The document discusses the adjustment of newborns to life outside the uterus, including physiological changes to the respiratory, circulatory, digestive, and renal systems. It also covers physical characteristics like reflexes, skin features, temperature regulation, and methods for assessing a newborn's condition such as the Apgar score. Common procedures like bulb suctioning are described to ensure the newborn can breathe properly.
Postnatal growth failure and its preventionMCH-org-ua
International conference «Actual approaches to the extremely preterm babies: International experience and Ukrainian realities» (Kyiv, Ukraine, March 5-6, 2013)
The document discusses several key adaptations that occur during the neonatal transition period after birth. It covers respiratory adaptations including lung development and breathing movements. It also summarizes cardiovascular adaptations like changes in blood pressure and circulation. Other areas covered include temperature regulation, hepatic adaptations for glucose metabolism and bilirubin processing, gastrointestinal and urinary adaptations, and immunological adaptations as the newborn's passive immunity wanes.
The document summarizes the stages of prenatal development from conception through the fetal stage. It describes the key events that occur each week, such as cell division, implantation, development of organ systems like the cardiovascular and digestive systems. The fetal stage involves further development and maturation of all organs until birth. Several factors that can influence prenatal development are also outlined, including the mother's health, diet, age, drug or alcohol use, mental health, exposure to diseases or environmental toxins.
The document is a 14 question quiz about performing CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) that covers topics such as checking for danger and breathing, giving chest compressions and rescue breaths, continuing CPR if vomiting occurs, signs to stop CPR, performing CPR on beds and for children, and calling for help. The quiz is meant to test first aid knowledge on proper CPR procedures and techniques.
This document describes several reflexes present in newborns and infants and whether they typically persist throughout life or disappear at a certain age. It lists reflexes involving the eyes, nose, mouth/throat, extremities, trunk, and movement. Many are present at birth and disappear as the infant develops, being replaced by voluntary movement, while others like blinking and coughing persist throughout life.
growth and development of prenatal periodshinulaiju123
The document discusses prenatal development and genetics. It covers the key periods of prenatal development including the ovular, embryonic, and fetal periods. It also discusses gametogenesis, fertilization, the zygote, and some of the principle events and development that occur during weeks 14-40 of gestation. The document then covers topics related to genetics including genetic testing methods, patterns of inheritance, causes of congenital disorders like chromosomal and single gene disorders, and some specific genetic disorders.
1) The patient requires careful management of anticoagulation for her mechanical heart valve during pregnancy and delivery. She should receive adjusted-dose low molecular weight heparin throughout pregnancy.
2) A regional anesthetic technique could be used for her planned c-section, but her coagulation status and platelet count must be checked closely both before and after the procedure due to her anticoagulation.
3) After delivery, she will need to resume anticoagulation while monitoring closely for any signs of spinal hematoma due to her recent regional block and anticoagulated state.
Postnatal growth failure and its preventionMCH-org-ua
International conference «Actual approaches to the extremely preterm babies: International experience and Ukrainian realities» (Kyiv, Ukraine, March 5-6, 2013)
The document discusses several key adaptations that occur during the neonatal transition period after birth. It covers respiratory adaptations including lung development and breathing movements. It also summarizes cardiovascular adaptations like changes in blood pressure and circulation. Other areas covered include temperature regulation, hepatic adaptations for glucose metabolism and bilirubin processing, gastrointestinal and urinary adaptations, and immunological adaptations as the newborn's passive immunity wanes.
The document summarizes the stages of prenatal development from conception through the fetal stage. It describes the key events that occur each week, such as cell division, implantation, development of organ systems like the cardiovascular and digestive systems. The fetal stage involves further development and maturation of all organs until birth. Several factors that can influence prenatal development are also outlined, including the mother's health, diet, age, drug or alcohol use, mental health, exposure to diseases or environmental toxins.
The document is a 14 question quiz about performing CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) that covers topics such as checking for danger and breathing, giving chest compressions and rescue breaths, continuing CPR if vomiting occurs, signs to stop CPR, performing CPR on beds and for children, and calling for help. The quiz is meant to test first aid knowledge on proper CPR procedures and techniques.
