The document summarizes changes in morphology and syntax from Old English to Modern English. Specifically, it notes that Old English was a synthetic language that relied on case markings and agreement, while Modern English is more analytic, relying on grammatical words and word order. It suggests this shift may have been influenced by contact with Celtic and Scandinavian languages. As an example, it compares the first lines of Caedmon's Hymn in Old English to a word-for-word modern English translation and a free translation, showing the addition of grammatical words like articles in the modern version.

1. Changes in morphology
and syntax
Azamatova Adel shtk221
OE, ME, NE comparison

3. Old English is a language that relies on marking its nouns, adjectives, and verbs but
that has relatively free word order. Such a language is called synthetic. Over time,
however, English becomes a language that relies more on prepositions, auxiliaries, and
articles, also known as grammatical words, and on word order than on case markings on
nouns and agreement on verbs. This kind of language is called analytic. The change from
synthetic to analytic might have been caused by the contact with speakers of Celtic,
Scandinavian, and other languages or due to language internal factors or to both.
MAJOR CHANGES IN THE SYNTAX OF ENGLISH

4. Compare the first lines of the Old English (Northumbrian) version of Caedmon’s Hymn
with its translation into a Modern English word‐by‐word gloss underneath and then its
free translation.
Apart from the fact that many of the words are different, the Modern English translation
has the grammatical words ‘we’, ‘the’ and, ‘of’ that the original doesn’t have, which
illustrates the change to an analytic language from a synthetic one.