This document summarizes the challenges and opportunities of transboundary waters in the Nile River Basin. It discusses the main challenges facing Nile Basin countries like population growth, climate change, and political conflicts. It outlines the levels of cooperation within the Nile Basin Initiative and details some key areas of disagreement over the Cooperative Framework Agreement, including definitions of the Nile River System versus Basin. The document recommends strengthening policy and legal frameworks and jointly managing the shared water system to balance competing uses and enable sharing benefits from water resources utilization.