Change In Antarctica

Change In Antarctica
Antarctica is Earth's southernmost continent.Antarctica is the coldest of Earth's continents and is a
frozen desert with little precipitation. There are countless number of animals(including penguins,
blue whales, orcas, colossal squids and fur seals), fungi(such as Cryomyces antarcticus, and
Cryomyces minteri), plants and other organisms. Nonetheless, the biodiversity is consistently
changing over past century and strongly affected by the climate change in recent years.
There are unique climate changes among the Antarctic region. These include the uptake of carbon
dioxide by the Southern Ocean; the overturning circulation of the deep ocean; the balance between
water storage and discharge in the main continental ice–sheet; changes in surface energy, mass and
momentum exchange by ice masses; and energy transfer between all levels of the atmosphere to
space. Their impacts include future greenhouse gas levels, sea–level rise, the variability and rate of
change of climate, and changes in atmospheric composition. ... Show more content on
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Many glaciers and ice shelves have retreated in recent years. 87% of glaciers along the west coast of
the Antarctic Peninsula have retreated in the last 50 years with most of these showing accelerated
retreat in the last 12 years.Recently it has been revealed that the collapsing in WAIS is unstoppable.
Meanwhile, the polar region–Antarctica–is particularly sensitive to small rises in the annual average
temperature, they are sometimes referred to as "the canary in the coalmine" in that they show
changes long before they can be seen elsewhere in the world. However, first it should be assumed
that Global warming is real, and the average temperature in Antarctica region has risen for
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The Threat Of Global Warming
Ever since the twenty–first century, the injury and menace posed by global climate change to human
being has long been acknowledged by public. In the face of global warming, a series of resulting
problems inflict a serious threat on the nature environment, which is the material base of the human
being depending on. Therefore, climate change is no longer just a discipline problem but also has
gradually become a major social problem, which has draw a common concern for us humans.
During this, the resulting problems coming with the climate change has been transforming from
oneness to diversification, from being known to being unknown. Various new phenomena lead to the
change to human survival state. Most importantly, disaster in different ... Show more content on
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On the contrary, it is generally agreed by the majority of scientists that human activities, especially
since the industrial revolution in 1840s, including the production of factories, the consumption of
customers, the using of land among others, makes the most contribution to the global warming. The
assessment report published by IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) in 2007 notes
that the likelihood of the human activities to be the causes of the climate change is more than 90 %.
The IPPC 's reports on climate change highlight how human activities have affected global
temperature in the past 50 years. There are the primary human activities that contribute to the
climate change.
One of many points is burning of fossil fuels results in a tremendous emission of green house gases
in the atmosphere. Since the Industrial Revolution in 19th, the demand of fossil fuels increase
sharply. Fossil fuels such as oil, coal and natural gas supply most of the energy neediness for
transportation, electricity generation and household heating. According to the IPCC's reports,
burning of fuels (world wide) produces around 21.3 billion tons (21.3 gigatons) of carbon dioxide
every year. Though part of the carbon dioxide exited in the human life circle would be absorbed
naturally, the remainder gets caught up in the atmosphere and contributes to global greenhouse gas
warming.
Another point is improper usage of land is also one of the most important factors that should draw

A Brief Note On The Himalayas Of India
Richard Petrosky
Film Review 3
7/23/15
The Himalayas in India are important resource of water for the population in India and around the
world. Glaciers are in deep trouble due to the climate change and this hurts billions of people in the
Ganges River. The snow that falls in the Himalayas compacts into glaciers thus providing a
continuous water supply. However melting of the ice is happening faster then predicted and
according to a meeting in Denmark sea level rise is about 3 feet by the end of the century. Global
warming might trigger worldwide food crisis that will threaten international security. In Montana the
ice may disappear in just over a decade and by 2020 glacier will be gone unless changes are done to
stop temperature from rising. In the 1980s, the U.S.G.S. began a more systematic study of the
remaining glaciers, which has continued to the present day. By 2010, 37 glaciers remained, but only
25 of these were considered to be "active glaciers" of at least 25 acres (0.10 km2) in area. If the
current warming trend continues, all of the remaining glaciers in the park will be gone by 2030.Thie
glacier retreat follows a worldwide pattern that has accelerated even more since 1980. Without a
major climatic change in which cooler and moister weather returns and persists, the mass balance,
which is the accumulation rate versus the ablation (melting) rate of glaciers, will continue to be
negative and the glaciers will eventually disappear, leaving behind only barren

Factors To Reduce Climate Change
Climate is increasing our global temperature, and we should be aware of the effects of climate
change so we are conscious about how to alter our actions to reduce it. Climate is the overall
weather pattern over a long period of time. Over the decades, climate has drastically changed. There
are several key factors that contribute to how climate works. The atmosphere acts a greenhouse,
trapping the carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gasses inside, gradually warming the earth. The
clouds in the atmosphere act as a second layer trapping in the heat from water vapor, and blocking
the sunlight. The albedo of ice caps and glaciers is high meaning their reflectivity is high, however,
with the melting of ice caps, more heat is retained into the ocean rather than reflected off. Ocean
currents also play a role in climate change in the sense that the conveyor belt keeps the oceans
circulating. In addition, the Milankovitch theory which uses the earth's eccentricity, tilt, and wobble
to explain the alternating warm and cool changes. Carbon dioxide plays a significant role in the
effects of climate change. The trapping of greenhouse gasses, of which includes carbon dioxide, has
overtime caused a global warming. Since the Industrial Revolution, humankind has tripled the
amount of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere(NASA, 2107). The burning of fossil fuels is a
large contributor to the emission of carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide is gradually warming the
planet which affects all

The Problems of Glaciers Melting Essay
Our planet has two glaciers of continental size, one being present on Antarctica and the other on
Greenland. Observations made by scientists over the last thirty–five years all agree upon the notion
of shrinking, and or retreating of the ice sheets. The melting of ice sheets has powerful implications
for the millions of people who depend on glacial melt for drinking water and the millions of people
who will be displaced by the sea level rise occurring as a direct result of the melting. The
observations of ice melting also show that the rate at which the ice is melting is accelerating.
Mountain glaciers around the world are also on the retreat. Some instances of particular mountain
glaciers may show expansion, but studies done by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A third method known as satellite gravimetry measures changes in Earth's gravity field by deducing
satellite data and determining changes in ice mass.
When considering the retreat of the Greenland and the Antarctic ice sheets it is important to
understand how global warming is affecting the total mass and volume of the ice sheets. Global
warming, put simply is affecting ice sheets in two main ways. Warmer temperatures cause higher
levels of precipitation, which means more snowfall. On the contrary, warming temperatures cause
ice sheets to thin and melt. Therefore we must deduce which has the greater effect. A variety of
techniques, some which have been mentioned earlier have been employed over the years to measure
Greenland and Antarctica's mass balances. Various independent measurements have all agree upon a
clear long–term trend showing a decline in ice mass. Confirmation has been acquired by the Gravity
Recovery and Climate Experiment, which measured shifts in Earth's gravity field. In the 1960s
Greenland was losing 100 gigatonnes of ice per year, this rate slowed during the 1970s and 1980s in
near mass balance. By 1996 the rate of ice mass loss had increased to 97 gigatonnes per year. As of
2007 a rapid increase of ice loss occurred, measured at 267 gigatonnes per year. In the larger scheme
of things we see how the amount of precipitation vs. the amount of melting interact with each other.
Earlier research suggested that the ice sheets

