shade in the four earth layer boxes below different colours. 2.Draw lines from these 4 boxes to the correct place on the earth. 3.Using the information page, shade in the remaining boxes on the left so they match the correct layer of the earth. Challenge: If nothing has ever been to the centre of the earth – how do we know what its like?
Crust Mantle Outer Core Inner Core This is the layer we live on! This is the hottest layer. It is solid This layer is liquid and made of iron and nickel. This is the largest layer. My rock is called magma. 10-60km thick The temperature here is around 5000 ˚C The exact thickness of the varies- it is thinner where there are oceans, and thicker where there are mountains Task: 1.Shade in the four earth layer boxes below different colours. 2.Draw lines from these 4 boxes to the correct place on the earth. 3.Using the information page, shade in the remaining boxes on the left so they match the correct layer of the earth. Challenge: If nothing has ever been to the centre of the earth – how do we know what its like?
Where am I? Red: Inner Core Orange: Crust Green: Mantle
Where am I? Inner Core Outer Core Mantle I am mainly iron, mixed with a little nickel. I am a solid ball
Where am I? Inner Core Mantle Outer Core I consist of iron and nickel. I am a liquid
Where am I? Inner Core Mantle Crust I am the thickest layer, forming about half of the earth My rock is in a molten state.
How did the layers form? • Some time after the earth formed, it got so hot that everything inside melted! • What do you think happened to the heavier substances? – The heavier substances such as iron and nickel in the liquid sank. • What happened to the lighter substances? • They rose to the surface Convection Currents form when heat from the core creates waves or currents that pass through the mantle
Outcome Check! A – You can use a wide range of evidence to explain why each layer of the earth changes. B – you can describe the differences between each layer of the earth and start to explain the differences. Imagine you won a seat on the ‘Virgin Volcanic’ for a journey from the surface of the Earth all the way to the centre. Write a storyboard to describe and explain what you see. Describe what each layer looks like (C) Explain how each layer is different (B) Explain why the layers are different (A) You will need to use the information you have collected this lesson and the word mat Quick Check! Explain means....? Quick Check! Explain means....?Use your Textbook page 3
WORD MAT ESSENTIAL WORDS Crust Mantle Outer Core Inner Core GEO WORDS Km Iron Solid Earth Nickel Liquid Hottest Temperature Imagine you won a seat on the ‘Virgin Volcanic’ for a journey from the surface of the Earth all the way to the centre. Write a storyboard to describe and explain what you see. Describe what each layer looks like (L4) Explain how each layer is different (L5) Explain why the layers are different (L6) ADJECTIVES Dangerous Hazardous Hottest Risky Dark Light Sweltering Bubbles Shaking Loud Exciting Mesmerising Unique Floating Thrilling Vast Challenge Words Convection Current Gravitational Pull
AFL Feedback Sheet – Journey to the Centre of the Earth Ticks mean you have done this well Ts mean this is your target to improve.  D – Use key terms such as crust, mantle, outer core, inner core.  C – Use descriptive terminology (e.g. solid, liquid) to describe each layer.  B - Explain the differences in the layers, e.g. “The inner core is made of very dense material, this is because it sank when the earth was created as it was heavy.”  A – Use evidence e.g. “The crust is only 8-65km thick.”  What adaptations would your vehicle require to ensure you survive this journey? Check spelling of ........................ is correct.  Make sure all sentences start with a capital letter. Correct this. Key words do not begin with a capital e.g. mantle, biome, ecosystem and desert. Correct this. The journey to the centre of the _______ started with great excitement. We started on the outer layer which we live on, called the C_____. This layer is thin, at about _______km in thickness.
What level am I? We started our journey in to the boiled egg by cracking in to the shell. The shell was thin (1mm thick) but brittle. Once in, the giant drill we were in, burrowed down in to the egg white. This was the thickest layer (10mm). The drill swayed side to side and it started to get warm. We approached the outer yoke and we started to slow down. Light came rushing through the windows so we knew we were close. The yoke was dense and difficult to get through….. We started our journey in to the boiled egg by cracking in to the shell. The shell was thin but brittle. Once in, the giant drill we were in, burrowed down in to the egg white. This was the thickest layer. The drill swayed side to side and it started to get warm. We approached the outer yoke and we started to slow down. Light came rushing through the windows so we knew we were close. We started our journey in to the boiled egg by cracking in to the shell. The shell was thin (1mm thick) but brittle in order to protect the inside. Once in, the giant drill we were in, burrowed down in to the egg white. This was the thickest layer (10mm). We approached the outer yoke and we started to slow down. Light came rushing through the windows so we knew we were close. The yoke was dense, made of heavy matter as it had sunk to the middle of the egg.
Journey to the Centre of the Earth! L4 - Describe what each layer looks like. L5 - Explain how each layer is different. L6 - Explain why the layers are different.
The journey to the centre of the _______ started with great excitement. We started on the outer layer which we live on, called the C_____. This layer is thin, at about _______km in thickness. We passed through concrete, then soil and passed water pipes. The next layer is called the _________. This layer is much softer and we could easily float down. This was the __________ layer at about 2900km! Soon we saw the bright light of the outer _______. This layer is made up of mainly ______ mixed with nickel. Finally we made it to the _________ core. This was truly the centre of the Earth! What a journey. Journey to the Centre of the Earth Missing words: Core Iron Inner Thickest Mantle Crust 8-65 Earth
Self/Peer Assess • Count up how many points you have from the word mat. – Bold key words = 2 points – Other key words = 1 point • Pass your work to your partner, what level did they give you?  Level 4 = Describe what each layer looks like.  Level 5 = Explain how each layer is different.  Level 6 = Explain why the layers are different.
Where and why do we get earthquakes and volcanoes? Learning objectives: To know where earthquakes and volcanoes occur. To know 4 plate boundaries. Sunday, January 24, 2016 What are these school children doing? What has this to do with plate tectonics? September 1st National Earthquake Drill Day, JapanSeptember 1st National Earthquake Drill Day, Japan
Starter – where do we get earthquakes and volcanoes? Why? = volcano = earthquakes
To complete the next task, we need to check some key words. Continental crust Hot molten rock from the mantle that reaches the surface. Oceanic crust The thick crust which has land on it. 25 – 70 km thick. It is less dense. Magma The thin crust under the oceans. It is thin but dense (heavy). CHALLENGE: What would happen if a continental plate and an oceanic plate collided? CHALLENGE: What would happen if a continental plate and an oceanic plate collided?
