Earth's Layers

Science 10
Quarter 1 -- Module 1
DAY 1

After going through this module, you are expected to:
Learning Targets
1. Describe the anatomy of the Earth.
2. Differentiate lithosphere from crust; and
continental crust from oceanic crust
2. Explain the convection currents that power
plate movement

Review
Determine the type of volcano based on the given descriptions.
1. They are formed by the
accumulation of lava that
oozes out from the volcano.

Review
2. They are large, nearly perfect
sloped structures formed from
alternate solidification of both lava
and pyroclastic deposits.

Review
3. They have steep slopes, wide
craters and the most abundant
among the three types.

Review
4. The structure of this
volcano is broad and slightly
domed.

“Guess the Greek Prefix”
1. “litho” -
2.“atmo” -
3.“hydro” -
4.“bio” -
stone air water
life
These 4 spheres make up our Earth’s surface.

1. Based on the video, what layer of the earth
is made of iron and nickel? CORE
Guide Questions:
2. If you will be going to
compare the parts of a
hardboiled egg to the
Earth’s anatomy, which
do you think would
represent the SHELL,
ALBUMEN, and YOLK?

Tectonic processes and flow in Earth's
interior drive deformation of Earth's
surface that can lead to destructive
earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic
eruptions.
3. How does the interior structures of the
Earth affect the processes at its surface?
Guide Questions:

Earth is a blue planet bathing
in a film of white clouds and
liquid water.
Composed of different spheres
namely, the ATMOSPHERE,
LITHOSPHERE, HYDROSPHERE,
and BIOSPHERE.
Life on Earth is possible because all
the major parts of Earth work
together as a complex system.

About 70.8 % of the planet is covered with water
(hydrosphere), while the remaining 29.2 % is composed of
land (lithosphere).The part of Earth that is covered by ice is
known as cryosphere.
The lithosphere A.K.A Geosphere is
the part of the Earth that includes
the planet’s interior structure, rocks,
minerals, landforms, and the
processes that shape its surface.

The crust and the upper layer of the mantle
together make up a zone of rigid, brittle rock
called the Lithosphere.

Lithosphere
and Crust are
both the
names of the
outermost
surface of the
earth, but what
are the
differences
between the
two?

The lithosphere is a zone made up of two of the layers of the Earth,
which includes the crust.
• The crust is the topmost layer
out of the three layers. It has
two types:
Formation:
• The next layer down the crust
is the uppermost part of the
mantle, and the two together
make up the lithosphere.

Nature
• Crust consists of the things
that are necessary for life.
• whereas Lithosphere is broken into
giant plates that fit in like a jigsaw
puzzle. There is continuous
movement of these tectonic plates
on less dense, almost fluid mantle
that makes up asthenosphere

Effect:
• Crust is the part on earth
that supports life.
• Lithosphere is where the
movement takes place that affect
the crust.
Focus:
• Crust is studied having the
chemical composition of the
earth in mind.
• Lithosphere is studied having the
mechanical properties of the earth
in mind.

The Crust
Ocean land
▪outermost layer of the Earth
▪depth is about 32 – 40 Km
▪makes up 1% of the Earth
▪thinnest layer

▪uppermost layer
is known SIAL
composed mainly
of Si and Al.
▪bottom layer of
the crust is called
SIMA composed
mainly of Si and
Mg.
The Crust

Types of Crust
Continental Crust vs. Oceanic Crust
Category Continental Oceanic
Thickness 5 -70 Km (thicker) 3 – 8 km (thinner)
State Solid Solid
Crust Age
4 BN years old or
older
180 MN years old or
younger
Density Less dense More dense
Element
Composition
O, Na, Si, Al, K Fe, Mg, Ca
Rock Type Granite Basalt

Granite
• An igneous rock composed of
different minerals: quartz, feldspar,
and mica
• formed as magma cools very slowly
under the Earth’s surface
• excellent material for bridges,
monuments and buildings

Basalt
• dark colored, fine-grained extrusive rocks
• igneous rocks that are formed by the rapid
cooling and hardening of the lava flows
• Volcanic in origin

The Mantle
• located just below the
crust
• between the crust and
the outer core
• The division in the
lithosphere between
the crust and the
mantle is called the
Mohorovicic
discontinuity, or
simply the Moho.
Ocean
Continental crust
Continent
Oceanic crust
Upper Mantle
lower Mantle
middle Mantle

MOHO
provides the
differences
between the
rocks of the
crust and
mantle

• Solid but capable of flow (like fudge)
• Thickest layer of the Earth 2900km (1800 miles)
• Element Composition: Magnesium, Silicon, Oxygen, and Iron
• The hot magma rises then cools and sinks.
• These convection currents cause changes in the Earth’s surface.
• Conveyor belt for the tectonic plates.
Upper Mantle
Convection
Currents Middle
Mantle
Lower Mantle
The Mantle

Middle Mantle
▪very hot dense
rock that flows like
asphalt under a
heavy weight
▪It flows because
of convection
current
Ocean
Continental crust
Continent
Upper Mantle
lower Mantle
middle Mantle
The Mantle

The Lithospheric Plates
The crust of the Earth is broken into
many pieces called plates. The
plates "float" on the soft, semi-rigid
asthenosphere.