This document describes several reflexes present in newborns and infants and whether they typically persist throughout life or disappear at a certain age. It lists reflexes involving the eyes, nose, mouth/throat, extremities, trunk, and movement. Many are present at birth and disappear as the infant develops, being replaced by voluntary movement, while others like blinking and coughing persist throughout life.
growth and development of prenatal periodshinulaiju123
The document discusses prenatal development and genetics. It covers the key periods of prenatal development including the ovular, embryonic, and fetal periods. It also discusses gametogenesis, fertilization, the zygote, and some of the principle events and development that occur during weeks 14-40 of gestation. The document then covers topics related to genetics including genetic testing methods, patterns of inheritance, causes of congenital disorders like chromosomal and single gene disorders, and some specific genetic disorders.
1) The patient requires careful management of anticoagulation for her mechanical heart valve during pregnancy and delivery. She should receive adjusted-dose low molecular weight heparin throughout pregnancy.
2) A regional anesthetic technique could be used for her planned c-section, but her coagulation status and platelet count must be checked closely both before and after the procedure due to her anticoagulation.
3) After delivery, she will need to resume anticoagulation while monitoring closely for any signs of spinal hematoma due to her recent regional block and anticoagulated state.
The document summarizes growth and development from infancy to one year. It discusses physical growth including weight, length, head circumference, and other body measurements. It also covers motor, cognitive, psychosocial, and other developmental milestones. Common problems and nursing responsibilities for infants are mentioned. The conclusion restates the importance of understanding infant growth and development.
This document defines and describes small for gestational age (SGA), large for gestational age (LGA), and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) babies. SGA is defined as birth weight below the 10th percentile, and can be malnourished SGA with proportional growth restriction, hypoplastic SGA with decreased cell number and organ growth, or mixed. LGA is above the 90th percentile and is associated with maternal diabetes, genetics, and excessive weight gain. AGA is between the 10th-90th percentiles and considered normal size. The document outlines causes, features, and management considerations for SGA and LGA newborns.
Gestational age assessment and Neonatal reflexesThe Medical Post
This document provides information on assessing gestational age in neonates through calculation of dates, evaluation of obstetrical factors, physical examination of the neonate, and assessment of neonatal reflexes. It describes various neuromuscular and physical criteria used in the Ballard exam to determine gestational age, such as posture, arm recoil, and genital development. It also outlines several neonatal reflexes that are present at birth and typically disappear by 3-12 months, including Moro, rooting, stepping, and asymmetric tonic neck reflex.
This document summarizes various reflexes present at birth and during early childhood development. It describes general body reflexes like the moro reflex and startle reflex, as well as facial reflexes, oral reflexes, and other reflexes. It provides details on the onset and disappearance of each reflex, how they are elicited, and their significance. The document serves as a reference for understanding reflex development in infants and children.
Newborn infants undergo several physiological adaptations after birth. The foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus close as pulmonary vascular resistance decreases and oxygen levels in the lungs increase. Temperature regulation is important as newborns have a narrow temperature range and lack body fat. They rely on caregivers to prevent heat loss through proper drying, skin-to-skin contact, and room temperature. Liver function also adapts as the immature liver transitions to breaking down bilirubin from red blood cells.
This document discusses neonatal physiology including:
1. Neonates have limited reserve capacity for temperature control, cardiovascular and respiratory functions due to physiological changes after birth.
2. Fluid requirements vary greatly between individual neonates due to immaturity of the liver and kidneys.
3. The document defines terms like newborn, neonate, preterm neonate and discusses differences in cardiac output and circulations between fetal and neonatal stages.
The pituitary gland, also known as the hypophysis, acts as the control center for the endocrine system. It has an anterior and posterior lobe. The anterior lobe is controlled by hormones from the hypothalamus that stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones like growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, and adrenocorticotropic hormone. These hormones target organs like the thyroid, adrenals, and liver. The posterior lobe stores and releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone which are produced in the hypothalamus. Pituitary tumors can cause hyperpituitarism by overproducing hormones or compressing the pituitary and decreasing hormone production.
Abnormal Psychology: Neurodevelopmental DisodersElla Mae Ayen
Group of conditions with onset in the developmental period.
Disorders typically manifest early in development.
often before the child enter grade school
characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic or occupational functioning.