Explain the causes of earthquakes and volcanoes Explain the causes of earthquakes and volcanoes Independent Enquirers Using your book complete the following worksheet. EXT – Hot spots (you can use your internet for this only!!) 10 minutes10 minutes
At a constructive plate boundary, two plates move apart. As the two plates move apart, magma rises up to fill the gap. This causes volcanoes. However, since the magma can escape easily at the surface the volcano does not erupt with much force. Small earthquakes are also found at constructive boundaries. An example of a constructive boundary is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (this is between Africa and South America, at the bottom of the ocean). Constructive Plate Boundary
A destructive plate boundary is found where a continental plate meets an oceanic plate. The oceanic plate descends under the continental plate because it is denser. As the plate descends it starts to melt due to the friction caused by the movement between the plates. This melted plate is now hot, liquid rock (magma). The magma rises through the gaps in the continental plate. If it reaches the surface, the liquid rock forms a volcano. An example is the Philippines, which suffers lots of earthquakes and volcanoes Destructive Plate Boundary
Conservative plate boundaries exist where two plates do not directly collide but slide past each other along a fault (weakness). No volcanoes are found along these plate boundaries, but earthquakes do occur. An example of such a boundary is the San Andreas Fault in California. Conservative Plate Boundary
EXTENSION: Hot Spots A hotspot is a region of high volcanic activity that is not located on a tectonic plate boundary. About 30 km below the surface of the Earth is the mantle, a region where temperatures can reach thousands of degrees Celsius. But that’s under the continents. Underneath the oceans, the mantle is only 10 km down or less. Molten rock can seep out of the mantle and form vast magma chambers beneath the Earth’s crust. This magma finds its way to the surface, creating volcanoes. The magma comes from a plume. As the plates move over the plume, a chain of volcanoes forms. Plate movements
Times up Green pen improvements
At a constructive plate boundary, two plates move apart. As the two plates move apart, magma rises up to fill the gap. This causes volcanoes. However, since the magma can escape easily at the surface the volcano does not erupt with much force. Earthquakes are also found at constructive boundaries. An example of a constructive boundary is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. (this is between South America and Africa) 1) Constructive Plate Boundary GREEN PEN IMPROVEMENTSGREEN PEN IMPROVEMENTS
A destructive plate boundary is found where a continental plate meets an oceanic plate. The oceanic plate descends under the continental plate because it is denser. As the plate descends it starts to melt due to the friction caused by the movement between the plates. This melted plate is now hot, liquid rock (magma). The magma rises through the gaps in the continental plate. If it reaches the surface, the liquid rock forms a volcano. 2) Destructive Plate Boundary GREEN PEN IMPROVEMENTSGREEN PEN IMPROVEMENTS
Conservative plate boundaries exist where two plates do not directly collide but slide past each other along a fault (weakness). No volcanoes are found along these plate boundaries, but earthquakes do occur. An example of such a boundary is the San Andreas Fault in California. 3) Conservative Plate Boundary GREEN PEN IMPROVEMENTSGREEN PEN IMPROVEMENTS
Hot Spots A hotspot is a region of high volcanic activity that is not located on a tectonic plate boundary. About 30 km below the surface of the Earth is the mantle, a region where temperatures can reach thousands of degrees Celsius. But that’s under the continents. Underneath the oceans, the mantle is only 10 km down or less. Molten rock can seep out of the mantle and form vast magma chambers beneath the Earth’s crust. This magma finds its way to the surface, creating volcanoes. The magma comes from a plume. As the plates move over the plume, a chain of volcanoes forms. Plate movements GREEN PEN IMPROVEMENTSGREEN PEN IMPROVEMENTS
Quick Check! When 2 plates move apart it is called a ...? Which plate boundary have earthquakes but no volcanoes? A plate boundary is... The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of ...? Where the edge of 2 plates meet Where land ends and you can’t go any further Destructive boundary Constructive boundary Destructive Conservative New land created at a constructive plate boundary 2 plates colliding
Exam style question Explain why destructive plate boundaries have both earthquakes and volcanoes Key Words Continental Oceanic Heavy Light Sinks Subduction Friction Earthquakes Magma Pressure Volcano Oceanic crust mantle continental crust Magma rising 7 mins Friction causes earthquakes ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ................................................ How many key words have been used: To improve I could:
Exam style question Explain why destructive plate boundaries have both earthquakes and volcanoes Key Words Continental Oceanic Heavy Light Sinks Subduction Friction Earthquakes Magma Pressure Volcano Oceanic crust mantle continental crust Magma rising 7 mins Friction causes earthquakes At destructive plates boundaries earthquakes occur because ............................................................................. .. ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ............. Volcanoes happen here because ........................................ ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ...................... How many key words have been used: To improve I could:
AFL Feedback Sheet Ticks mean you have done this well Ts mean this is your target to improve. Level 4 I have described where volcanoes occur Level 5 I have explained why volcanoes occur at destructive plate boundaries using 5 key words Level 6 I have explained why volcanoes occur at destructive plate boundaries using linked explanations and all key words Level 7 I have used a named example of a volcano/earthquake in my answer. I have named the plates and dates of the eruptions/vibrations Quality of written communication Check spelling of ........................ is correct. There may be an SP shows where this is an issue.  Correct punctuation error/ avoid this in future see P  Make sure all place names and sentences start with a capital letter, e.g. The Amazon, Sahara, Brazil, Harrow. Correct this, there may be a C to help you locate this. FS = write Peer AssessmentPeer Assessment Homework: Complete your targets to improve your level Green Pen to show improvements Homework: Complete your targets to improve your level Green Pen to show improvements
AFL Feedback Sheet Ticks mean you have done this well Ts mean this is your target to improve. Level 4 I have described where volcanoes occur Level 5 I have explained why volcanoes occur at destructive plate boundaries using 5 key words Level 6 I have explained why volcanoes occur at destructive plate boundaries using linked explanations and all key words Level 7 I have used a named example of a volcano/ earthquake in my answer. I have named the plates and dates of the eruptions/vibrations Quality of written communication Check spelling of ........................ is correct. There may be an SP shows where this is an issue.  Correct punctuation error/ avoid this in future see P  Make sure all place names and sentences start with a capital letter, e.g. The Amazon, Sahara, Brazil, Harrow. Correct this, there may be a C to help you locate this. FS = write AFL Feedback Sheet Ticks mean you have done this well Ts mean this is your target to improve. Level 4 I have described where volcanoes occur Level 5 I have explained why volcanoes occur at destructive plate boundaries using 5 key words Level 6 I have explained why volcanoes occur at destructive plate boundaries using linked explanations and all key words Level 7 I have used a named example of a volcano/ earthquake in my answer. I have named the plates and dates of the eruptions/vibrations Quality of written communication Check spelling of ........................ is correct. There may be an SP shows where this is an issue.  Correct punctuation error/ avoid this in future see P  Make sure all place names and sentences start with a capital letter, e.g. The Amazon, Sahara, Brazil, Harrow. Correct this, there may be a C to help you locate this. FS = write
The Earth’s Solar SystemHeading: Sunday, January 24, 2016Date: Lesson Objectives: 1 C ht Lesson 002
The Earth 1. Learn about the solar system. 2. Recall the 8 planets in our solar system. Starter: How many planets can you name in our solar system?
Notes • The solar system is made up of the sun, 8 planets and their moons. • Inner planets: close to the sun, solid sphers- Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars. • Outer planets: gaseaus spheres with rings- Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. • Since 2006 pluto is a dwarf planet. • Learn: My very energetic mother just served us nuggets.