Analyzing Rock Glaciers
1. How do rock glaciers affect the critical zone of alpine environments? The term critical zone is
used quite extensively in recent literature of Earth Science. The critical zone is define by the NRC
(2001) as "a heterogeneous, near surface environment in which complex interaction involving rock,
soil, water, air, and living organism regulate the natural habitat and determine availability of life
sustaining resources". The alpine is a critical zone, defined by the NSF in 2001, as the zone that
extends from the top of the canopy to the bottom of the aquifer. In alpine environment, within the
critical zone, the top layer acts as an open system that is subject to elemental gain and losses. Rock
glaciers are an important component of high mountain systems, a common occurrence in Arctic and
alpine permafrost regions, play an important role in alpine mass balances and aspects of
morphologic stability (Jansen and Herganten, 2006). In addition, rock glaciers can serve as a visible
indicator of mountain permafrost (Barsch, 1977 and Haeberli, 1985). Permafrost phenomena in
mountain areas are a function of: Mean Annual Air Temperature (MAAT), and elevation, direct solar
radiation, local relief and topography, snow cover thickness and duration, and avalanche activity
(Heaberli, 1992). As a critical zone, rock glacier landform focuses on the interconnected chemical,
physical and biological processes shaping alpine landscape. Rock glacier is a dynamic system,
change in mean annual air

Climate Change Persuasive Essay
Climate change has become a big issue in the past 20 years due to the new technological advances
we have made. With this technology we have created comes a great deal of responsibility, we can
use this to our benefit along with benefitting our Earth or we can emit more harmful gases into the
atmosphere. During the industrial revolution machines were made that could do things 20 strong
men couldn't do, this being said these machines needed fuel. People looked for fuel to work these
machines and many found burning coal worked quite well, while it may have ran the machines well
at the time it also polluted the air we breathe. The people living back in the 18th and 19th century
weren't affected by this air pollution but instead the people of today ... Show more content on
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Different processes like fossil fuel burning in industries, motor vehicles, and buildings all emit
hazardous waste into the air that lead to air pollution. Some of the pollutants released into the air are
particulate matter and ground level ozone which are the main ingredients in smog, along with
nitrogen oxide, sulphur oxide, volatile organic compounds, and carbon monoxide. Ground level
ozone and soot are direct contributors to air pollution and a higher temperature increase. Recent
studies have shown that in the upcoming years with temperatures rising ozone will be released into
the atmosphere at much higher levels than previously seen. This increase in ozone will be very
harmful as it can cause health problems for children, the elderly, and anyone with lung diseases such
as asthma. Along with affecting us humans ground level ozone is harmful on vegetation and
ecosystems that support all kinds of plant and animal life. Some factors that affect ozone formation
are heat, concentrations of precursor chemicals, and methane emissions. An increase in global
temperature can lead to more premature deaths caused by worsened ozone and particle pollution.
Studies have shown that if no change is made in air pollution premature deaths due to these factors
will rise anywhere from 1,000–4,300 additional deaths per year by 2050. Us humans in everyday
life contribute

Facts About Global Warming and Climate Change
Facts about Global Warming and Climate Change
We know of no other habitable place in the universe comparable to planet earth. But the climate
change poses obvious threat to all forms of life in the planet and no living creature is exempted.
Extreme and unpredictable weather events and catastrophes are too overwhelming. Sometimes,
people may need international aid to stand up.
It's quite alarming how global warming affects the world. Imagine the world's coolest places, the
Arctic and Antarctica with its ice melting and pouring significant amount of water to the sea. The
sea levels are rising fast, weather conditions change rapidly and sometimes getting more
unpredictable.
Climate is dependent to various factors like how much sunlight ... Show more content on
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This is a way of telling people that climate change today is quite unusual compared before.
Carbon dioxide is one of the most essential gases despite being a greenhouse gas. Plants live with
carbon dioxide and in turn human beings and animals live with the oxygen released by the plants.
Apart from that, carbon dioxide keeps the earth warm so that life is possible. Otherwise, the planet
becomes a lifeless frozen dessert.
But with the increasing carbon dioxide emission, global temperature will continue to rise.
Significant levels of greenhouse gases are brought about by the huge amount of fossil fuels burned
from various human activities. By principle when the global temperature hits up, the sea levels
move up as well. Experts say that the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increased about
30% in the last century and the highest ever recorded in history. It has been predicted that with
continuous warming of the global temperature, the sea levels would rise as much as 5 feet in 100
years which will probably ruin infrastructure.
The earth's forests play a vital role in absorbing significant amount of carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere. But instead of preserving them, some people are tempted to serve themselves with their
vested interest cutting more and more trees down. In fact, the trees and green plants in the largest
forest on earth – Amazon experienced the dreadful effects of climate change. An Amazon expert
noted

What Causes Thermohaline Circulation
1. Thermohaline circulation of the ocean corresponds to the change of density in flowing water. It is
created through global density gradients constructed by surface heat and freshwater fluxes through
the large scale ocean circulation. It is based on deep water currents that make up 90% of the ocean.
Water moves around areas found under sea, ocean basins, since density is caused by forces and
gravity. The amount of salt in the water and the temperature of the water changes the density.
Salinity and cold temperatures make the water more dense which causes deep waters, which form
when air temperatures are cold and the salinity of the surface of waters is high, to sink into deep
ocean basins at high latitudes where temperatures are cold enough for the density to decrease. In
other terms, it is known as part of the ocean circulation created through the differences in
densities.The density of the water is dependent on the salinity and temperature which changes from
the surface of the water either heating up or cooling down as freshwater flows as said before.
Thermohaline circulation moves a massive current around the world not to ... Show more content on
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The marine ecosystems would die because the nutrients would not be becoming spread out through
the flow of the currents not to mention more fish would die since the oxygen supply would decrease
if the ocean currents were to collapse fully or partially.The food chain would go off balance because
if some animals were to die, their predators would have no prey to eat on so those animals would die
of starvation which could lead to extinction and all ocean life being threatened starting with the
phytoplankton that uses photosynthesis and is the first in line for the marine food chain not to
mention it is essential to all oceanic life. If phytoplankton die, their skin sinks to the bottom of the
ocean, the surface of the water is not refilled with nutrients if it were to collapse since the circulation
would not move the water down below