Intestinal duplications are rare congenital anomalies consisting of tubular or spherical structures attached to the intestine with a shared blood supply and intestinal lining. They are classified into 3 categories: localized duplications occurring anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract, duplications associated with spinal cord anomalies, and duplications of the colon associated with urinary/genital anomalies. Clinical manifestations include bowel obstruction, abdominal pain, and palpable masses. Diagnosis is based on history and physical exam. Treatment involves surgical resection and management of any associated defects.
Organogenesis is the process by which the three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm) develop into internal organs through proliferation, migration, reaggregation and differentiation of cells. This process occurs between weeks 3 to 8 of development in utero. During this critical period, environmental factors can greatly impact development by disturbing key processes like cell division, apoptosis, gene expression and metabolism. Exposure to teratogens during organogenesis raises the risk of birth defects and structural abnormalities, while exposure later in pregnancy is less likely to cause such defects.
The document discusses various reflexes seen in infants and their significance. It begins by defining a reflex and describing the basic reflex arc involving receptors, afferent nerves, centers, efferent nerves and effectors. Reflexes are then classified based on whether they are inborn or acquired, their neurological pathway, purpose and clinical presentation. Several important reflexes seen in newborns like the moro, rooting and babinski reflexes are explained in detail. The document emphasizes that assessment of infant reflexes helps identify normal development and potential abnormalities.
Neonatal Screening: G6PD and Critical Congenital Heart DiseaseRedzwan Abdullah
This document discusses neonatal screening tests for G6PD deficiency and critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) in Malaysia. It provides information on the purpose and types of neonatal screening, including tests for G6PD deficiency and pulse oximetry screening for CCHD. For G6PD deficiency, the document outlines the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, screening, investigations, management, and complications. For CCHD screening, it describes how pulse oximetry can detect lower oxygen levels associated with heart defects, and the screening procedure and follow-up for babies who fail the screening test. The document emphasizes the importance of screening to identify conditions early for treatment before symptoms appear.
The document describes the typical characteristics of a newborn infant. It discusses the transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life and the physiological adaptations required. Key systems like temperature regulation, vital signs, skin, head, eyes/ears, gastrointestinal, circulatory, respiratory, endocrine and neuromuscular systems are summarized along with common assessments and implications for nursing care of the newborn in the delivery room and nursery.
An Introduction to the assessment of learning in the Psychomotor And Affectiv...Miguel Angelo Rosales
This document discusses methods of assessing learning in the psychomotor and affective domains. It describes the levels of psychomotor learning as imitation, manipulation, and precision. Assessment approaches discussed include observation of student performance, evaluation of student products, and portfolios. Rating scales, checklists, and rubrics are presented as tools to measure the acquisition of skills.
This document provides an overview of child development by outlining the key periods of development from infancy through adolescence. It describes the three main domains of development - physical, cognitive, and social/emotional. The document then discusses several influential theories of child development, including psychoanalytic, behavioral, cognitive, and biological approaches. It profiles some of the major theorists in each approach, such as Freud, Piaget, Vygotsky, and Bronfenbrenner, and summarizes some of their core concepts and contributions to understanding child development.
The document summarizes fetal development from the first through third trimesters of pregnancy in 3-4 week increments. In the first trimester, the embryo grows rapidly, forms major organs, and develops a placenta and circulatory system. By 8 weeks, the baby's sex and organ systems are developing. In the second trimester, the fetus' skeleton, hair, ears, eyes, and other features form and mature. Fat begins to form in weeks 17-19. In the third trimester, the baby practices breathing, regulates its body temperature, and is fully capable of opening its eyes and detecting light by weeks 30-33.
This document discusses the child's experience of hospitalization. It begins by outlining various health care settings like outpatient clinics and children's hospital units. It then discusses preparing children for treatments based on their age, as well as managing pain in infants and children through various assessment tools and pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods. The document also addresses the child and parents' reactions to hospitalization like separation anxiety, fear, and parental guilt. It emphasizes the nurse's role in supporting the child's developmental, cultural, and emotional needs through the hospital experience.
This document outlines the objectives and content of Chapter 14, which discusses perinatal injuries and congenital malformations in newborns. It covers various birth defects including neural tube defects like hydrocephalus and spina bifida. It describes the classifications, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of these conditions. It also discusses other defects affecting the nervous system, gastrointestinal system, and musculoskeletal system. The nursing care for newborns with various birth defects is outlined.