Distance From The Sun 57,900,000 km Diameter 4879 km Temperature 167o C Length of Day 59 Earth days Length of Year 88 Earth days
Distance From The Sun 108,000,000 km Diameter 12,104 km Temperature 464o C Length of Day 243 Earth days Length of Year 224.7 Earth days
Distance From The Sun 149,600,000 km Diameter 12,756 km Temperature 15o C Length of Day 24 hours Length of Year 365.25 days
Distance From The Sun 227,900,000 km Diameter 6792 km Temperature -65o C Length of Day 24.7 hours Length of Year 687 Earth days
Distance From The Sun 778,600,000 km Diameter 142,984 km Temperature -110o C Length of Day 9.9 hours Length of Year 11.9 Earth Years
Distance From The Sun 1,433,000,000 km Diameter 120,356 km Temperature -140o C Length of Day 10.7 hours Length of Year 29.4 Earth Years
Distance From The Sun 2,857,250,000 km Diameter 51,118 km Temperature -195o C Length of Day 17.2 hours Length of Year 83.8 Earth Years
Distance From The Sun 4,495,100,000 km Diameter 49,528 km Temperature -200o C Length of Day 16.1 hours Length of Year 163.8 Earth years
Distance From The Sun 5,870,000,000 km Diameter 2390 km Temperature -225o C Length of Day 6.4 Earth days Length of Year 248.2 Earth years
Structure of a volcano Objective To learn about volcanoes 1. MUST be able to understand how volcanoes form and why 2. SHOULD be able to explain active, dormant and extinct volcanoes 3. COULD think examples of famous volcanoes and earthquakes Sunday, January 24, 2016
Some new key words Volcanoes - Volcano - Vent - Secondary cone - Lava - Dormant - Eruption - Volcanic dust - Volcanic ash - Magma chamber - Volcanic gas - Cone - Crater - Active - Extinct
What is a volcano? • A volcano is an opening in the Earths crust known as a vent. Magma from inside the earth is forced out and erupts as lava, ash, gas, and dust. When these materials are forced through the vent is causes an eruption.
How do volcanoes form?
Volcano erupts
Volcano builds up
Volcano formed
Magma chamber Main vent crater Gas, ash, dust Lava Secondary cone Layers of ash and lava cone Complete page 3 in workbook question 2
Magma chamber Main vent crate r Gas, ash, dust Lava Secondary cone Layers of ash and lava Activities: • Complete activity 2 on p119 - clearly and well labelled. • For each of the following terms write a definition into your book using page 118 and the glossary: volcano, vent, crater, magma chamber. • Explain the difference between lava and magma. Extension: read pg 118 and 119 then answer question 4 into your book 15 minutes
Volcanoes can be either Active, Dormant or Extinct. Active Volcanoes A volcano which has erupted recently Dormant Volcanoes A volcano which has erupted in the last 2000 years, but not recently is dormant or asleep. Extinct Volcanoes A volcano which is unlikely to erupt ever again and is dead or extinct.
Key words • You and the person sat next to you have just 5 minutes to quietly discuss the key words you wrote down at the start of lesson ready to explain them to the rest of the class.
Test! Time now for a little test. Ten definitions are going to be shown and you have TEN seconds to write down the answer of each. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Fumes from the volcano 1
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 The pipe up which the magma comes up from 2
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Molten rock erupting from a volcano 3
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 The top of the volcano 4
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 The shape of the volcano 5
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Solids from the volcano 6
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Molten rock before it is erupted 7
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 The area beneath the volcano 8
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 A period of volcanic activity 9
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 A place where lava erupts at the Earth’s surface 1 0
Answers 1. Volcanic gas / ash 2. Main vent 3. Lava 4. Crater 5. Cone 6. Ash 7. Magma 8. Magma chamber 9. Eruption 10.Volcano
How do we know that the continents have moved over time?
Why are plate boundaries known as danger zones?
If constructive boundaries create more crust why isn’t the Earth getting bigger?
When all the continents were joined together it was called Pangaea: what happened to it? How? Why?
Structure of a volcano Objective To learn about volcanoes MUST be able to understand how volcanoes form and why SHOULD be able to explain active, dormant and extinct volcanoes Learn about examples of famous volcanoes and earthquakes Sunday, January 24, 2016
Magma chamber Main vent crater Gas, ash, dust Lava Secondary cone Layers of ash and lava con e
Volcanoes can be either Active, Dormant or Extinct. Active Volcanoes A volcano which has erupted recently eg. Mount Etna, Mount Vesuvius. Dormant Volcanoes A volcano which has erupted in the last 2000 years, but not recently is dormant or asleep. Extinct Volcanoes A volcano which is unlikely to erupt ever again and is dead or extinct.
Case Study: Mount St. Helens Where: Mountain peak in the Rocky Mountains, USA. When: Spring 1980/ 18th May 1980. Why: Earthquake of magnitude 5.1 happened 10mins before- the entire northside of the mountain was blown off. Effects: 57 people died. Height of mountain was reduced by 400metres. A new crater, almost 3km wide was created. Mud flows were created from the melted glacial ice and snow.
Earthquakes Learning objective(s): • To know about different plate boundaries Learning Outcome: • To use group work to draw and label the different plate boundaries
What do you already know? Create a spider diagram or a list that answers the question about what you already know about earthquakes
What do you already know? Create a spider diagram or a list that answers the question about what you already know about earthquakes
Destructive Plate Boundary
Constructive Plate Boundary
Conservative Plate Boundary
An Earthquake is… The shaking and trembling that results from the movement of rock beneath Earth's surface The movement of Earth's plates produces strong forces that squeeze or pull the rock in the crust This is an example of stress, a force that acts on rock to change its volume or shape
Measuring Earthquakes There are at least 20 different types of measures 2 of them are the Mercalli scale & Richter scale. Magnitude is a measurement of earthquake strength based on seismic waves and movement along faults
The Richter Scale The Richter scale is a rating of the size of seismic waves as measured by a particular type of mechanical seismograph Developed in the 1930’s All over the world, geologists used this for about 50 years Electric seismographs eventually replaced the mechanical ones used in this scale Provides accurate measurements for small, nearby earthquakes Does not work for big, far ones
Analyse the following pictures using your source grid Answer five of the questions!
The 2011 Japan Earthquake and Tsunami Watch the following documentary on the 2011 Japanese earthquake and Tsunami Write five short term effects and five long term effects of the disaster What one short or long term effect do you think was most severe and why?
Your task 1. Essay: Why did so many people die and were left homeless in the Japan 2011 Earthquake and Tsunami? 2. Diary extract of a person who survived the disaster. This creative writing piece must include how the earthquake/tsunami affected their life and how the disaster was managed in their area. 3. Display board showing the causes, effects and hazard management techniques of the earthquake/tsunami (has to be detailed, in your own words, NOT just a simple poster) 4. Newspaper article with a catchy headline of your choice. • Your work MUST include the causes of the earthquake, the impacts of the earthquake/tsunami, and how the government tried to manage the disaster. Imagine you are the Japanese government – what changes would you make to prevent this happening again?
Volcanic Activity
Volcanoes • In the last section we learned that the outer layer of the earth is called the Crust. • We also learned that the crust is broken into many different pieces called Plates. • The plates are constantly moving because of Continental Drift. • This movement causes the plates to push together, pull apart, or slide past one another.