Effects Of Glaciers On The Environment
As time progresses more and more emissions are expelled into our atmosphere. While this happens
at the current rate, our world begins to warm and the climates begin to change. One of the largest
impacts we see in our world is glaciers retreating at a pace that seems unstoppable. As the glaciers
retreat we see the surrounding ecosystems changing with them. The water put off into the oceans
impacts not only molecules in the water but the life within it. As glaciers retreat more and more
questions arise but one pressing factor is how it is affecting entire surrounding regions. It is
questionable to see if some species are adapting to the receding of glaciers or if populations are
directly impacted. Since glaciers play a huge role in the environment, it can only be predicted that it
will impact many species dramatically. This can be predicted because of the noticeable change in the
ecosystems around them. Glaciers hold a huge mass that not only covers large areas of land but
shapes and changes the landscape. Since Prince William Sound has so many glaciers feeding into its
region it is an ideal area to observe.. Since glaciers are such influential masses in our environment it
can be predicted that their retreat has direct impact in their region. Prince William Sound is located
in Southeast Alaska and is in the Chugach National Forest. The Sound is home to a temperate
rainforest and is over 2 million acres. Prince William Sound is home to around 150 glaciers, over
220 species of

The Country Of Chile Came Under The Rule Of Spain
The country of Chile came under the rule of Spain in the mid–16th century. In order to achieve its
independence Chile came to the realization that it would need to control the sea, and that a naval
squadron was a necessity in order to defeat Spain once and for all. Bernardo O'Higgins, one of
Chile's patriot leaders, is quoted as saying after a battle that "This triumph and a hundred more will
be insignificant unless we control the sea" (Worcester 8).This realization of the importance of the
sea is also what helped Chile to develop and prosper following their independence from their
colonial ruler, Spain in the 1800s.
During the war for independence, Chile recognized the importance of the sea not just as a means of
achieving victory over ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order to accomplish this Chile created the port at Valparaiso, the first major port for ships coming
around Cape Horn (Collier 17). While under colonial rule Chile was limited to who they could do
business with, following their independence Chile found new markets to sell their products to such
as Britain and the United States (Collier 17). The gold rush in California also helped to increase
foreign trade in Valparaiso. Though Chile at first traded primarily with Western countries, it
eventually diversified its range of countries that they traded with following some trade reforms. For
example, Chile now trades with Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, other Latin American countries, Japan,
Taiwan, South Korea, and China to name a few (Gwynne 52). In addition, Chile has many free trade
agreements with countries such as the United States of America, the European Union, China, and
Japan to name a few ("SICE: Countries: Chile: Trade Agreements." ). The diversification of trading
partners means that Chile is better able to cope with any potential economic downturn such as the
2008 Global Financial Crisis (Gwynne 52).
Chile also used its variety of climates, natural resources, and vegetation to its advantage. Simon
Collier states that "From the viewpoint of foreign trade, the goose that laid most of the golden eggs
was mining" (76). Sure enough mining was a vital component for Chile's development. For
example, the deserts of Chile contain one of Chile's most profitable natural

Global Warming and the Ocean
Ocean is the largest water body that covers 70% of the Earth's surface. In this giant pool, thousands
of known and unknown species thrive and create massive food web and environment. For several
centuries ocean had and still is providing us with seafood, salt, minerals, transportation, and even
leisure. However, in return, humans had leaked toxic chemicals, dumped trash, over–captured fishes
and sea organisms, and destroyed environment and geography. Also, due to humans' ever growing
carbon usage from burning fossil fuel had made Earth and ocean temperature unnaturally hot. Today,
as the result, the ocean had become a rotten pot of seafood and toxin. Although regret is always too
late, if people realize this danger as an imminent threat and change, it is possible to revive the ocean.
Global Warming
Global warming is one of the biggest environmental issues not just for the ocean but also for the
entire Earth. The global warming is caused by greenhouse gases such as the carbon dioxide and
methane, which create an invisible cover around the Earth. The cover or the atmosphere with the
green house gases lets in the sunlight but do not let the reflected light back into the outer space. This
is known as the greenhouse effect.
Ice Caps Are Melting The global warming had great impact on Artic ice. From 1979, more than 20%
of Arctic ice has melted away due to increased surface air and ocean temperatures. Also, the
accumulated area loss is approximately a third of continental US.

The Causes And Effects Of Climate Change
The Earth has warmed by about two degrees Fahrenheit since 1880 when record keeping of the
temperature began. That also includes the ocean waters. The warming is more over land, especially
in the Arctic and parts of Antarctica. Generally, the Earth varies in temperature from year to year by
a fraction of a degree. A rise of two degrees is significant. These differences are shown by the rising
global temperatures and warmer oceans. Climate change is a natural short term weather condition of
variable temperatures, winds, and rainfalls. However, over a long period of time for decades and
centuries, a pattern of weather changes may be apparent. These weather changes which affect the
planet and its people are commonly called Climate Change. The effects of climate change are
differences caused by changes in the weather. The emissions of carbon dioxide and sulfur gases are
created by mankind with the use of fossil fuels. This has resulted in heat to amass in the Earth like a
few hundred thousand atomic bombs detonating daily. It is known as the greenhouse effect and
called global warming. Climate change and global warming are words often used to mean the same
thing. If greenhouse gases remain high, then there could be a large temperature rise of up to eight
degrees Fahrenheit. Global warming would cause drastic changes to Earth and If emissions continue
unchecked then the temperature rise could exceed 8 degrees Fahrenheit, which would transform the
planet and damage its ability

Glaciers In The Andes
Although many glaciers are retreating in the Andes, some glaciers have shown a positive mass
budget. Schaefer et al. (2014) showed a progressive surface mass balance from 1975 to 2011 in the
South Patagonian Icefield. Masiokas et al. (2009) also noted glacier growths in certain portions of
SPI during the first half of the past millennium. Sakakibara and Sugiyama (2014), in their analysis
of 26 calving glaciers from 1984 to 2011, noticed small advancements in two termini of the Pío XI
glacier. Espizua and Pitte (2009) noticed some periods of minor advances in the Central Andes.
They concluded that the positive mass balance during the period was the outcome of the warm El
Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. Glaciers of Chile act as a valuable source of fresh water
as their summer runoff contributes to several river basins. It is an important water resource to the
populated and eco regions of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Annual rainfall increases from 100 mm to 2,000 mm along the latitude within the central region
(Montecinos and Aceituno, 2003). The studies on climate variability in the region reported a
decrease in the precipitation and a diminutive increase in temperature (Favier et al., 2009; Rabatel et
al., 2011). The complex landscapes of the Andes create numerous microclimatic zones in the study
region (Rosenblüth et al., 1997).The varying climatic conditions and topography along the Andes
influence the development of glacial masses. Therefore, we divided the study region into four sub
regions based on climate and topography. These divisions help overcome statistical bias and avoid
overlying dissimilar radar signal footprints (Kääb et al., 2012). These four climatic sub regions are
DC (31°S–35°S), NW (35.1°S–46°S), SPI (48.15°S–51.4°S), and CDI (54.20°S–55°S) (Figure 2)
(Lopez et al., 2010; Williams and Ferrigno,

