Chemical kinetics is the study of reaction rates and factors that affect them. The rate of a reaction is the change in concentration of reactants or products over time. Reaction rates increase with higher temperatures and concentrations of reactants due to the laws of mass action and temperature dependence. Catalysts also increase reaction rates without being consumed. Chemical equilibrium is a dynamic state where forward and reverse reaction rates are equal, and the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant.
English chapter we are going to discuss about the reduction in the oxidation their heat evolution changes occurrence and about their reducing agent and oxidization
English chapter we are going to discuss about the reduction in the oxidation their heat evolution changes occurrence and about their reducing agent and oxidization
Chemical equilibrium is about reversible reaction, how equilibrium set up n physical and chemical processes,equilibrium constant, its application and Le Chatlier's principle and factors altering the composition of equilibrium
Chemical Kinetics & Rate of a chemical reaction.pptxDidarul3
Rate of reaction
✓Zero order reaction
✓1st order reaction
✓2nd order reaction
✓Theories of chemical reaction rate
Determination of order of reaction
Factors that influence reaction rates
Activation energy
Activation complex
A complete introduction to all things chemical kinetics designed specifically for non-chemists to understand. Fair warning: The presentation is very rigorous in its mathematical treatment, which is makes it a useful reference for looking up equations, but this can unfortunately make it less polished and flowing then a typical presentation. I tried my best to spell everything out clearly, but despite my best efforts it's still pretty dense.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Chemical equilibrium is about reversible reaction, how equilibrium set up n physical and chemical processes,equilibrium constant, its application and Le Chatlier's principle and factors altering the composition of equilibrium
Chemical Kinetics & Rate of a chemical reaction.pptxDidarul3
Rate of reaction
✓Zero order reaction
✓1st order reaction
✓2nd order reaction
✓Theories of chemical reaction rate
Determination of order of reaction
Factors that influence reaction rates
Activation energy
Activation complex
A complete introduction to all things chemical kinetics designed specifically for non-chemists to understand. Fair warning: The presentation is very rigorous in its mathematical treatment, which is makes it a useful reference for looking up equations, but this can unfortunately make it less polished and flowing then a typical presentation. I tried my best to spell everything out clearly, but despite my best efforts it's still pretty dense.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
2. Chemical kinetics is the study of the rates
of chemical reaction, the factors affecting
the rates of the reactions and the mechanism
by which the reactions proceed.
3. The description of the step-by-step process
by which reactants are changed into products
is called the mechanism of the reaction.
4. Chemical reaction rate is the change in the
concentration of any one of the reactants or
products per unit time.
𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆 of reaction=
=
𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 in the concentration of a reactant
Time interval
or
=
𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 in the concentration of a product
Time interval
5. For any reaction of the type 𝐴 + 𝐵 → 𝐶 + 𝐷 .
Rate of reaction = −
𝛥𝐶𝐴
𝛥𝑡
= −
𝛥𝐶𝐵
𝛥𝑡
= +
𝛥𝐶𝐶
𝛥𝑡
= +
𝛥𝐶𝐷
𝛥𝑡
.
The unit of the rate of reaction is 𝑚𝑜 𝑙 𝐿 ⋅ 𝑠
(𝑚𝑜𝑙 ⋅ 𝐿−1
𝑠−1
).
8. Concentration of the reactants.
Greater are the concentration of the
reactants, faster is the reaction.
9. The concentration effect is described by
the Law of Mass Action: at a constant
temperature the rate of the chemical
reaction at each moment is directly
proportional to the concentration of the
reacting substances.
10. For reaction 𝑎𝐴 + 𝑏𝐵 → 𝑑𝐷 dependence of a
homogeneous reaction on the concentration of
reacting substances can be represented as:
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘𝐶𝐴
𝑎
⋅ 𝐶𝐵
𝑏
, where 𝑘 - is reaction rate constant
11. In kinetic equations only concentration of
substances in gaseous or liquid form are
written, because concentrations of solid
substances are constant, thus, as included
in the reaction rate constant.
For reactions 𝐶 𝑠 + 𝑂2(𝑔 ⇄ 𝐶𝑂2(𝑔
2𝐶𝑂 𝑔 + 𝑂2(𝑔 ⇄ 2𝐶𝑂2(𝑔
Kinetic equations are as follows:
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘𝐶𝑂2
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘𝐶𝐶𝑂
2
𝐶𝑂2
13. In 1879 Van’t-Hoff formulated an empirical rule:
with temperature elevation by 10 degrees the rate of
the chemical reaction increases 2-4 times:
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑇2
= 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑇1
⋅ 𝛾
𝑇2−𝑇1
10 ,
where 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑇2
and 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑇1
- the reaction rate at
temperatures 𝑇2 and 𝑇1 respectively, 𝛾 - temperature
coefficient showing how many times the rate increases
at temperature elevation by 10 degrees.
14. The nature of the reacting substances. The
decisive is the type of the chemical bond. For
organic substances, main types of bonds are
nonpolar or low-polar covalent and 𝜋-bonds.
The reaction with the substances having 𝜎
bonds are slower than with those having 𝜋-
bonds. Inorganic substances which have ionic or
polar covalent bond react faster.
15. Surface area of the reactants. For a reaction
involving a solid reactant or catalyst, the smaller
is the particle size, the greater is the surface area, the
faster is the reaction.
16. Pressure. For reactions involving gases,
increasing the pressure of a gas increases its
concentration. A given volume contains a greater
amount in moles of the gas.
17. Presence of Catalyst. A catalyst is a substance
that increases the rate of a chemical reaction
without itself undergoing a permanent change.
In case of reversible reactions, a catalyst helps
to attain the equilibrium quickly without
disturbing the state of equilibrium.
19. A chemical equilibrium is a state in which the
concentrations of reactants and products remain
constant over time.
20. A chemical equilibrium is dynamic in
nature in which the forward reaction proceeds
at the same rate as the backward reaction.
21. Reactions that go to completion are irreversible.
2𝑁𝑎 𝑠 + 2𝐻2𝑂 𝑙 → 2𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑎𝑞 + 𝐻2(𝑔
Reactions that do not proceed to completion are
reversible.
3𝐻2(𝑔 + 𝑁2(𝑔 ⇄ 2𝑁𝐻3(𝑔
22. The sign ⇄ represents the reversibility of a
reaction. The reaction from left to right (→) is
called the forward reaction while the reaction
from left to right (← ) is called the backward
reaction (reverse).
23. A mathematical relationship derived from
experiment and verified by theory which
describes the equilibrium state is called the
equilibrium constant expression.
24. For a reversible reaction at equilibrium:
𝑎𝐴 + 𝑏𝐵 ⇄ 𝑐𝐶 + 𝑑𝐷
in which A and B are reactants C and D are
products and a, b, c, d are the stoichiometric
coefficients.
The equilibrium constant is written as:
𝐾𝑒𝑞 =
𝐶 𝑐
⋅ 𝐷 𝑑
𝐴 𝑎 ⋅ 𝐵 𝑏