How do Volcanoes Occur? • Volcanoes occur when two of the earth’s plates pull apart. • Remember, beneath the crust the mantle is made from semi-molten (melted) rocks called magma. • So when a gap occurs in the crust (which happens when two plates pull apart) the magma spills out through the gap.
Lava • When the magma reaches the surface of the earth it is called lava. This is the reddish liquid you see coming out of a volcano.
The effects of Volcanoes • When the lava comes out of a volcano it cools and forms into solid rock. This can result in the formation of, 1. Mid Ocean Ridges 2. Volcanic Islands 3. Volcanic Mountains
Mid-Ocean Ridge • Sometimes volcanoes occur under the sea. • If two plates pull apart under the sea the lava rises up to the ocean floor. • It cools quickly into solid rock as it touches the cold sea water. • After many eruptions these layers of new rock build up to form mountains under the water. • A long chain of volcanic mountains under the sea is called a Mid-Ocean Ridge.
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge • Under the Atlantic Ocean the American plate is pulling apart from the Eurasian and African Plate. • This is causing underwater volcanic eruptions which has created a long chain of underwater mountains. • These mountains make up the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. • Some of the mountains in the chain are so high they stick out of the water and form volcanic islands.
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Volcanic Islands
Volcanic Islands • When underwater volcanoes continually erupt eventually they may grow big enough to stick out of the water. • They form volcanic islands. Iceland is an example of a volcanic island.
Iceland: A Volcanic Island • Iceland is a volcanic island which has been formed as a result of underwater volcanic eruptions.
Iceland: A Volcanic Island
Volcanic Mountains • When two plates pull apart a gap is created. This gap provides a hole which the magma can escape from the mantle. It is called a Vent. • When the magma cools, along with other materials from the volcano such as mud and ash, they usually form a cone shaped mountain
Volcanoes
Stages in volcanoes • Volcanoes can be in one of 3 stages, 1. Active 2. Dormant 3. Extinct
Stages in volcanoes Active Volcanoes - The volcano is still erupting quite regularly. E.g. Mount Etna, Italy. Dormant Volcanoes - The volcano has not erupted for a long time but may erupt in the future. Extinct Volcanoes – The volcano has not erupted in historic times and will not erupt again.
The Pacific Ring of Fire • Many of the world’s major earthquakes and many of the world’s active volcanoes occur in a zone that encircles the Pacific Ocean. • This is because many of the world’s major plates meet here. Therefore, at this place the plates are pulling apart, pushing together and sliding past one another. • This causes earthquakes and volcanoes to occur.
The Pacific Ring of Fire
The Pacific Ring of Fire
Fold Mountains Mountains formed when two Plates Collide.
Fold Mountains • Fold mountains are mountains that are made when two of the earth’s plates collide. • When two plates collide the pressure compresses the rocks, forcing them to buckle and fold. Think of what happens to the bonnet of a car during a crash.
Fold Mountains
Fold Mountains
Evidence of Folding • Scientists have found fossils of dead sea creatures thousands of metres up in the Andes in South America. • These creatures lived in the sea, and their remains sank to the ocean floor when they died. • Their remains were trapped in newly forming rocks which are later pushed up from under the sea when plates collide to make fold mountains.
Ridge and Valley Landscape • When the two plates collide the crust buckles and folds. This creates a pattern of ridges and valleys. • The downward part (the valley) is called a syncline. • The upward part (the ridge) is called an anticline.
Young Fold Mountains • As we know from previous sections, the earth’s plates are constantly colliding in different parts of the world. These collisions are still increasing the height of some fold mountains today. • The world’s young fold mountains are already about 30-35 million years old. • These mountains are called Alpine Fold Mountains. They are very high because they have not been worn down by weathering and erosion.
Alpine Fold Mountains • There are 4 major mountain ranges formed during the Alpine Folding period. These are, • 1. The Rockies in North America. • 2. The Andes in South America. • 3. The Alps in Europe. • 4. The Himalayas in Asia.
Where are Fold Mountains Made?
Fold Mountains
Alpine Fold Mountains
Alpine Fold Mountains
Alpine Fold Mountains
Alpine Fold Mountains
Which 2 plates collided to form the Andes?
The Himalayas
The Himalayas
The Himalayas
Which 2 plates collided to make the Himalayas?
Armorican Fold Mountains • Ireland’s fold mountains were formed hundreds of millions of years ago. • They were formed in Munster about 250 million years ago, and were once as high as the Alps. • However, weathering and erosion have worn them down over millions of years and they are now much smaller. • Examples include the Magillicuddy’s Reeks, The Galtees, The Comeraghs, and The Knockmealdowns.
Armorican Fold Mountains
Chapter 1 restless earth

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Chapter 1 restless earth

  • 1.
    Mr. Walsh -@Examrevision4u
  • 2.
    Mr. Walsh -@Examrevision4u
  • 3.
  • 4.
    Cht Cht Content: Restless Earth Assessment: JuniorCert 1 Mr. Walsh - @Examrevision4u
  • 6.
    Restless EarthHeading: Sunday, January24, 2016Date: Lesson Objectives: 1 C ht Lesson 002
  • 7.
    Inside the Earth! LearningObjectives: 1.To know that the earth is made from layers and be able to describe each of them. 2.To use creative writing and geographical vocab to describe a journey to the centre of the earth CW Sunday, January 24, 2016
  • 8.
    Facts about earth 1.More than 7 billion live on earth. 2. 2/3 of the earths surface is water. 3. 1/8 of the earths surface is deserts. 4. 1/10 of the earths surface is mountains. 5. ¼ of the earths surface is forests.
  • 9.
    Imagine you were takinga journey to the centre of the earth....... What would you come across? Journey to the centre of the earth! www.virginvolcanic.com Only 500 people have been to space, only three people have been to the bottom of the ocean, but no one has ever attempted to journey to the core of an active volcano. Until now!!!
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
    Crust Mantle Outer Core Inner Core Thisis the layer we live on! This is the hottest layer. It is solid This layer is liquid and made of iron and nickel. This is the largest layer. My rock is called magma. 10-60km thick The temperature here is around 5500 ˚C The exact thickness of the varies- it is thinner where there are oceans, and thicker where there are mountains Task: 1.Shade in the four earth layer boxes below different colours. 2.Draw lines from these 4 boxes to the correct place on the earth. 3.Using the information page, shade in the remaining boxes on the left so they match the correct layer of the earth. Challenge: If nothing has ever been to the centre of the earth – how do we know what its like?
  • 13.
    Crust Mantle Outer Core Inner Core Thisis the layer we live on! This is the hottest layer. It is solid This layer is liquid and made of iron and nickel. This is the largest layer. My rock is called magma. 10-60km thick The temperature here is around 5000 ˚C The exact thickness of the varies- it is thinner where there are oceans, and thicker where there are mountains Task: 1.Shade in the four earth layer boxes below different colours. 2.Draw lines from these 4 boxes to the correct place on the earth. 3.Using the information page, shade in the remaining boxes on the left so they match the correct layer of the earth. Challenge: If nothing has ever been to the centre of the earth – how do we know what its like?
  • 14.
    Where am I? Red:Inner Core Orange: Crust Green: Mantle
  • 15.