The Causes And Effects Of Global Warming
What is global warming? Global warming refers to extreme changes in the Earth's climate. The term
illustrates dramatic increases in atmospheric and water temperatures experienced as a result of
growing amounts of greenhouse gas emissions. Humans are responsible for producing these gases
via cars, electricity, and factories. The main products of these activities that are to blame for global
warming are methane and carbon dioxide; as carbon dioxide, methane, and chlorofluorocarbon
compounds go farther and farther into the Earth's atmosphere, they deplete the ozone layer. Holes in
the ozone are allowing harmful ultraviolet rays (that are usually deflected by the ozone layer) to
make their way to lower levels of the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases absorb and give off radiation
from the UV rays, contributing to extreme temperature conditions. Some of the effects. Global
warming has had extreme effects on the planet. Earth's average surface temperature has been
increasing; since the 1880s, temperature has increased by between 1 and 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit.
While this may sound like a small number, it has heavily impacted other aspects of our global
ecosystem, and it is continuing to rise at a faster rate. Arctic ice is vanishing and glaciers are
melting; as a result, polar bears, penguins, and other animals have begun to suffer.
The recent frequency of heat waves, intense tropical storms, and natural disasters has also been
partially attributed to trends in global climate change.

The Marble Source Of Phhosphorus To Lake Michigen
There could be a hypothetical leak into lake michigan. All of the great lakes are connected so the
leak from lake erie is able to travel to any other body of water i tis connected to. In order for the leak
to travel to lake michigan the chemicals would have to travel through Lake Huron first. This is a
large lake and it would take a while to get to Lake Michigan through lake Huron. Even though there
is a great distance between Lake Michigan and Lake Erie, the Phosphorus could definitely travel
through Lake Huron overtime. Not only are the chemicals able to be transported through lake heron,
but it can also be transported through the underground water like the water tables. Therefore, this
plant should be labeled as a possible source of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The second sculpture would be the one in the best condition in 100 years.
The school that would have the best view for the observation tower would be Northview Elementary
school. This school has an elevation above sea level of 835 feet. Benjamin Franklin Middle School
has an elevation of 796 feet above sea level. Hayes–Leonard Elementary school has an elevation of
728 above sea level. As seen in these elevations, Northview would have the highest view point, with
the added 40 feet of the observation tower, for the children to view the weather patterns and clouds.
Scenario 2
The more difficult route of the two routes would be the one that starts 10 miles upstream and ends
up back in the town of Jim Thorpe. The elevation at the starting point of the more difficult route is
765 feet and the ending point is 524 feet. The distance is 10 miles which means the gradient is 24.1
feet per mile. The less difficult routes starting point elevation is 522 feet and ending point is 386
feet. The distance was again 10 miles, this means the gradient is 13.6 feet per mile. Gradient is
found by taking the lower elevation and subtract that from the upper elevation, then divide the
difference by the distance. The route traveling to the town of Jim Thorpe has larger gradient which
means the water in this path will flow faster. The faster the water flows the more difficult the path is.
Therefore the more difficult path would be the path starting upstream and traveling

Glaciers And Climate Change
Expository Essay: Glaciers And Climate Change
A glacier is a large mass of snow and ice that has accumulated over many years and is present year–
round Glaciers begin to form when snow remains in the same area year–round, where enough snow
accumulates to transform into ice. Most of the world's glacial ice is found in Antarctica and
Greenland, but glaciers are found on nearly every continent, even Africa. In the United States,
glaciers can be found in the Rocky Mountains, the Sierra Nevada, the Cascades, and throughout
Alaska. A glacier flows naturally like a river, only much more slowly. At higher elevations, glaciers
accumulate snow, which eventually becomes compressed into ice. At lower elevations, the river of
ice naturally loses mass because ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
And the great glacier of Columbia iAlaska has retreated twelve kilometers in the last twenty years.
In a few decades, there will be no more glaciers left in the American Glacier National Park.Based on
the video , Alaska is a good illustration of climate change . For example, People of Alaska undergo
warming before everyone else. The glaciers of Alaska have lost more than 3.5 million tons of water
since 1959, which represents one billion Olympic swimming pools. The Alaska Muir Glacier, like
many Alaska glaciers, has retreated and dramatically reduced since the 19th century. This pair of
images in the video shows the continuous retreat of the glacier and thinning it in the second half of
the 20th century. From 1941 to 2004, the front of the glacier retreated about seven miles while its
thickness decreased by more than 2,625 feet, according to the National Snow and Ice Data Center.
Nevertheless, satellites give us a better understanding of how the ice cover of the Earth has changed
in the recent past. The satellite era, from the 1970s onwards, has allowed us to see the acceleration
of ice changes in places like Alaska, Greenland and Antarctica, where the loss of land ice contributes
to the rise Of the sea

Changes in Glaciers Due to Changes in the World
The Environmental
Science of Glaciers s
Glacial Physics
Introduction
Given the current concern for our planet, worry over climate change
Formation of Glaciers
To begin formation of a glacier, snow falls. This snow transforms into firn, which eventually
changes into ice. The official definition of snow is atmospheric water vapour that has frozen to form
small crystals of ice before it falls to the ground and settles. The intermediary stage before it ...
Ice density
Glacier zones
Glacier deformation– BULK CREEP
Flow of Ice Masses
There are many categories of glacier that depend on their properties, for example relative size,
location and flow speed. A glacier can be on land or floating. Thick, floating glaciers are referred to
as ice shelves. Ice streams are channels in which ice flows much faster than the ice surrounding it.
Reaction of Glaciers to Environmental Change
Glacial flow is the primary cause of differentiation between glaciers in their growth and retreat.
Broadly, glacial change happens simultaneously with similar rates of development. Occasionally,
random fluctuations seem to occur, as can be found in rock records from the Pleistocene epoch,
where continental ice sheets were subject apparent random growth and retreat, (Cuffey & Paterson,
2010). The most direct influence on the progress of a glacier is climate. A change in climate has the
obvious direct effect of melting ice or depositing more snow, these processes are called the mass
balance. A

Synthesis Essay On Climate Change
Since 2000, 9 out of the 10 warmest years have occurred, bringing into reality the effects of global
warming. Climate change is the global and regional changes in the environment when compared to
the models of the late 19th to 20th centuries. America is not as invested as it needs to be in the
Environment, and many citizens are ignorant to its causes and consequences. Becoming
environmentally aware is a choice that we must make that will fight climate change when it rears its
ugly head.
Some people believe that actions speak louder than words, that we as human beings are all bark and
no bite, that we are defined not by the words we speak but rather the things we choose to do about
them. Our actions reveal who we are and our actions justify our intentions, whether they are
acceptable or not. In the event of resolution it becomes hard to justify that what we do is in
everyone's best interest. As a democracy, America is used to trying to please everyone, and make ...
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The truth is that storms have been harsher and more frequent, oceans are becoming warmer due to
the overall increase in the atmospheric temperature. The truth is that hurricanes, which are directly
linked to warmer ocean temperatures, are consequently becoming more extreme. The truth is that
oceans are rising in acidification and marine ecosystems are suffering from hypoxia. We can't sit
idly by and depend on other countries to repair seams ripped by global superpowers like the United
States. In America, we make up just 5% of the world's population, but our ecological footprint is
8.2, more than twice that of China's. Our small 5% is affecting the entire world, and we need to do
something about it. Climate change is on a tearing path for future generations, and will lead to
decreased rainfall, extreme storms, warmer temperatures, and a rise in sea