This chapter discusses preterm and postterm newborns. It begins by defining preterm as less than 38 weeks gestation and outlines some of the risks associated with preterm birth such as higher rates of death and birth defects. Some of the problems that can occur with preterm birth are then discussed in more detail, including respiratory distress syndrome, apnea, sepsis and hypothermia. Nursing care is also outlined for various problems including monitoring vital signs, minimal handling and maintaining warmth for thermoregulation.
The document summarizes growth and development from infancy to one year. It discusses physical growth including weight, length, head circumference, and other body measurements. It also covers motor, cognitive, psychosocial, and other developmental milestones. Common problems and nursing responsibilities for infants are mentioned. The conclusion restates the importance of understanding infant growth and development.
This document defines and describes small for gestational age (SGA), large for gestational age (LGA), and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) babies. SGA is defined as birth weight below the 10th percentile, and can be malnourished SGA with proportional growth restriction, hypoplastic SGA with decreased cell number and organ growth, or mixed. LGA is above the 90th percentile and is associated with maternal diabetes, genetics, and excessive weight gain. AGA is between the 10th-90th percentiles and considered normal size. The document outlines causes, features, and management considerations for SGA and LGA newborns.
Gestational age assessment and Neonatal reflexesThe Medical Post
This document provides information on assessing gestational age in neonates through calculation of dates, evaluation of obstetrical factors, physical examination of the neonate, and assessment of neonatal reflexes. It describes various neuromuscular and physical criteria used in the Ballard exam to determine gestational age, such as posture, arm recoil, and genital development. It also outlines several neonatal reflexes that are present at birth and typically disappear by 3-12 months, including Moro, rooting, stepping, and asymmetric tonic neck reflex.
This document summarizes various reflexes present at birth and during early childhood development. It describes general body reflexes like the moro reflex and startle reflex, as well as facial reflexes, oral reflexes, and other reflexes. It provides details on the onset and disappearance of each reflex, how they are elicited, and their significance. The document serves as a reference for understanding reflex development in infants and children.
Newborn infants undergo several physiological adaptations after birth. The foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus close as pulmonary vascular resistance decreases and oxygen levels in the lungs increase. Temperature regulation is important as newborns have a narrow temperature range and lack body fat. They rely on caregivers to prevent heat loss through proper drying, skin-to-skin contact, and room temperature. Liver function also adapts as the immature liver transitions to breaking down bilirubin from red blood cells.
This document discusses neonatal physiology including:
1. Neonates have limited reserve capacity for temperature control, cardiovascular and respiratory functions due to physiological changes after birth.
2. Fluid requirements vary greatly between individual neonates due to immaturity of the liver and kidneys.
3. The document defines terms like newborn, neonate, preterm neonate and discusses differences in cardiac output and circulations between fetal and neonatal stages.
The pituitary gland, also known as the hypophysis, acts as the control center for the endocrine system. It has an anterior and posterior lobe. The anterior lobe is controlled by hormones from the hypothalamus that stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones like growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, and adrenocorticotropic hormone. These hormones target organs like the thyroid, adrenals, and liver. The posterior lobe stores and releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone which are produced in the hypothalamus. Pituitary tumors can cause hyperpituitarism by overproducing hormones or compressing the pituitary and decreasing hormone production.
Abnormal Psychology: Neurodevelopmental DisodersElla Mae Ayen
Group of conditions with onset in the developmental period.
Disorders typically manifest early in development.
often before the child enter grade school
characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic or occupational functioning.
Intestinal duplications are rare congenital anomalies consisting of tubular or spherical structures attached to the intestine with a shared blood supply and intestinal lining. They are classified into 3 categories: localized duplications occurring anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract, duplications associated with spinal cord anomalies, and duplications of the colon associated with urinary/genital anomalies. Clinical manifestations include bowel obstruction, abdominal pain, and palpable masses. Diagnosis is based on history and physical exam. Treatment involves surgical resection and management of any associated defects.
Organogenesis is the process by which the three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm) develop into internal organs through proliferation, migration, reaggregation and differentiation of cells. This process occurs between weeks 3 to 8 of development in utero. During this critical period, environmental factors can greatly impact development by disturbing key processes like cell division, apoptosis, gene expression and metabolism. Exposure to teratogens during organogenesis raises the risk of birth defects and structural abnormalities, while exposure later in pregnancy is less likely to cause such defects.