The asthenosphere (“weak sphere”) is
a soft layer of the mantle on which
pieces of the lithosphere move

Activity 1: CONTINENTAL CRUST or OCEANIC CRUST
Direction: Below are characteristics of the two types of
crust. Write CC if it is for continental crust and OC if it is
oceanic crust.
_____ 1. It is the layer of granitic,
sedimentary and metamorphic
rocks which form the continents
and the areas of shallow seabed
close to their shores
_____ 2. It is denser but thinner.
_____ 3. It is about 6 km (4 miles) thick

oceanic crust.
_____ 4. It is less dense than the material
of the Earth's mantle and thus
"floats" on top of it.
_____ 5. This is where mountains,
volcanic arcs, hills are found and
located.

oceanic crust.
_____ 1. It is the layer of granitic,
sedimentary and metamorphic
rocks which form the continents
and the areas of shallow seabed
close to their shores
_____ 2. It is denser but thinner.
_____ 3. It is about 6 km (4 miles) thick
CC
OC
CC

oceanic crust.
_____ 4. It is less dense than the material
of the Earth's mantle and thus
"floats" on top of it.
_____ 5. This is where mountains,
volcanic arcs, hills are found and
located.
CC
CC

Valuing
As a grade 10 student who has
knowledge about how a certain part
of a lithosphere is being damaged,
what can you do to promote
protection and conservation of the
lithosphere?

1. What do you call the
rigid, solid, and
outermost part of the
Earth?
A. Atmosphere C. Lithosphere
C. Biosphere D. Hydrosphere

2. What layer(s) of
the Earth consist(s)
the lithosphere?
A. Crust only B. Crust and upper mantle
B. Mantle only D. Upper and lower mantle

3. What makes continental
crust different from oceanic
crust?
A. It is thinner and denser than oceanic crust.
B. It is thicker and denser than oceanic crust.
C. It is thicker and less dense than oceanic crust.
D. It is thinner and less dense than oceanic crust.

4. Lithospheric plates are constantly
moving in different directions. Why are
lithospheric plates moving?
A. they are moved by the Earth’s rotation.
B. they are moved by the water in the oceans.
C. they are moved by the convection current
in the mantle.
D. they are moved by the gravitational
attraction of the Earth to other planets.

5. The lithospheric plates are
believed to be moving slowly.
What is the driving force that
facilitates this movement?
A. seismic waves from the core
B. convection current in the crust
C. convection current in the mantle
D. conduction current in the mantle

Science 10
Q1-Module 1
DAY 2
Science 10

Learning Targets
1. Describe the structure of the Earth’s interior.
2. Infer that the Earth's lithosphere is
affected by the heat from the core.
3. Explain how the core protects the planet
Earth from the harmful radiation.

Review
Compare and contrast the Oceanic and Continental Crust by
filling out the Venn Diagram. Use the information below.
Oceanic Continental
Similarity

Video Clip Analysis: Plate Tectonics
Guide questions:
1. What can you
say about the
plates on the
clip?
2. What do you
think are results
of these
movements?
3. What triggers
the movement of
the plates?

Guide questions:
1. Based on the
image, how will
you describe the
temperature of
the layers of the
Earth?
2. What is the
relationship
between
temperature and
depth inside
Earth?
Picture Analysis: Plate Tectonics

CORE
•The last and the innermost layer of
the Earth.
•Separated into the liquid outer core
and solid inner core.
•Main source of internal heat
•Composed mainly of Iron-nickel alloy.
•Gutenberg discontinuity
-Core-Mantle boundary.

•2900 km below the
Erath’s surface
• 2250 km thick and is
made up of Fe and Ni
moving around the solid
inner core, creating
earth’s magnetism
• with 20000C
temperature, that’s why
iron and nickel melt.
OUTER CORE

• with a radius of 1300 km
with a temperature of
5000˚C temperature
• made up of solid iron and
nickel because of
pressure freezing
underneath
• this is where the Earth’s
magnetic field induces.
• Bullen discontinuity-
boundary bet. Inner and
outer core.
INNER CORE

As the Earth rotates,
the outer core spins
over the inner core and
generates Earth’s
magnetic field.
Due to convection by heat
radiating from the core
together with the rotation
of Earth in its axis, the
liquid iron moves in a
rotational pattern which is
believed to be the source
of magnetic field of Earth. HOW IMPORTANT IS GEOMAGNETIC FIELD?

