Johnson Alzheimers Disease
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Alzheimer's disease progresses through four stages - pre-dementia, early dementia, moderate dementia, and advanced dementia. In the pre-dementia stage, problems with memory and complex tasks occur but are often mistaken for stress. As the disease advances to early and moderate dementia, language difficulties increase and independence is hindered. In the final advanced stage, patients are completely dependent and usually die from pneumonia rather than the disease itself.
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Alzheimer's disease is a neurological disorder that causes memory loss and cognitive decline. As the disease progresses, symptoms worsen and can include memory loss, difficulty learning new information, speech problems, confusion, mood issues, and irritability. The root cause is the death of brain cells due to the neurodegenerative nature of the disease. While there is no cure, some treatments can help manage symptoms. Preventative measures include lifelong learning activities, social engagement, and healthy diets.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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Johnson Alzheimers Disease
- 1. Alzheimer's Disease By: Ryan D. Johnson
- 2. Stages • Four Stages – Pre Dementia – Early Dementia – Moderate Dementia – Advanced Dementia
- 3. Pre Dementia (Early) • Often mistaken for stress • Problems with memory • Difficulty in doing complex tasks
- 4. Early Dementia (Early) • Increased difficulty in learning • Difficulty in language or speech • Old memories are not as effected • Sufferers appear clumsy
- 5. Moderate Dementia (Later) • Hinders independence • Outbursts of anger or crying • Speech difficulties ensue: language recall becomes hard • Daily life activities become longer and more difficult
- 6. Advanced Dementia (Later) • Completely dependent on caregivers • Language is simple words or phrases • Anger outbursts still occur • Tiredness is common
- 7. Advanced Dementia (Later) Cont. • Patients are normally bedridden • Patients usually succumb to pneumonia not the disease
- 8. What Happens? • Neuroinflammation causes complications • Amyloid beta deposits cause Down Syndrome like symptoms • Tau proteins bind to each other creating neuron tangles
- 9. Statistics • Usually affects ages 65 and over (rare cases of people in their 40’s) • 26,600,000 people world wide have Alzheimer’s disease (number is expected to quadruple by 2050) • 90% of nursing home residents suffer from Alzheimer's