    Where am I? InnerCore Outer Core Mantle I am mainly iron, mixed with a little nickel. I am a solid ball
  • 16.
    Where am I? InnerCore Mantle Outer Core I consist of iron and nickel. I am a liquid
  • 17.
    Where am I? InnerCore Mantle Crust I am the thickest layer, forming about half of the earth My rock is in a molten state.
  • 18.
    How did thelayers form? • Some time after the earth formed, it got so hot that everything inside melted! • What do you think happened to the heavier substances? – The heavier substances such as iron and nickel in the liquid sank. • What happened to the lighter substances? • They rose to the surface Convection Currents form when heat from the core creates waves or currents that pass through the mantle
  • 19.
    Outcome Check! A –You can use a wide range of evidence to explain why each layer of the earth changes. B – you can describe the differences between each layer of the earth and start to explain the differences. Imagine you won a seat on the ‘Virgin Volcanic’ for a journey from the surface of the Earth all the way to the centre. Write a storyboard to describe and explain what you see. Describe what each layer looks like (C) Explain how each layer is different (B) Explain why the layers are different (A) You will need to use the information you have collected this lesson and the word mat Quick Check! Explain means....? Quick Check! Explain means....?Use your Textbook page 3
  • 20.
    WORD MAT ESSENTIAL WORDS Crust Mantle OuterCore Inner Core GEO WORDS Km Iron Solid Earth Nickel Liquid Hottest Temperature Imagine you won a seat on the ‘Virgin Volcanic’ for a journey from the surface of the Earth all the way to the centre. Write a storyboard to describe and explain what you see. Describe what each layer looks like (L4) Explain how each layer is different (L5) Explain why the layers are different (L6) ADJECTIVES Dangerous Hazardous Hottest Risky Dark Light Sweltering Bubbles Shaking Loud Exciting Mesmerising Unique Floating Thrilling Vast Challenge Words Convection Current Gravitational Pull
  • 21.
    AFL Feedback Sheet– Journey to the Centre of the Earth Ticks mean you have done this well Ts mean this is your target to improve.  D – Use key terms such as crust, mantle, outer core, inner core.  C – Use descriptive terminology (e.g. solid, liquid) to describe each layer.  B - Explain the differences in the layers, e.g. “The inner core is made of very dense material, this is because it sank when the earth was created as it was heavy.”  A – Use evidence e.g. “The crust is only 8-65km thick.”  What adaptations would your vehicle require to ensure you survive this journey? Check spelling of ........................ is correct.  Make sure all sentences start with a capital letter. Correct this. Key words do not begin with a capital e.g. mantle, biome, ecosystem and desert. Correct this. The journey to the centre of the _______ started with great excitement. We started on the outer layer which we live on, called the C_____. This layer is thin, at about _______km in thickness.
  • 22.
    What level amI? We started our journey in to the boiled egg by cracking in to the shell. The shell was thin (1mm thick) but brittle. Once in, the giant drill we were in, burrowed down in to the egg white. This was the thickest layer (10mm). The drill swayed side to side and it started to get warm. We approached the outer yoke and we started to slow down. Light came rushing through the windows so we knew we were close. The yoke was dense and difficult to get through….. We started our journey in to the boiled egg by cracking in to the shell. The shell was thin but brittle. Once in, the giant drill we were in, burrowed down in to the egg white. This was the thickest layer. The drill swayed side to side and it started to get warm. We approached the outer yoke and we started to slow down. Light came rushing through the windows so we knew we were close. We started our journey in to the boiled egg by cracking in to the shell. The shell was thin (1mm thick) but brittle in order to protect the inside. Once in, the giant drill we were in, burrowed down in to the egg white. This was the thickest layer (10mm). We approached the outer yoke and we started to slow down. Light came rushing through the windows so we knew we were close. The yoke was dense, made of heavy matter as it had sunk to the middle of the egg.
  • 23.
    Journey to theCentre of the Earth! L4 - Describe what each layer looks like. L5 - Explain how each layer is different. L6 - Explain why the layers are different.
  • 24.
    The journey tothe centre of the _______ started with great excitement. We started on the outer layer which we live on, called the C_____. This layer is thin, at about _______km in thickness. We passed through concrete, then soil and passed water pipes. The next layer is called the _________. This layer is much softer and we could easily float down. This was the __________ layer at about 2900km! Soon we saw the bright light of the outer _______. This layer is made up of mainly ______ mixed with nickel. Finally we made it to the _________ core. This was truly the centre of the Earth! What a journey. Journey to the Centre of the Earth Missing words: Core Iron Inner Thickest Mantle Crust 8-65 Earth
  • 25.
    Self/Peer Assess • Countup how many points you have from the word mat. – Bold key words = 2 points – Other key words = 1 point • Pass your work to your partner, what level did they give you?  Level 4 = Describe what each layer looks like.  Level 5 = Explain how each layer is different.  Level 6 = Explain why the layers are different.
  • 26.
    Where and whydo we get earthquakes and volcanoes? Learning objectives: To know where earthquakes and volcanoes occur. To know 4 plate boundaries. Sunday, January 24, 2016 What are these school children doing? What has this to do with plate tectonics? September 1st National Earthquake Drill Day, JapanSeptember 1st National Earthquake Drill Day, Japan
  • 27.
    Starter – wheredo we get earthquakes and volcanoes? Why? = volcano = earthquakes
  • 28.
    To complete thenext task, we need to check some key words. Continental crust Hot molten rock from the mantle that reaches the surface. Oceanic crust The thick crust which has land on it. 25 – 70 km thick. It is less dense. Magma The thin crust under the oceans. It is thin but dense (heavy). CHALLENGE: What would happen if a continental plate and an oceanic plate collided? CHALLENGE: What would happen if a continental plate and an oceanic plate collided?
  • 29.
    Explain the causes of earthquakes andvolcanoes Explain the causes of earthquakes and volcanoes Independent Enquirers Using your book complete the following worksheet. EXT – Hot spots (you can use your internet for this only!!) 10 minutes10 minutes
  • 30.
    At a constructiveplate boundary, two plates move apart. As the two plates move apart, magma rises up to fill the gap. This causes volcanoes. However, since the magma can escape easily at the surface the volcano does not erupt with much force. Small earthquakes are also found at constructive boundaries. An example of a constructive boundary is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (this is between Africa and South America, at the bottom of the ocean). Constructive Plate Boundary
  • 31.
    A destructive plateboundary is found where a continental plate meets an oceanic plate. The oceanic plate descends under the continental plate because it is denser. As the plate descends it starts to melt due to the friction caused by the movement between the plates. This melted plate is now hot, liquid rock (magma). The magma rises through the gaps in the continental plate. If it reaches the surface, the liquid rock forms a volcano. An example is the Philippines, which suffers lots of earthquakes and volcanoes Destructive Plate Boundary
  • 32.
    Conservative plate boundariesexist where two plates do not directly collide but slide past each other along a fault (weakness). No volcanoes are found along these plate boundaries, but earthquakes do occur. An example of such a boundary is the San Andreas Fault in California. Conservative Plate Boundary
  • 33.