The document discusses various reflexes seen in infants and their significance. It begins by defining a reflex and describing the basic reflex arc involving receptors, afferent nerves, centers, efferent nerves and effectors. Reflexes are then classified based on whether they are inborn or acquired, their neurological pathway, purpose and clinical presentation. Several important reflexes seen in newborns like the moro, rooting and babinski reflexes are explained in detail. The document emphasizes that assessment of infant reflexes helps identify normal development and potential abnormalities.
Neonatal Screening: G6PD and Critical Congenital Heart DiseaseRedzwan Abdullah
This document discusses neonatal screening tests for G6PD deficiency and critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) in Malaysia. It provides information on the purpose and types of neonatal screening, including tests for G6PD deficiency and pulse oximetry screening for CCHD. For G6PD deficiency, the document outlines the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, screening, investigations, management, and complications. For CCHD screening, it describes how pulse oximetry can detect lower oxygen levels associated with heart defects, and the screening procedure and follow-up for babies who fail the screening test. The document emphasizes the importance of screening to identify conditions early for treatment before symptoms appear.
The document describes the typical characteristics of a newborn infant. It discusses the transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life and the physiological adaptations required. Key systems like temperature regulation, vital signs, skin, head, eyes/ears, gastrointestinal, circulatory, respiratory, endocrine and neuromuscular systems are summarized along with common assessments and implications for nursing care of the newborn in the delivery room and nursery.
An Introduction to the assessment of learning in the Psychomotor And Affectiv...Miguel Angelo Rosales
This document discusses methods of assessing learning in the psychomotor and affective domains. It describes the levels of psychomotor learning as imitation, manipulation, and precision. Assessment approaches discussed include observation of student performance, evaluation of student products, and portfolios. Rating scales, checklists, and rubrics are presented as tools to measure the acquisition of skills.
This document provides an overview of child development by outlining the key periods of development from infancy through adolescence. It describes the three main domains of development - physical, cognitive, and social/emotional. The document then discusses several influential theories of child development, including psychoanalytic, behavioral, cognitive, and biological approaches. It profiles some of the major theorists in each approach, such as Freud, Piaget, Vygotsky, and Bronfenbrenner, and summarizes some of their core concepts and contributions to understanding child development.
The document summarizes fetal development from the first through third trimesters of pregnancy in 3-4 week increments. In the first trimester, the embryo grows rapidly, forms major organs, and develops a placenta and circulatory system. By 8 weeks, the baby's sex and organ systems are developing. In the second trimester, the fetus' skeleton, hair, ears, eyes, and other features form and mature. Fat begins to form in weeks 17-19. In the third trimester, the baby practices breathing, regulates its body temperature, and is fully capable of opening its eyes and detecting light by weeks 30-33.
This document discusses the child's experience of hospitalization. It begins by outlining various health care settings like outpatient clinics and children's hospital units. It then discusses preparing children for treatments based on their age, as well as managing pain in infants and children through various assessment tools and pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods. The document also addresses the child and parents' reactions to hospitalization like separation anxiety, fear, and parental guilt. It emphasizes the nurse's role in supporting the child's developmental, cultural, and emotional needs through the hospital experience.
This document outlines the objectives and content of Chapter 14, which discusses perinatal injuries and congenital malformations in newborns. It covers various birth defects including neural tube defects like hydrocephalus and spina bifida. It describes the classifications, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of these conditions. It also discusses other defects affecting the nervous system, gastrointestinal system, and musculoskeletal system. The nursing care for newborns with various birth defects is outlined.
This chapter discusses preterm and postterm newborns. It begins by defining preterm as less than 38 weeks gestation and outlines some of the risks associated with preterm birth such as higher rates of death and birth defects. Some of the problems that can occur with preterm birth are then discussed in more detail, including respiratory distress syndrome, apnea, sepsis and hypothermia. Nursing care is also outlined for various problems including monitoring vital signs, minimal handling and maintaining warmth for thermoregulation.
This chapter discusses nursing care for children with sensory or neurological conditions. It covers objectives related to common pediatric ear, eye, and neurological issues. Key topics include the prevention and treatment of ear infections, approaches for caring for hearing-impaired children, causes and management of amblyopia and strabismus, neurological differences between children and adults, types of seizures and their nursing care, and cerebral palsy.
