This document summarizes different types of transmission media used for business data communications. It describes guided media like twisted pair wires, coaxial cables, and fiber optic cables which use conductors to transmit signals. It also describes wireless or unguided media like terrestrial microwave, satellite microwave, broadcast radio, and infrared which transmit signals through radio waves without conductors. It provides details on the characteristics, uses, and advantages and disadvantages of each type of transmission medium.
Chapter 4-Transmission Media - guided and unguided .pptxssuser32eccd
transmission medium is the physical path between transmitter and receiver
guided media – guided along a solid medium
unguided media – atmosphere, space, water
characteristics and quality determined by medium and signal
guided media - medium is more important
unguided media - bandwidth produced by the antenna is more important
key concerns are data rate and distance
Module 4
Wireless Wide Area Networks and LTE Technology Design Private and public leased networks. Video conferencing, television and radio broadcast transmissions. Wireless WAN, Cellular Networks, Mobile IP Management in Cellular Networks, Long-Term Evolution (LTE) Technology, Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) with LTE, Characterization of Wireless Channels.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Chapter 4-Transmission Media - guided and unguided .pptxssuser32eccd
transmission medium is the physical path between transmitter and receiver
guided media – guided along a solid medium
unguided media – atmosphere, space, water
characteristics and quality determined by medium and signal
guided media - medium is more important
unguided media - bandwidth produced by the antenna is more important
key concerns are data rate and distance
Module 4
Wireless Wide Area Networks and LTE Technology Design Private and public leased networks. Video conferencing, television and radio broadcast transmissions. Wireless WAN, Cellular Networks, Mobile IP Management in Cellular Networks, Long-Term Evolution (LTE) Technology, Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) with LTE, Characterization of Wireless Channels.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
2. Classes of Transmission Media
Conducted or guided media
use a conductor such as a wire or a fiber
optic cable to move the signal from sender to
receiver
Wireless or unguided media
use radio waves of different frequencies and
do not need a wire or cable conductor to
transmit signals
3. Design Factors
for Transmission Media
Bandwidth: All other factors remaining
constant, the greater the band-width of a
signal, the higher the data rate that can be
achieved.
Transmission impairments. Limit the distance a
signal can travel.
Interference: Competing signals in overlapping
frequency bands can distort or wipe out a
signal.
Number of receivers: Each attachment
introduces some attenuation and distortion,
limiting distance and/or data rate.
5. Guided Transmission Media
Transmission capacity depends on the
distance and on whether the medium is
point-to-point or multipoint
Examples
twisted pair wires
coaxial cables
optical fiber
6. Twisted Pair Wires
Consists of two insulated copper wires
arranged in a regular spiral pattern to
minimize the electromagnetic interference
between adjacent pairs
Often used at customer facilities and also
over distances to carry voice as well as
data communications
Low frequency transmission medium
7. Types of Twisted Pair
STP (shielded twisted pair)
the pair is wrapped with metallic foil or braid
to insulate the pair from electromagnetic
interference
UTP (unshielded twisted pair)
each wire is insulated with plastic wrap, but
the pair is encased in an outer covering
8. Ratings of Twisted Pair
Category 3 UTP
data rates of up to 16mbps are achievable
Category 5 UTP
data rates of up to 100mbps are achievable
more tightly twisted than Category 3 cables
more expensive, but better performance
STP
More expensive, harder to work with
10. Twisted Pair Disadvantages
Susceptibility to interference and noise
Attenuation problem
For analog, repeaters needed every 5-6km
For digital, repeaters needed every 2-3km
Relatively low bandwidth (3000Hz)
11. Coaxial Cable (or Coax)
Used for cable television, LANs, telephony
Has an inner conductor surrounded by a
braided mesh
Both conductors share a common center
axial, hence the term “co-axial”
12. Coax Layers
copper or aluminum
conductor
insulating material
shield
(braided wire)
outer jacket
(polyethylene)
13. Coax Advantages
Higher bandwidth
400 to 600Mhz
up to 10,800 voice conversations
Can be tapped easily (pros and cons)
Much less susceptible to interference than
twisted pair
15. Fiber Optic Cable
Relatively new transmission medium used
by telephone companies in place of long-
distance trunk lines
Also used by private companies in
implementing local data communications
networks
Require a light source with injection laser
diode (ILD) or light-emitting diodes (LED)
16. plastic jacket glass or plastic
cladding
fiber core
Fiber Optic Layers
consists of three concentric sections
17. Fiber Optic Types
multimode step-index fiber
the reflective walls of the fiber move the light
pulses to the receiver
multimode graded-index fiber
acts to refract the light toward the center of
the fiber by variations in the density
single mode fiber
the light is guided down the center of an
extremely narrow core
19. Fiber Optic Advantages
greater capacity (bandwidth of up to 2
Gbps)
smaller size and lighter weight
lower attenuation
immunity to environmental interference
highly secure due to tap difficulty and
lack of signal radiation
21. Wireless (Unguided Media)
Transmission
transmission and reception are achieved
by means of an antenna
directional
transmitting antenna puts out focused beam
transmitter and receiver must be aligned
omnidirectional
signal spreads out in all directions
can be received by many antennas
23. Terrestrial Microwave
used for long-distance telephone service
uses radio frequency spectrum, from 2 to 40
Ghz
parabolic dish transmitter, mounted high
used by common carriers as well as private
networks
requires unobstructed line of sight between
source and receiver
curvature of the earth requires stations
(repeaters) ~30 miles apart
26. Satellite
Microwave Transmission
a microwave relay station in space
can relay signals over long distances
geostationary satellites
remain above the equator at a height of
22,300 miles (geosynchronous orbit)
travel around the earth in exactly the time
the earth takes to rotate
27. Satellite Transmission Links
earth stations communicate by sending
signals to the satellite on an uplink
the satellite then repeats those signals on
a downlink
the broadcast nature of the downlink
makes it attractive for services such as
the distribution of television programming
29. Satellite Transmission
Applications
television distribution
a network provides programming from a
central location
direct broadcast satellite (DBS)
long-distance telephone transmission
high-usage international trunks
private business networks
30. Principal Satellite Transmission
Bands
C band: 4(downlink) - 6(uplink) GHz
the first to be designated
Ku band: 12(downlink) -14(uplink) GHz
rain interference is the major problem
Ka band: 19(downlink) - 29(uplink) GHz
equipment needed to use the band is still
very expensive
32. Radio
radio is omnidirectional and microwave is
directional
Radio is a general term often used to
encompass frequencies in the range 3
kHz to 300 GHz.
Mobile telephony occupies several
frequency bands just under 1 GHz.
33. Infrared
Uses transmitters/receivers (transceivers)
that modulate noncoherent infrared light.
Transceivers must be within line of sight
of each other (directly or via reflection ).
Unlike microwaves, infrared does not
penetrate walls.