Mount Everest Research Paper
The Dangers of Mount Everest and How to Be Safe When Encountering the Dangers By: Prisha
Patel Have you ever thought about what it would be like if you could climb Mount Everest? Well, I
will tell you one thing, it is a long, tedious, and dangerous expedition. Even though people have
reached the top of Mount Everest, usually one or more person dies on the way. There are so many
dangerous things that could happen to you when you are climbing Mount Everest. Well, I can tell
you most of the things that could happen to you when you are climbing Mount Everest and how to
be safe from those dangerous things.
Avalanches
Everyone thinks about this natural disaster when you are climbing mountains. Can you guess it? I
am thinking of avalanches. Avalanches are very dangerous when you are climbing any mountain.
First of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some people make a big misconception when thinking of, "What causes an avalanche?" Some
people think that you talking out loud, yelling or screaming causes an avalanche. However, that
statement is very, very, very wrong! Because even a plane is not loud enough to cause an avalanche.
A sonic boom or a detonation can set off an avalanche, but it is barely enough. Let's talk about what
really causes avalanches. Avalanches are caused by the temperature and weather, overloading, the
slope angle, snow pack conditions, and finally vibration. Temperature and weather can set off an
avalanche because of the temperature getting warmer and the weather by additional snow and or
rain and sleet falling on the mountains. Most avalanches occur twenty–four hours after a rapid,
heavy snowfall. Overloading is an important trigger to avalanches, the weight of the snow increases
until it overcomes the bond with the snow pack underneath it. The slope angle can help an avalanche
occur because when additional snow falls on the slope making a flat way to a

What Are The Risks Of Climate Change And Global Warming?
What Are The Risks Of Climate Change And Global Warming?
One can not disagree with the fact that the Earth 's climate is changing and it has genuinely become
a global problem for mankind. It goes without saying that the fact of the global climate change is
confirmed by scientific observations and is not disputed by most scholars. And yet, apparently, there
are ongoing discussions around this topic. Some use the term "global warming" and make
apocalyptic predictions, while others predict the onset of a new "Ice Age", and also make
apocalyptic predictions. Still there are others, who believe in the natural character of the climate
change, and who are convinced that the evidence on both sides of the inevitability of the
catastrophic consequences of the climate change is controversial. Without controversy, it takes basic
understanding of this burning issue so that to be able to realize if these changes are indeed fraught
with grave consequences.
What is the evidence of climate change?
In fact, they are well known (it is already noticeable without particular instruments): increasing of
the average global temperature (milder winters, hotter and drier summer months), melting glaciers
and rising sea level, as well as increasingly emerging and ever more destructive typhoons and
hurricanes, floods in Europe and drought in Australia. And in some places, such as in Antarctica,
there is a cold snap. (McCaffrey)
Australian climate scientist and writer Flannery Tim made a list of

Climate Changes And Climate Change Essay
Climate change could be described as any process that causes adjustment to climate system be it a
volcanic eruption to a change in the solar activity. Today, however, the phrase is most often used as
climate change caused by humans. Climate change is also used commonly with another phrase –
"global warming" – reflecting scientific observations of strong warming trends over the past century
or so. Indicators like rising sea levels, retreating snow cover and glaciers, longer growing seasons
and shifting wildlife has alarmed scientific community unanimously agreeing that the earth has
warmed in the last century. Experts however are of the opinion that climate change is a more
accurate phrase than global warming as the latter is just one component affecting the larger climate
systems of the earth.
Based on these facts we can consider: "that Climate change is a result of natural occurrences of the
adjustments done by the climate systems "or" a result of anthropogenic (man–made) factors leading
to an acceleration of global temperatures witnessed in the past century". Natural adjustments to
climate systems:
Scientists have discovered 'climate forcing's ' influence variations in climate systems and based on
the depth and period of such forcing's the adjustments to climate may be in a shorter or longer earth
cycle. Natural forcing's like variations in earth 's orbit, solar variation, volcanic eruptions and
motion of tectonic plates have influence on the Earth 's climate

The Threat Of Global Warming
Humanity's Biggest Threat
Recently, the issue about climate change has been on and off the news headlines. The debate
whether if global warming is real or hoax is gradually getting more attention to the public. Global
warming is defined as phenomenon that causes global average temperature to rise in a steady
rate.While many people speculate that global warming is a temporary issue that won't be a serious
issue after a while, scientific data point out that it could be a big threat to the world and humans are
mostly responsible for it. For example since the beginning of the industrial revolution age,many big
businesses have indiscriminately exploited the natural resources for their profit. The world needs to
acknowledge that global warming ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However it existed from the beginning of the earth's history. According to EPA's recently published
document "Causes of Climate Change", " Earth 's temperature depends on the balance between
energy entering and leaving the planet's system. In the past before the industrial revolution, global
warming existed in Earth naturally. Natural emission of greenhouse gases, volcanic eruptions,and
solar activity rather played a major role in increasing temperature in earth. During that time period,
global warming was an earth's balancing activity to keep the temperature moderate so that it would
maintain a habitable environment to animals.
While global warming in the past occurred naturally,the recent global warming is quite different.
The problem with the recent global warming is that effect of warming has got to the point where it
can't be defined as a phenomenon that keeps livable nature. The balance between nature and the
growth of civilization was interrupted by mass consumption of energy from developed and
developing countries. While natural activity was a major cause of global warming back then, the
recent circumstance can be explained not only from environment but also from human exploitation
of environmental resources along with unrestraint energy policy around the developed countries and
cities.
When many environmentalists mention about environmental problems, greenhouse effect is a
popular topic that is seems to be playing an essential role that causes problem.In