This document discusses development in toddlers aged 1 to 3 years. It covers physical, cognitive, speech, and psychosocial development. Key topics include rapid growth and development; achieving independence; toilet training; injury prevention; and appropriate toys, play, and guidance techniques. The goals are to support the toddler's autonomy and social skills while maintaining safety.
This document discusses musculoskeletal conditions in children. It covers topics like normal musculoskeletal development, differences between children and adults, pediatric trauma, fractures and traction, casts and splints, and specific conditions like osteomyelitis, Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. Nursing care focuses on promotion of mobility, pain management, prevention of complications, and maintenance of quality of life for conditions affecting the musculoskeletal system in growing children.
The document summarizes key aspects of the nervous system, including definitions of the central and peripheral nervous systems. It describes the main regions and components of the brain and spinal cord that make up the central nervous system. It also outlines the 12 pairs of cranial nerves and peripheral nerves that are part of the peripheral nervous system. Finally, it provides guidance on examining various aspects of the nervous system, such as cranial nerves, motor and sensory function, coordination, and reflexes.
The document describes the structure and function of the nervous system. It defines the central nervous system as the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system as cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and peripheral nerves. It then provides details on the four main regions of the brain, the structure and segments of the spinal cord, and the 12 pairs of cranial nerves. Finally, it outlines techniques for examining the cranial nerves, motor system, sensory system, coordination, and mental status during a neurological exam.
This chapter discusses the physical, psychosocial, and cognitive development of infants from 1 month to 12 months of age. It outlines the major developmental milestones in this period, including doubling of weight by 6 months and tripling by 1 year. The chapter also addresses infant nutrition, safety, illness prevention, and the nursing responsibilities of health promotion and anticipatory guidance for parents during an infant's first year.
A neurological examination evaluates the functioning of the nervous system, including sensory, motor, and cognitive abilities. It involves tests of mental status, cranial nerves, motor skills, sensation, reflexes, and cerebellar function. The purposes are to identify or rule out nervous system diseases, aid diagnosis, guide treatment, and monitor changes over time. Nurses are responsible for ensuring a calm environment, accurately documenting exam findings, and informing doctors of any changes.
The vestibulocochlear nerve, also known as Cranial Nerve VIII, has two components - the vestibular nerve and the auditory nerve. The auditory nerve receives input from the cochlea and is responsible for hearing. The vestibular nerve receives input from structures in the inner ear involved in balance and equilibrium. Clinical examination of the vestibular system includes tests of the vestibulo-ocular reflex like dolls-eye test and head thrust test. It also includes tests of the vestibulospinal reflex like Romberg test and past pointing. Caloric testing and positional maneuvers help differentiate peripheral and central causes of vertigo and dizziness.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system and how to assess the neurologic system. It describes that the nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. A neurologic exam involves assessing 5 areas: cerebral function, cranial nerves, motor function, sensory function, and reflexes. Specific tests are outlined to evaluate each of these areas including the Glasgow Coma Scale for level of consciousness and individual tests for each of the 12 cranial nerves.
This document discusses neonatal reflexes, including their classification, significance, and types. It begins by defining a reflex and explaining that neonatal reflexes are inborn and present at birth. Reflexes are then classified based on whether they are conditioned or unconditioned, their location in the nervous system, their purpose, and clinical features. Several important reflexes are described in detail, including Moro, rooting, sucking, stepping, and Babinski. The document emphasizes that assessing an infant's reflexes provides insight into their normal development and can help identify potential abnormalities.
This document outlines objectives and content for a chapter about health care adaptations for children and families. It discusses safety measures, transporting children, assessing vital signs, fever management, administering medications, collecting specimens, and teaching parents. The key points are:
- Safety is crucial when caring for hospitalized children. Identification, medication storage, and equipment use must be addressed.
- Children's vital signs, specimen collection, and medication administration have age-specific considerations. Development affects responses to interventions.
- Educating parents on assessments, treatments, and home care is essential for continuing care of the child.
The nervous system has three main parts - the brain, spinal cord and nerves. It works by detecting stimuli through sensory receptors, transmitting electrical signals along neurons to the brain and spinal cord, and triggering responses in muscles and glands via motor neurons. Key examples of reflex actions controlled by the nervous system without conscious thought include blinking, pupil constriction and the knee jerk response. The endocrine system also allows communication through chemical messengers called hormones released by glands like the pituitary, thyroid and adrenals.