    EXTENSION: Hot Spots A hotspotis a region of high volcanic activity that is not located on a tectonic plate boundary. About 30 km below the surface of the Earth is the mantle, a region where temperatures can reach thousands of degrees Celsius. But that’s under the continents. Underneath the oceans, the mantle is only 10 km down or less. Molten rock can seep out of the mantle and form vast magma chambers beneath the Earth’s crust. This magma finds its way to the surface, creating volcanoes. The magma comes from a plume. As the plates move over the plume, a chain of volcanoes forms. Plate movements
  • 34.
    Times up Green penimprovements
  • 35.
    At a constructiveplate boundary, two plates move apart. As the two plates move apart, magma rises up to fill the gap. This causes volcanoes. However, since the magma can escape easily at the surface the volcano does not erupt with much force. Earthquakes are also found at constructive boundaries. An example of a constructive boundary is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. (this is between South America and Africa) 1) Constructive Plate Boundary GREEN PEN IMPROVEMENTSGREEN PEN IMPROVEMENTS
  • 36.
    A destructive plateboundary is found where a continental plate meets an oceanic plate. The oceanic plate descends under the continental plate because it is denser. As the plate descends it starts to melt due to the friction caused by the movement between the plates. This melted plate is now hot, liquid rock (magma). The magma rises through the gaps in the continental plate. If it reaches the surface, the liquid rock forms a volcano. 2) Destructive Plate Boundary GREEN PEN IMPROVEMENTSGREEN PEN IMPROVEMENTS
  • 37.
    Conservative plate boundariesexist where two plates do not directly collide but slide past each other along a fault (weakness). No volcanoes are found along these plate boundaries, but earthquakes do occur. An example of such a boundary is the San Andreas Fault in California. 3) Conservative Plate Boundary GREEN PEN IMPROVEMENTSGREEN PEN IMPROVEMENTS
  • 38.
    Hot Spots A hotspotis a region of high volcanic activity that is not located on a tectonic plate boundary. About 30 km below the surface of the Earth is the mantle, a region where temperatures can reach thousands of degrees Celsius. But that’s under the continents. Underneath the oceans, the mantle is only 10 km down or less. Molten rock can seep out of the mantle and form vast magma chambers beneath the Earth’s crust. This magma finds its way to the surface, creating volcanoes. The magma comes from a plume. As the plates move over the plume, a chain of volcanoes forms. Plate movements GREEN PEN IMPROVEMENTSGREEN PEN IMPROVEMENTS
  • 39.
    Quick Check! When 2plates move apart it is called a ...? Which plate boundary have earthquakes but no volcanoes? A plate boundary is... The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is an example of ...? Where the edge of 2 plates meet Where land ends and you can’t go any further Destructive boundary Constructive boundary Destructive Conservative New land created at a constructive plate boundary 2 plates colliding
  • 40.
    Exam style question Explainwhy destructive plate boundaries have both earthquakes and volcanoes Key Words Continental Oceanic Heavy Light Sinks Subduction Friction Earthquakes Magma Pressure Volcano Oceanic crust mantle continental crust Magma rising 7 mins Friction causes earthquakes ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ................................................ How many key words have been used: To improve I could:
  • 41.
    Exam style question Explainwhy destructive plate boundaries have both earthquakes and volcanoes Key Words Continental Oceanic Heavy Light Sinks Subduction Friction Earthquakes Magma Pressure Volcano Oceanic crust mantle continental crust Magma rising 7 mins Friction causes earthquakes At destructive plates boundaries earthquakes occur because ............................................................................. .. ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ............. Volcanoes happen here because ........................................ ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... ...................... How many key words have been used: To improve I could:
  • 42.
    AFL Feedback Sheet Ticksmean you have done this well Ts mean this is your target to improve. Level 4 I have described where volcanoes occur Level 5 I have explained why volcanoes occur at destructive plate boundaries using 5 key words Level 6 I have explained why volcanoes occur at destructive plate boundaries using linked explanations and all key words Level 7 I have used a named example of a volcano/earthquake in my answer. I have named the plates and dates of the eruptions/vibrations Quality of written communication Check spelling of ........................ is correct. There may be an SP shows where this is an issue.  Correct punctuation error/ avoid this in future see P  Make sure all place names and sentences start with a capital letter, e.g. The Amazon, Sahara, Brazil, Harrow. Correct this, there may be a C to help you locate this. FS = write Peer AssessmentPeer Assessment Homework: Complete your targets to improve your level Green Pen to show improvements Homework: Complete your targets to improve your level Green Pen to show improvements
  • 43.
    AFL Feedback Sheet Ticksmean you have done this well Ts mean this is your target to improve. Level 4 I have described where volcanoes occur Level 5 I have explained why volcanoes occur at destructive plate boundaries using 5 key words Level 6 I have explained why volcanoes occur at destructive plate boundaries using linked explanations and all key words Level 7 I have used a named example of a volcano/ earthquake in my answer. I have named the plates and dates of the eruptions/vibrations Quality of written communication Check spelling of ........................ is correct. There may be an SP shows where this is an issue.  Correct punctuation error/ avoid this in future see P  Make sure all place names and sentences start with a capital letter, e.g. The Amazon, Sahara, Brazil, Harrow. Correct this, there may be a C to help you locate this. FS = write AFL Feedback Sheet Ticks mean you have done this well Ts mean this is your target to improve. Level 4 I have described where volcanoes occur Level 5 I have explained why volcanoes occur at destructive plate boundaries using 5 key words Level 6 I have explained why volcanoes occur at destructive plate boundaries using linked explanations and all key words Level 7 I have used a named example of a volcano/ earthquake in my answer. I have named the plates and dates of the eruptions/vibrations Quality of written communication Check spelling of ........................ is correct. There may be an SP shows where this is an issue.  Correct punctuation error/ avoid this in future see P  Make sure all place names and sentences start with a capital letter, e.g. The Amazon, Sahara, Brazil, Harrow. Correct this, there may be a C to help you locate this. FS = write
  • 44.
    The Earth’s SolarSystemHeading: Sunday, January 24, 2016Date: Lesson Objectives: 1 C ht Lesson 002
  • 45.
    The Earth 1. Learnabout the solar system. 2. Recall the 8 planets in our solar system. Starter: How many planets can you name in our solar system?
  • 47.
    Notes • The solarsystem is made up of the sun, 8 planets and their moons. • Inner planets: close to the sun, solid sphers- Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars. • Outer planets: gaseaus spheres with rings- Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. • Since 2006 pluto is a dwarf planet. • Learn: My very energetic mother just served us nuggets.
  • 48.
    Distance From TheSun 57,900,000 km Diameter 4879 km Temperature 167o C Length of Day 59 Earth days Length of Year 88 Earth days
  • 49.
    Distance From TheSun 108,000,000 km Diameter 12,104 km Temperature 464o C Length of Day 243 Earth days Length of Year 224.7 Earth days
  • 50.
    Distance From TheSun 149,600,000 km Diameter 12,756 km Temperature 15o C Length of Day 24 hours Length of Year 365.25 days
  • 51.
    Distance From TheSun 227,900,000 km Diameter 6792 km Temperature -65o C Length of Day 24.7 hours Length of Year 687 Earth days
  • 52.