Causes Of The Greenhouse Effect
A greenhouse gas is described as any gas in the atmosphere that absorbs as well as emits radiation in
the thermal infrared range. These are the primary cause of the greenhouse effect, which results in
increased temperatures on Earth.
The greenhouse effect takes place as the gases reach Earth 's surface. As the short wave energy heats
the surface, some of the longer wave energy radiates back into the atmosphere as well as back into
space. Greenhouse gases absorb some of the energy and trap it in the lower atmosphere. Less heat
radiates into space, in addition to Earth is warmer.
A lot of greenhouse gases take place naturally. Carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, as well as
nitrous oxide are naturally present in Earth 's atmosphere. Others, ... Show more content on
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Also, there is much more methane (a greenhouse gas eight–four times more potent than carbon
dioxide in the short term) in the atmosphere than at any time in the past eight hundred thousand
years two and a half times as much as before the Industrial Revolution. Whereas some methane is
emitted naturally from wetlands, sediments, volcanoes as well as wildfires, the majority of methane
emissions come from oil as well as gas production, livestock farming, and landfills.
Global temperatures have risen an average of 1.4˚ F since 1880. Sea ice in the Arctic has thinned as
well as decreased in the last few decades; the Greenland, in additional to Antarctic ice sheets, are
diminishing in mass. The North and South Poles are warming faster compared to anywhere else on
the globe. Glaciers are retreating on mountains all over the globe. Spring snow cover in the Northern
Hemisphere has decreased over the last 50 years.
It is infact a simple as well as a beneficial experiment to add more confirmation to support the
theory of the green house effect. The point of the display is just to show how carbon dioxide absorbs
heat; Carbon dioxide levels in Earth 's atmosphere are increasing in addition to it will get warmer
with time. The set up comprises of two bottles one with CO2 whereas the one lacking. From this
experiment, it is clear that the bottle

Glacier and Citrus College Chapter Essay
ESCI 118 – Physical Geography Citrus College Chapter 17 – Solution Processes and Karst
Topography 1. How does carbonic acid form? It forms when water and carbon dioxide combine and
react. 2. What is meant by dissolution? Dissolution is the action of being dissolved. 3. What kinds of
rock are most susceptible to solution processes? Why? Limestone and dolomite are most susceptible
to solution processes because the water, which is slightly acidic, reacts with rock and dissolves the
co2 gas carrying away or dissolving some of the sediment. 4. How does the underground structure
of the bedrock influence the dissolution process? Bedrock that is made of carbonate is more ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In an arid land, there is less precipitation than the potential evaporation which is not the case in
humid regions. 2. What is meant by an impermeable surface and how does such a surface influence
the results of rainfall in a desert? An impermeable surface cannot be penetrated by any element.
Such a surface will not allow rain to percolate into the desert soil leaving no plants with root
systems able to survive unless specifically adapted to the climate. 3. What is a basin of interior
drainage? The land is uplifted crust blocks that form parallel ranges but surface water doesn't run to
the ocean. Instead, it evaporates over time leaving a salt flat. 4. What is the difference between an
ephemeral stream and an exotic stream in a desert? An ephemeral stream is a stream that only exists
during rainfall. Exotic streams come from an origin outside of the desert. 5. Although there is very
little rainfall in deserts, running water is still the most important process of erosion and deposition in
arid environments. Describe and explain at least two special conditions in deserts that tend to
increase the likelihood of fluvial erosion whenever it does rain. Any rainfall increases fluvial
erosion. When rain does fall, this creates ephemeral streams causing water erosion due to fast forces
of water. Flash floods are possible as well creating even more erosion. 6.

The Causes And Effects Of Global Warming
Owen BuggyLanguage ArtsClimate change, global warming, and their effects on our planetClimate
change is a change in the pattern of weather and some related changes in oceans, land surfaces and
ice sheets, occurring over a time scale of a few decades.Global warming on the other hand, refers to
only the earth rising temperatures in the air and waters. There has been much debate on global
warming. It is important to explore multiple reasons why climate change happens, what causes it,
and how often it occurs. There will also be a discovery of how it affects the environment and what
specific animals are impacted. Humans have had a much larger impact on the environment that any
other creature in the history of the planet. Their presence along with naturalenvironmental factors
are shaping our planet like never before. Global warming is having a serious effect on our world. It
causes things such as melting glaciers and ice cap in our north and south poles. Ice caps are of the
most visible and common victim because ice can change its chemical properties faster than most
other land masses. It's has been affecting glaciers more rapidly since the early 1980's. In some places
we have seen a 30–40% reduction in surface area and 50% reduction in volume due to just an
increase of 2–degrees Celsius.
How does climate change happen? Climate change can take place for many different ways. EPA.gov
says the earth's temperature depends on the balance between energy coming in and leaving the

Facts About Glaciers Research Paper
Glaciers is familiar to most people, thinking as a big rigid piece of ice. However, under pressure,
glaciers act like a soft plastic. They can bend and flow downhill like slow–motion river of ice.
However, ice caps, ice sheets and really any masses of ice which remain year round are also
considered glaciers. For typical glacier, snowfall builds up on its surface. Overtime, all the layers of
snow press down on the layers beneath compacting the snow crystals into ice. This ice form the
main body of the glaciers. Glaciers gain ice from snowfall. They lose ice through surface melting,
melting from beneath and in some cases, by gradually flowing into lakes or oceans and breaking off
into icebergs. In winter, new snow weighs down of the glacier pushing

Can Healthy Individuals Improve Their Hydration Status
Can healthy individuals improve their hydration status by drinking alkaline mineralized water,
which has been claimed to positively effect blood and urine? The popularity of water bottles like
Core and Essentia has been on the rise. These options are thought to be "healthier" because of their
high alkalinity, which is a pH above 7, and mineral content which includes calcium, bicarbonate,
magnesium, and potassium. This type of water is specifically targeted to athletes and workout gurus
who want to improve performance through improving their hydration status. Although alkaline
water has been said to help with digestion, prevent and even cure diseases, there is more research on
it's effect on hydration. We should be skeptical about some of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Supplementation of Acqua Lete (Bicarbonate Calcic Mineral Water) improves hydration status in
athletes after short term anaerobic exercise. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition,
9(35), 1–7. Retrieved March 31, 2017, from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3423013/.
This study tests the differences between bicarbonate calcic mineral water (Acqua Lete) and a
minimally mineralized water. The differences assessed were based off of acid–base balance, total
body water, muscle thickness and urinary markers of hydration including specific urine gravity.
Aqua Lete mineral water is high in calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate and low in sodium and
potassium. Eighty–eight male athletes who swam or ran 4–5 hours per week volunteered to
participate, and were randomly divided into two groups. A two week study period for both groups
included no training and following a diet without supplementation of minerals. Both groups
underwent two experimental trials. Cycling without hydration was first performed by both groups.
The same cycling trial was repeated after one week of controlled hydration, which consisted of
group A drinking 1.5 L per day of a very low mineral content water while group B had 1.5 L per day
of Acqua Lete water. Physical examinations were performed at rest before exercise, and included
body temperature, bioimpedance analysis for total body weight, extracellular water, intracellular
water, muscular ultrasound for detection of muscular size,