The nervous system is made up of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system controls functions of the body by analyzing stimuli and integrating internal and external responses. It is composed of neurons which transmit signals through electrical and chemical processes. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to other parts of the body and is divided into the sensory division, which sends stimuli to the central nervous system, and the motor division, which carries signals from the central nervous system to the body's tissues.
Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to regulate and maintain stable internal conditions necessary for survival, even when external conditions change. It operates through negative and positive feedback loops. Negative feedback loops work to reverse changes that move conditions outside the normal range, like increasing heart rate in response to stress. Positive feedback loops intensify changes, like contractions during childbirth increasing in strength as pressure from the baby rises. Homeostasis is constantly disrupted by internal and external stimuli but feedback loops work to quickly restore equilibrium and prevent conditions from becoming dangerous.
The document provides guidance on performing a neonatal neurological examination. It should be done on newborns that had antecedent conditions or physical signs during a normal exam. The exam is best done when the infant is in an optimal state, usually between feeds for preterm infants. The exam involves assessing alertness, cranial nerves, tone, reflexes, and primitive reflexes in a structured sequence. Normal responses and abnormalities are described for each component. The exam allows for evaluation of the infant's neurological integrity.
Fourth stage of labor: The hour or two after delivery when the tone of the uterus is reestablished as the uterus contracts again, expelling any remaining contents. These contractions are hastened by breastfeeding, which stimulates production of the hormone oxytocin.
Discuss how genetic background affects the newborn’s adjustment to life. Discuss the effects of prenatal care, labor, and delivery on the newborn.
What is the nurse’s role in providing sensory and physical stimuli to assist the newborn in breathing?
Describe each of the reflexes listed.
Describe each reflex. What is the nurse’s role in assessing the newborn’s reflexes?
Refer to Figure 12-5 on page 284 and discuss caput succedaneum and cephalhematoma. Why is the newborn’s head circumference measured?
Describe each phase of the sleep-wake cycle. Discuss each of the patterns of reactivity listed.
What is the nurse’s role in assessing pain in the newborn?
Discuss the CRIES 10-point scale, the PIPP profile, the NIPS scale, and the NPASS scale.
What are some examples of conditioned responses?
How can this scale help new parents?
What is the nurse’s role in maintaining a patent airway in the newborn?
Describe proper suctioning with a bulb syringe.
Give an example of how to measure the Apgar score. What are the implications of sternal retractions and the nurse’s role in managing this urgent situation? Audience Response Question #1 An Apgar score of 5 at 5 minutes indicates the neonate is in: 1. Good condition 2. Fair condition 3. Poor condition 4. Critical condition
Discuss the difference between neonatal circulation from that of a fetus. Describe the location and pathophysiology of the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus.
How can you ensure the newborn is kept warm? Hands and feet are not used as a guide to determine warmth because the extremities tend to be cooler than the rest of the body.
Discuss proper methods to count respiratory and pulse rates. How would you describe noisy respirations, nasal flaring, and chest retractions? Audience Response Question #2 A neonate's vital signs are assessed as follows: axillary temperature 96.5° F, pulse 125 bpm, respirations 44. The nurse is aware that: 1. these are within normal limits. 2. pulse is elevated. 3. respirations and temperature are normal. 4. temperature is decreased.
What is another reason for swaddling a newborn besides temperature control?
Audience Response Question #3 Average newborn length is19-21.5 inches. What is the average newborn weight? 1. 6 lb. - 7.5 lb. 2. 6 lb. - 9 lb 3. 7.5 lb. - 9.5 lb 4. 7 lb -10 lb
Why is it important to weigh the newborn daily?
Discuss the rationale regarding the importance of the first void. Why should the nurse monitor the frequency of urination?
What instructions should be given to the parents regarding care of the genitalia?
What causes jaundice?
Give an example of typical documentation for a newborn’s stools.
Discuss Figure 12-15 on page 298.
Discuss methods to manage constipation and hiccoughs. What is the gastrocolic reflex? What vitamins are necessary for the newborn?
What is considered proper umbilical cord care? Discuss the importance of hand hygiene.
What information should be provided to parents in each of the areas listed?