    Distance From TheSun 778,600,000 km Diameter 142,984 km Temperature -110o C Length of Day 9.9 hours Length of Year 11.9 Earth Years
  • 53.
    Distance From TheSun 1,433,000,000 km Diameter 120,356 km Temperature -140o C Length of Day 10.7 hours Length of Year 29.4 Earth Years
  • 54.
    Distance From TheSun 2,857,250,000 km Diameter 51,118 km Temperature -195o C Length of Day 17.2 hours Length of Year 83.8 Earth Years
  • 55.
    Distance From TheSun 4,495,100,000 km Diameter 49,528 km Temperature -200o C Length of Day 16.1 hours Length of Year 163.8 Earth years
  • 56.
    Distance From TheSun 5,870,000,000 km Diameter 2390 km Temperature -225o C Length of Day 6.4 Earth days Length of Year 248.2 Earth years
  • 57.
    Structure of a volcano Objective Tolearn about volcanoes 1. MUST be able to understand how volcanoes form and why 2. SHOULD be able to explain active, dormant and extinct volcanoes 3. COULD think examples of famous volcanoes and earthquakes Sunday, January 24, 2016
  • 59.
    Some new keywords Volcanoes - Volcano - Vent - Secondary cone - Lava - Dormant - Eruption - Volcanic dust - Volcanic ash - Magma chamber - Volcanic gas - Cone - Crater - Active - Extinct
  • 60.
    What is avolcano? • A volcano is an opening in the Earths crust known as a vent. Magma from inside the earth is forced out and erupts as lava, ash, gas, and dust. When these materials are forced through the vent is causes an eruption.
  • 61.
  • 62.
  • 63.
  • 64.
  • 65.
    Magma chamber Main vent crater Gas, ash, dust Lava Secondarycone Layers of ash and lava cone Complete page 3 in workbook question 2
  • 66.
    Magma chamber Main vent crate r Gas, ash, dust Lava Secondary cone Layersof ash and lava Activities: • Complete activity 2 on p119 - clearly and well labelled. • For each of the following terms write a definition into your book using page 118 and the glossary: volcano, vent, crater, magma chamber. • Explain the difference between lava and magma. Extension: read pg 118 and 119 then answer question 4 into your book 15 minutes
  • 67.
    Volcanoes can beeither Active, Dormant or Extinct. Active Volcanoes A volcano which has erupted recently Dormant Volcanoes A volcano which has erupted in the last 2000 years, but not recently is dormant or asleep. Extinct Volcanoes A volcano which is unlikely to erupt ever again and is dead or extinct.
  • 68.
    Key words • Youand the person sat next to you have just 5 minutes to quietly discuss the key words you wrote down at the start of lesson ready to explain them to the rest of the class.
  • 69.
    Test! Time now fora little test. Ten definitions are going to be shown and you have TEN seconds to write down the answer of each. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Fumes from the volcano 1
  • 70.
    10 9 87 6 5 4 3 2 1 The pipe up which the magma comes up from 2
  • 71.
    10 9 87 6 5 4 3 2 1 Molten rock erupting from a volcano 3
  • 72.
    10 9 87 6 5 4 3 2 1 The top of the volcano 4
  • 73.
    10 9 87 6 5 4 3 2 1 The shape of the volcano 5
  • 74.
    10 9 87 6 5 4 3 2 1 Solids from the volcano 6
  • 75.
    10 9 87 6 5 4 3 2 1 Molten rock before it is erupted 7
  • 76.
    10 9 87 6 5 4 3 2 1 The area beneath the volcano 8
  • 77.
    10 9 87 6 5 4 3 2 1 A period of volcanic activity 9
  • 78.
    10 9 87 6 5 4 3 2 1 A place where lava erupts at the Earth’s surface 1 0
  • 79.
    Answers 1. Volcanic gas/ ash 2. Main vent 3. Lava 4. Crater 5. Cone 6. Ash 7. Magma 8. Magma chamber 9. Eruption 10.Volcano
  • 80.
    How do we knowthat the continents have moved over time?
  • 81.
  • 82.
    If constructive boundaries create morecrust why isn’t the Earth getting bigger?
  • 83.
    When all the continentswere joined together it was called Pangaea: what happened to it? How? Why?
  • 84.
    Structure of a volcano Objective Tolearn about volcanoes MUST be able to understand how volcanoes form and why SHOULD be able to explain active, dormant and extinct volcanoes Learn about examples of famous volcanoes and earthquakes Sunday, January 24, 2016
  • 86.
  • 87.
    Volcanoes can beeither Active, Dormant or Extinct. Active Volcanoes A volcano which has erupted recently eg. Mount Etna, Mount Vesuvius. Dormant Volcanoes A volcano which has erupted in the last 2000 years, but not recently is dormant or asleep. Extinct Volcanoes A volcano which is unlikely to erupt ever again and is dead or extinct.
  • 88.
    Case Study: MountSt. Helens Where: Mountain peak in the Rocky Mountains, USA. When: Spring 1980/ 18th May 1980. Why: Earthquake of magnitude 5.1 happened 10mins before- the entire northside of the mountain was blown off. Effects: 57 people died. Height of mountain was reduced by 400metres. A new crater, almost 3km wide was created. Mud flows were created from the melted glacial ice and snow.
  • 89.
    Earthquakes Learning objective(s): • Toknow about different plate boundaries Learning Outcome: • To use group work to draw and label the different plate boundaries
  • 90.
    What do youalready know? Create a spider diagram or a list that answers the question about what you already know about earthquakes
  • 91.
    What do youalready know? Create a spider diagram or a list that answers the question about what you already know about earthquakes
  • 92.
  • 93.
  • 94.
  • 95.
    An Earthquake is… Theshaking and trembling that results from the movement of rock beneath Earth's surface The movement of Earth's plates produces strong forces that squeeze or pull the rock in the crust This is an example of stress, a force that acts on rock to change its volume or shape
  • 96.
    Measuring Earthquakes There areat least 20 different types of measures 2 of them are the Mercalli scale & Richter scale. Magnitude is a measurement of earthquake strength based on seismic waves and movement along faults
  • 97.
    The Richter Scale TheRichter scale is a rating of the size of seismic waves as measured by a particular type of mechanical seismograph Developed in the 1930’s All over the world, geologists used this for about 50 years Electric seismographs eventually replaced the mechanical ones used in this scale Provides accurate measurements for small, nearby earthquakes Does not work for big, far ones
  • 98.
    Analyse the followingpictures using your source grid Answer five of the questions!
  • 105.
    The 2011 JapanEarthquake and Tsunami Watch the following documentary on the 2011 Japanese earthquake and Tsunami Write five short term effects and five long term effects of the disaster What one short or long term effect do you think was most severe and why?
  • 106.
    Your task 1. Essay:Why did so many people die and were left homeless in the Japan 2011 Earthquake and Tsunami? 2. Diary extract of a person who survived the disaster. This creative writing piece must include how the earthquake/tsunami affected their life and how the disaster was managed in their area. 3. Display board showing the causes, effects and hazard management techniques of the earthquake/tsunami (has to be detailed, in your own words, NOT just a simple poster) 4. Newspaper article with a catchy headline of your choice. • Your work MUST include the causes of the earthquake, the impacts of the earthquake/tsunami, and how the government tried to manage the disaster. Imagine you are the Japanese government – what changes would you make to prevent this happening again?