the water cycle
‫وبركاته‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫ورحمة‬ ‫عليكم‬ ‫السالم‬ ‫الرحيم‬ ‫الرحمن‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫بسم‬ Water cycle The Earth 's water is always in movement,
and the water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle, describes the continuous movement of
water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. Since the water cycle is truly a "cycle," there is
no beginning or end. Water can change states among liquid, vapor, and ice at various places in the
water cycle, with these processes happening in the blink of an eye and over millions of years.
Although the balance of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time, individual water
molecules can come and go in a hurry, but there is always the same amount of water on the surface
of the earth Description The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Evaporation often implicitly includes transpiration from plants, though together they are specifically
referred to as evapotranspiration. Total annual evapotranspiration amounts to approximately 505,000
km³ of water, 434,000 km³ of which evaporates from the oceans.[5] Sublimation is the state change
directly from solid water (snow or ice) to water vapor.[6] Advection is the movement of water – in
solid, liquid, or vapour states – through the atmosphere. Without advection, water that evaporated
over the oceans could not precipitate over land.[7] Condensation is the transformation of water
vapour to liquid water droplets in the air, producing clouds and fog.[8] Reservoirs In the context of
the water cycle, a reservoir represents the water contained in different steps within the cycle. The
largest reservoir is the collection of oceans, accounting for 97% of the Earth 's water. The next
largest quantity (2%) is stored in solid form in the ice caps and glaciers. This small amount accounts
for approximately 75% of all fresh water reserves on the planet. The water contained within all
living organisms represents the smallest reservoir. The volume of water in the fresh water reservoirs,
particularly those that are available for human use, are important water resources.[10 Residence
times The residence time of a reservoir within the hydrologic cycle is the average time a water

Global Warming And Its Effects On The Planet Essay
As Albert Einstein said "Look deep into nature and then you will understand everything better". It
can be hard, but not impossible to understand more about this ever changing universe. Without a
doubt, our planet as we know was not the same a century ago and it will not be the same a decade
from now. Due to this perpetual evolution of our planet's natural cycles, its inhabitants are forced to
choose between adaption or extinction. Meanwhile, an invasive species, or humans, has started a
chain of disasters that are accelerating global changes and, in extension, the crucial selection of
existence. Over the years, the field of natural science has increased human knowledge regarding our
negative impact on the planet. Despite this, humans have taken minimal action towards addressing
the problem that, considered a myth by some, is global warming. Many of us take our planet for
granted, not realizing that, in of its own, it consist of one huge ecosystem relying on all of its parts
to function properly. Because of this interdependence, action must be taken to minimize and raise
awareness of global warming on the arctic region and its resulting effects on ecosystems around the
world. Occurring on the entire planet, global warming affects individual regions at different
intensity levels. Places covered in snow, like the Arctic, are being disturbed by the rising
temperature, resulting in a decrease of ice and an increase of liquid water. To illustrate the
immensity of this matter,

Global Warming And Its Effects On Climate Change Essay
It is no secret that the magnificent glaciers that cover this earth are facing negative repercussions
due to climate change. Pratima Pandey verifies this statement in her article by stating that "it is the
climate that is the driving force controlling the mass balance of a glacier in space and time, resulting
in the recession and advancement of a glacier," (Pandey, par. 1). The earth is getting warmer, and
this means that soon, glaciers will start to disappear. While the earth naturally produces its own heat,
the contribution from humans is also making the earth warmer than usual. James Balog and Extreme
Ice Survey team explain that "since the Industrial Revolution, burning of fossil fuels has ratcheted
up the burning of greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide, which traps heat in the atmosphere (Global
Warming). Greenhouse gases then go to raise the already increasing temperatures, which are causing
glaciers to melt. This is a sad reality for the glaciers of the earth. The melting of glaciers can cause
ocean and sea levels to rise, which in turn can flood different animal habitats and displace millions
of people. Also, the melting can lead to the loss of freshwater sources to those who use reservoirs as
a source of drinking water, such as those around Asia near the Himalayan glaciers. Lastly, if the
climate continues to melt the glaciers, various different tourist attractions, such as Glacier National
Park will no longer draw in visitors to view the magnificent beauty.

Cause And Effect Essay On Climate Change
The Earth is warmer today by about two degrees Fahrenheit since 1880 when record keeping of the
temperature began. That also includes the ocean waters. The warming is more over land and evident
in the poles of the Arctic and Antarctica. Generally, the Earth varies in temperature from year to year
by a fraction of a degree. A rise of two degrees is significant. These differences are shown by the
rising global temperatures and warmer oceans. Climate change is a natural short term weather
condition of variable temperatures, winds, and rainfalls. However over for decades and centuries, a
pattern of weather changes may be apparent. These weather changes which affect the planet and its
people are commonly called Climate Change. The effects of climate change are differences caused
by changes in the weather. The emissions of carbon dioxide and sulfur gases are created by mankind
with the use of fossil fuels. This has resulted in heat to amass in the Earth like a few hundred
thousand atomic bombs detonating daily. It is known as the greenhouse effect and called global
warming. Global warming and climate change are words often used to mean the same thing
(Ananth). If greenhouse gases remain high, then there could be a large temperature rise of up to
eight degrees Fahrenheit. Global warming would cause drastic changes to Earth and If these gases
elevate over time then the temperature rise could exceed 8 degrees Fahrenheit. A temperature rise
like that would change the world and damage

Younger Dryas Research Paper
The area of which I decided to focus on was specifically parts of Scotland which were eroded and
shaped but the effects of the Younger Dryas. This period of glacial activity occurred around 10,800–
10,600 BP and was the last great real push of ice activity in the British Isles starting around loch
Lomond and fanning out across Scotland. The ice itself covered a large part of Britain as lowered
temperatures of around 2– 6 degrees Celsius allowed the ice to remain, locking in large amounts of
sea water and shaping the landscape as it moved across the land, creating U–shape valleys and other
glacial features such as drumlins. It wasn't until temperatures increased that the ice began to retreat
and the landscape below was revealed, highlighting the true carving force that ice has. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The glacier itself is controlled throughout a year by its balance, a summer balance combined with a
winter balance. In the winter there is heavy snowfall, so large amounts of accumulation with little
amounts of ablation. On the flip side when it comes to summer there is large amounts of ablation
and a small amount of accumulation, the mass of a glaciers depends on the accumulation and
ablation it suffers throughout the year. If the glaciers is cold based it freezes to the ground making it
hard to move and in turn erode the landscape, most if not all the erosion occurs in a warm based
glacier. The differing colour of each glacier is important, cold based glaciers are white in colour,
with little material being picked up but on the flip side warm based glaciers are very dirty in colour
and laden with material which helps the erosion

The History of Global Climate Change Essay
Earth has experienced many episodes of dramatic climate changes with different periods in earth
history. There have been periods during which the entire planet has been covered in ice and at
another time it has been scorchingly hot and dry. In this regards, earth has experienced at least three
major periods of long– term frigid climate and ice ages interspersed with periods of warm climate.
The last glacial period which current glaciers are the result of it, occurring during the last years of
Pleistocene, from approximately 110,000 to 10,000 years age (Clayton, 1997). Indeed, glaciers
present sensitive indicators of climate change and global warming and by estimating and monitoring
the dynamic evolution of these ice masses, several ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Remote sensing has become a very valuable tool for documenting the response of glacier to
changing climate (Bamber and Kwok, 2003; Kuhn, 2007; Pellikka, 2007; Solomon et al, 2007)
because the rugged terrain, inaccessibility and legendary poor weather of glacier areas has resulted
in relatively few field– based studies. Indeed, in order to use glaciers and their changes as indicators
of climate change, or as an early warning signal for sea level rise, remote sensing is the only tool to
provide glacier change information from all the continents and from a large number of glaciers and
ice sheets. On the other hands, because space borne and airborne remote sensing data provide
superior cost– effective and area effective data and methods for monitoring the glaciers and their
changes, part of this monitoring can be carried out by it. Glacier topography is one of the most
important parameter to monitor as it is a key to glacier volume and glacier mass balance studies
using the geodetic method. Topography of glacier can be mapped using various data types such as
terrestrial photography, aerial photography, digital camera data, airborne radar data, satellite radar
data (SAR), very high resolution satellite imagery and laser scanner data. By means of
interferometric processing DEM could be retrieved by Synthetic aperture radar images with