Geomagnetic field protects
us from the harmful rays
emitted by the sun.

How does the Earth’s
core influence plate
tectonics?
•The Earth's
core provides the
source of the heat
energy needed to
form convection
currents in the
outer core and
mantle.

Direction: Read each statement below. Determine if it is a
correct description of Earth’s mechanisms/anatomy. Write
Activity 1: AM I TECTONIC PLATES?
Description YES NO
1. Plates are constantly moving.
2. Lithospheric (tectonic) plates are the
rigid, solid, outermost part of the earth
including the crust and the upper mantle
that move as a unit.
3. Plates move in one direction.
4. The inner mantle spins over the outer
core and generates magnetic field.

Direction: Read each statement below. Determine if it is a
correct description of Earth’s mechanisms/anatomy. Write
Activity 1: AM I TECTONIC PLATES?
Description YES NO
5. Tectonic plates are able to move because
the Earth's lithosphere has greater strength
than the underlying asthenosphere.
6. The Earth's core provides the source of the
heat energy needed to form convection
currents in the outer core and mantle.
7. The lithosphere is broken up into tectonic
plates

1. How do you compare the
densities of the Earth’s crust,
mantle, and core?
A. The mantle is denser than both the core
and the crust.
B. The mantle is less dense than the core and the crust.
C. The mantle is denser than the core but less dense
than the crust.
D. The mantle is less dense than the core but denser
than the crust.

2. What can you expect to
find in the outer core?
A.Liquid iron and nickel
B. Silicate and magnesium
C. Silicate and aluminum
D. Solid iron and nickel

3. Activity in this area is
thought to be directly
responsible for earth’s
magnetic field.
A. Crust
B. Mantle
C. Core
D. mohorovicic discontinuity

4. Lithospheric plates are
constantly moving in different
directions. Why are lithospheric
plates moving?
A. they are moved by the Earth’s rotation.
B. they are moved by the water in the oceans.
C. they are moved by the convection current in the
mantle.
D. they are moved by the gravitational attraction of
the Earth to other planets.

5. Which of these is false
about the core?
A. The hottest layer of the Earth.
B. Mainly composed of iron-nickel alloy
C. where the magnetic field is
generated
D. where the convection process takes
place

2. What can you expect to
find in the outer core?
A. Liquid iron and nickel
B. Silicate and magnesium
C. Silicate and aluminum
D. Solid iron and nickel

• Several major studies have emphasized
the dangers of the West Valley Fault
Line, which runs right through the
eastern portion of Metro Manila. A
particular study done by a joint
Philippine-Australian collaboration
showed dire numbers: 37,000 dead and
P 2.4 trillion in damage.
• If the West Valley Fault ruptures during
a magnitude 7.2 earthquakes, nearby
provinces of Bulacan to its north, Rizal to
its East, and Laguna to its South would
be severely affected.
• Careful study of the fault system shows that fault movement occurs every 400 years on the
average. The last major movement was 355 years ago. With present-day Metro Manila’s
extremely high population density and degree of urbanization, the government must come
up with improved risk reduction and management plans as soon as possible.

• If the West Valley Fault ruptures
during a magnitude 7.2 earthquakes,
nearby provinces of Bulacan to its
north, Rizal to its East, and Laguna to
its South would be severely affected.
• Careful study of the fault system
shows that fault movement occurs
every 400 years on the average. The
last major movement was 355 years
ago. With present-day Metro Manila’s
extremely high population density
and degree of urbanization, the
government must come up with
improved risk reduction and
management plans as soon as
possible.
• Disaster such as earthquakes are
not preventable. But the population
can be ready to address issues
regarding this when it finally occurs.
Guide question:
1. As a grade 10 student, how do you
cope up with the risk and with the
thought that anytime this could
occur?

Science 10
Q1-Module 1
DAY 3
Science 10

Learning Targets
1. Describe the anatomy of the Earth
2. Differentiate continental crust from oceanic crust
3. Explain the convection currents that power plate movement
4. Describe the structure of the Earth’s interior.

Review (Scaffolding-Vocabulary): Riddle
Direction: Read and analyze the riddle and
identify what is being described.
I am made out of Ni and Fe. I
am the center of the world and
a solid metal ball. What Am i?
CORE

When I burst of anger my
tears scold the earth and my
breath darkens the sky.
What am I?
VOLCANO

I am first in earth. A second in
heaven. I appear twice in a week.
But you can only see me once in a
year. You can also see me in the
middle of the sea. What am I?
E

I am bigger than Venus but
smaller than Uranus. I am a
living rock. What am I?
Planet Earth

What covers us, drenches us
in wet, protects us and is
violent all at the same
time?
Planet Earth

Guide questions:
1. What energy is stored in the earth
that triggers the crust to move?
2. What are the advantages of plate
movement? How about the
disadvantages?

Earth's Layers

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