  • 107.
  • 108.
    Volcanoes • In thelast section we learned that the outer layer of the earth is called the Crust. • We also learned that the crust is broken into many different pieces called Plates. • The plates are constantly moving because of Continental Drift. • This movement causes the plates to push together, pull apart, or slide past one another.
  • 109.
    How do VolcanoesOccur? • Volcanoes occur when two of the earth’s plates pull apart. • Remember, beneath the crust the mantle is made from semi-molten (melted) rocks called magma. • So when a gap occurs in the crust (which happens when two plates pull apart) the magma spills out through the gap.
  • 110.
    Lava • When themagma reaches the surface of the earth it is called lava. This is the reddish liquid you see coming out of a volcano.
  • 111.
    The effects ofVolcanoes • When the lava comes out of a volcano it cools and forms into solid rock. This can result in the formation of, 1. Mid Ocean Ridges 2. Volcanic Islands 3. Volcanic Mountains
  • 112.
    Mid-Ocean Ridge • Sometimesvolcanoes occur under the sea. • If two plates pull apart under the sea the lava rises up to the ocean floor. • It cools quickly into solid rock as it touches the cold sea water. • After many eruptions these layers of new rock build up to form mountains under the water. • A long chain of volcanic mountains under the sea is called a Mid-Ocean Ridge.
  • 113.
    The Mid-Atlantic Ridge •Under the Atlantic Ocean the American plate is pulling apart from the Eurasian and African Plate. • This is causing underwater volcanic eruptions which has created a long chain of underwater mountains. • These mountains make up the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. • Some of the mountains in the chain are so high they stick out of the water and form volcanic islands.
  • 114.
  • 115.
  • 116.
  • 117.
    Volcanic Islands • Whenunderwater volcanoes continually erupt eventually they may grow big enough to stick out of the water. • They form volcanic islands. Iceland is an example of a volcanic island.
  • 118.
    Iceland: A VolcanicIsland • Iceland is a volcanic island which has been formed as a result of underwater volcanic eruptions.
  • 119.
  • 120.
    Volcanic Mountains • Whentwo plates pull apart a gap is created. This gap provides a hole which the magma can escape from the mantle. It is called a Vent. • When the magma cools, along with other materials from the volcano such as mud and ash, they usually form a cone shaped mountain
  • 121.
  • 124.
    Stages in volcanoes •Volcanoes can be in one of 3 stages, 1. Active 2. Dormant 3. Extinct
  • 125.
    Stages in volcanoes ActiveVolcanoes - The volcano is still erupting quite regularly. E.g. Mount Etna, Italy. Dormant Volcanoes - The volcano has not erupted for a long time but may erupt in the future. Extinct Volcanoes – The volcano has not erupted in historic times and will not erupt again.
  • 126.
    The Pacific Ringof Fire • Many of the world’s major earthquakes and many of the world’s active volcanoes occur in a zone that encircles the Pacific Ocean. • This is because many of the world’s major plates meet here. Therefore, at this place the plates are pulling apart, pushing together and sliding past one another. • This causes earthquakes and volcanoes to occur.
  • 127.
  • 128.
  • 129.
    Fold Mountains Mountains formedwhen two Plates Collide.
  • 130.
    Fold Mountains • Foldmountains are mountains that are made when two of the earth’s plates collide. • When two plates collide the pressure compresses the rocks, forcing them to buckle and fold. Think of what happens to the bonnet of a car during a crash.
  • 131.
  • 132.
  • 133.
    Evidence of Folding •Scientists have found fossils of dead sea creatures thousands of metres up in the Andes in South America. • These creatures lived in the sea, and their remains sank to the ocean floor when they died. • Their remains were trapped in newly forming rocks which are later pushed up from under the sea when plates collide to make fold mountains.
  • 134.
    Ridge and ValleyLandscape • When the two plates collide the crust buckles and folds. This creates a pattern of ridges and valleys. • The downward part (the valley) is called a syncline. • The upward part (the ridge) is called an anticline.
  • 136.
    Young Fold Mountains •As we know from previous sections, the earth’s plates are constantly colliding in different parts of the world. These collisions are still increasing the height of some fold mountains today. • The world’s young fold mountains are already about 30-35 million years old. • These mountains are called Alpine Fold Mountains. They are very high because they have not been worn down by weathering and erosion.
  • 137.
    Alpine Fold Mountains •There are 4 major mountain ranges formed during the Alpine Folding period. These are, • 1. The Rockies in North America. • 2. The Andes in South America. • 3. The Alps in Europe. • 4. The Himalayas in Asia.
  • 138.
    Where are FoldMountains Made?
  • 139.
  • 140.
  • 141.
  • 142.
  • 143.
  • 145.
    Which 2 platescollided to form the Andes?
  • 146.
  • 147.
  • 148.
  • 149.
    Which 2 platescollided to make the Himalayas?
  • 150.
    Armorican Fold Mountains •Ireland’s fold mountains were formed hundreds of millions of years ago. • They were formed in Munster about 250 million years ago, and were once as high as the Alps. • However, weathering and erosion have worn them down over millions of years and they are now much smaller. • Examples include the Magillicuddy’s Reeks, The Galtees, The Comeraghs, and The Knockmealdowns.
  • 151.

Editor's Notes

  • #13 Use green sheet from filing cabinet or text book to complete this
  • #14 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_q5KvvZpqjk Really cool Bjork music video to show: Earth’s Core, continental drift, magma rising, convection currents, plates, mid-atlantic ridge. Could be used at various points in the topic.
  • #15 Traffic Light Cards
  • #16 Traffic Light Cards
  • #17 Traffic Light Cards
  • #18 Traffic Light Cards
  • #24 A3 Paper
  • #31 Display on wall
  • #32 Display on wall
  • #33 Display on wall
  • #34 Display on wall
  • #44 Tick and target sheet
  • #59 Starter continued: brief look at the different shapes that volcanoes can have. 1 minute.
  • #60 Note down the key words for today’s lesson onto the key word page from the start of the unit. 3 minutes.
  • #61 What is a volcano? A brief explanation for the class to gain some understanding of a volcano. 1 minute.
  • #66 The structure of a volcano. Go over the diagram with the class explaining each label as it appears. Class need to listen carefully to the information. 5 minutes.
  • #67 Main activities: students need to label the diagram with the key words they have learnt. Some of the main key words need to have the definitions written down so that the student can learn some of them in more detail. 10 minutes. Extension: thinking exercise from page 119.
  • #69 Activity to gain better understanding of the key terms. May be missed and saved for next lesson of time is running short.
  • #86 Starter continued: brief look at the different shapes that volcanoes can have. 1 minute.
  • #87 The structure of a volcano. Go over the diagram with the class explaining each label as it appears. Class need to listen carefully to the information. 5 minutes.
  • #106 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tU1dLutdRAM&safe=active