The South American Cryosphere
The South American Cryosphere is composed of both tropical and temperate ice masses. The
Patagonian Icefields in the Southern Andes represent a major temperate ice mass in South America
(Warren and Sudgen, 1993). Although retreat of glaciers in the Southern Andes have been
documented earlier (Rigot et al. 2003; Lopez et al. 2010; Willis et al. 2012), glacier of Southern
Andes have long been neglected for mass–balance measurements. Due to the remoteness,
inaccessibility, and tough weather conditions in the Andes, field–based mass–balance studies are
sparse (Aniya et al. 1996). Because glaciers in this region have not been as closely studied, there is
an uncertainty in the estimation of the contribution of these glacier–melts to the sea level

Antarctica Ice Sheet Trends
The ice sheets in Antarctica and Greenland are changing rapidly and are contributing significantly to
sea level rise (Church et al., 2011). In Greenland, surface melt leading to runoff and enhanced ice
discharge from outlet glaciers have contributed in equal amount to the mass loss of the ice sheet
(van den Broeke et al., 2009). In Antarctica, ice dynamics has been the dominant contributor to the
mass loss in recent decades, but surface mass balance signal exhibits inter–annual fluctuations large
enough to significantly modulate the mass loss. In the mountain glaciers of Alaska, Canada,
Patagonia and others, surface mass balance (SMB) processes dominate the total mass balance
(Larsen et al., 2015). Projecting the contribution of ice sheets ... Show more content on
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While its prime goal is to bridge the data gap between ICESat–1 (2003–2008) and ICESat–2
(2018–) altimetry to build long time series of volume changes of the ice sheets, OIB complements
the altimetry record started with the Airborne Topographic Mapper (Krabill et al., 2012) (1993–
present), ERS–1/ENVISAT (1992 – present) and continued with Cryosat–2 (2010–). As a secondary
objective, OIB provides observations of variables critical to the interpretation of the altimetry
record, including: ice thickness from the Multichannel Coherent Radar Depth Sounder (MCoRDS)
(Leuschen et al., 2016), snow accumulation and firn structure from accumulation and snow radars
(Leuschen, 2015; Leuschen et al., 2016), surface topography from Digital Mapping System (Dotson
et al. 2014), bathymetry beneath ice shelves from airborne gravity and magnetics using Sanders
Geophys. Ltd's AIRGrav (Cochran et al. 2016; Tinto et al., 2011; Tinto et al., 2014). As a result of
these efforts since OIB inception in 2009, we have obtained continuous time series of altimetry
observations over Greenland and select sectors of Antarctica (e.g. Krabill, 2016; Blair et al., 2015;
Csatho et al., 2015), a quantum leap in our knowledge of ice thickness, bed elevation in Greenland
(Morlighem et al., 2014 and 2015) and in select sectors of Antarctica (e.g. Rignot et

How Humans Affect The Environment
How Humans effect the environment?
Climate change is one of the biggest problems the whole world is collectively facing. Even though
climate change is partially caused by the natural cycles of Earth, humans I think are still a major part
of it and I think that we can do more to protect the environment that we live in. Climate change
happens when temperatures increase dramatically. When climate change causes temperature rises
many environmental problems can occur here on earth. Temperatures rising can result in more
floods, droughts, or flooding rain, as well as more frequent and severe heat waves which can cause
wildfires. Oceans and the Antarctic Ice Glaciers have also experienced changes in oceans that are
rising temperatures and are becoming more acidic. The Antarctic ice glaciers are melting and sea
levels are rising destroying many habitats along the ice glaciers such as penguins and polar bears. As
these changes frequently occur in future decades, they will likely present challenges to our society
and environment.
During the past century, human activities have released large amounts of carbon dioxide and other
greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Most of the gases come from burning fossil fuels to produce
energy. Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, is absorb and emits heat into the earth's
atmosphere, keeping the Earth warm enough to support life. However, human activities, such as
burning fossil fuels, are adding large amounts of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Greenhouse
gases are like a blanket around the Earth, trapping energy in the atmosphere and causing it to warm.
This is called the greenhouse effect and it is natural and necessary to support life on earth. However,
while greenhouse gases buildup, the climate changes and result in dangerous effects to human health
and ecosystems. People have adapted to the stable climate we have enjoyed since the last ice age
which ended several thousand years ago. A warmer climate can bring changes that can affect our
water supplies, agriculture, power and transportation systems, the natural environment, and even our
own health and safety. There are some climate changes that are unavoidable and nothing can be
done about it. For example, carbon

Glacial Mass Balance
Solar Effects on Glacial Mass Balance
Glaciers serve as an important indicator to the changes occurring on Earth. Global warming and
climate change are definitely observable changes. For more than a century, Earth's temperature has
been increasing dramatically, thus contributing to the melting of Earth's glaciers. Melting is
observed in the ice sheets of Antarctica, Greenland and non–polar glaciers found around the world
(Nat Geo). A small amount of ice is stored in non–polar glaciers in comparison to ice sheets.
However non–polar glaciers have had a significant effect on sea–level rise. Non–polar glaciers have
higher mass–balance sensitivity than the large ice sheets of Antarctica and Greenland. It is estimated
about half of sea–level rise is attributable to the shrinkage of non–polar glaciers, according to glacier
mass–balance data (Fujita). Some non–climatic factors that affect mass balances include oceanic
circulation, sliding rates due to basal water supply and stability of ice shelves. Climatic factors
include precipitation, temperature and sunlight. Recently, the spotlight has been placed on human
impacts, particularly the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cosmic rays are particles that bombard Earth from anywhere beyond its atmosphere. High–energy
cosmic rays can be examined using neutron monitors also known as NMs. NMs measure the
nucleonic cascades in the Earth's atmosphere and provide long–term measurements of the high–
energy cosmic rays. Ground–based NMs at several locations on the Earth have regularly monitored
the cosmic rays for the last several decades. This monitoring indicates that intensity of cosmic rays
varies at different time scales, from minutes to decades and beyond. The cosmic ray intensity on the
Earth also peaks twice every 22 years in time with the solar cycle (Mishra). These changes in
intensity indirectly affect glacial mass

Change In Antarctica

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