Group presentation on The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith.pptxSumaiaRuhane
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, generally referred to by its shortened title The Wealth of Nations, is the magnum opus of the Scottish economist and moral philosopher Adam Smith
Accelerating the Industrial Revolution, 1800-1850More steel- s.docxannetnash8266
Accelerating the Industrial Revolution, 1800-1850
More steel- steam
engine and smelting
Railroads- First RR was
built in 1823 to connect
Manchester with the
nearby port of Liverpool
Repeal of the Corn Laws,
Poor Laws, 1832-1846
Stockton-Darlington locomotive, 1825
American locomotive, 1850
Iron and railroads led to steel bridges and road improvements
Chemicals:
Gas lights, fueled by gas extracted from coal, were installed in London, 1812-1820
Sulfuric Acid and Bleach for the textile industry were developed in between 1790-1830
Portland cement, and improvement over traditional concrete, was developed in 1824
SS Royal William, the first ship to cross the Atlantic under steam-power, from Nova Scotia to Liverpool, 1833
Pollution
Great Stink, 1858
Discontent and Organized Labor
Luddites, Manchester, 1811-12, led a series of riots protesting the use of steam engines in textile mills and the resulting unemployment.
Workers’ Unions were illegal in the UK until 1824.
The Chartist movement of the 1830s and 1840s represented the first real effort to build a labor union, and organized the first wide-spread labor strike in 1846.
In 1844, Frederick Engels, the son of a textile factory owner, published his Condition of the Working Class in England, one of the founding works of Socialism.
Reform of Working Conditions
Factory Acts of 1802, 1833-
1)Children under 8 can’t work
2)Children 8-13 can only work 8 hours per day, but only from 6AM to 9PM (max work week of 58 hours)
3)Children 13-18 can work twelve hours per day (max work week of 70 hours)
4) The employers of child-labor must send them to school at least once per week for the first four years of their employment (this was expanded to two hours per day).
Factory Act of 1844-
Women and children (13-18) not allowed to work beyond 58 hours per week.
Factory Act of 1847- The ten hour work day
Robert Owen (1771-1858)
Great fan of reforming industrial labor conditions
Ran his own mill town of New Lanark, Scotland, as an example of how fair treatment and investment in the lives and education of workers could alleviate the social problems of capitalism.
Believed poverty could be solved
by the creation of new villages
for the poor based on the
old principle of commonly-held
lands.
Edwin Chadwick
Member of Poor Laws Commission, but bitterly rejected the reform of the Poor Laws in 1832
Published The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population in 1842, complaining about working and living conditions in London and other cities.
Made commissioner of the Metropolitan Sewer District, which built London’s modern sewage system
Ireland and Enclosures
During the eighteenth century, English and Irish-protestant landlords pursued a policy of increasing cash rents or enclosures for sheep farming, dispossessing large swaths of the Irish peasantry.
Many moved to England,
looking for employment in
the cities.
Ireland under British Liberalism
Agricultural Revolut.
Group presentation on The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith.pptxSumaiaRuhane
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, generally referred to by its shortened title The Wealth of Nations, is the magnum opus of the Scottish economist and moral philosopher Adam Smith
Accelerating the Industrial Revolution, 1800-1850More steel- s.docxannetnash8266
Accelerating the Industrial Revolution, 1800-1850
More steel- steam
engine and smelting
Railroads- First RR was
built in 1823 to connect
Manchester with the
nearby port of Liverpool
Repeal of the Corn Laws,
Poor Laws, 1832-1846
Stockton-Darlington locomotive, 1825
American locomotive, 1850
Iron and railroads led to steel bridges and road improvements
Chemicals:
Gas lights, fueled by gas extracted from coal, were installed in London, 1812-1820
Sulfuric Acid and Bleach for the textile industry were developed in between 1790-1830
Portland cement, and improvement over traditional concrete, was developed in 1824
SS Royal William, the first ship to cross the Atlantic under steam-power, from Nova Scotia to Liverpool, 1833
Pollution
Great Stink, 1858
Discontent and Organized Labor
Luddites, Manchester, 1811-12, led a series of riots protesting the use of steam engines in textile mills and the resulting unemployment.
Workers’ Unions were illegal in the UK until 1824.
The Chartist movement of the 1830s and 1840s represented the first real effort to build a labor union, and organized the first wide-spread labor strike in 1846.
In 1844, Frederick Engels, the son of a textile factory owner, published his Condition of the Working Class in England, one of the founding works of Socialism.
Reform of Working Conditions
Factory Acts of 1802, 1833-
1)Children under 8 can’t work
2)Children 8-13 can only work 8 hours per day, but only from 6AM to 9PM (max work week of 58 hours)
3)Children 13-18 can work twelve hours per day (max work week of 70 hours)
4) The employers of child-labor must send them to school at least once per week for the first four years of their employment (this was expanded to two hours per day).
Factory Act of 1844-
Women and children (13-18) not allowed to work beyond 58 hours per week.
Factory Act of 1847- The ten hour work day
Robert Owen (1771-1858)
Great fan of reforming industrial labor conditions
Ran his own mill town of New Lanark, Scotland, as an example of how fair treatment and investment in the lives and education of workers could alleviate the social problems of capitalism.
Believed poverty could be solved
by the creation of new villages
for the poor based on the
old principle of commonly-held
lands.
Edwin Chadwick
Member of Poor Laws Commission, but bitterly rejected the reform of the Poor Laws in 1832
Published The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population in 1842, complaining about working and living conditions in London and other cities.
Made commissioner of the Metropolitan Sewer District, which built London’s modern sewage system
Ireland and Enclosures
During the eighteenth century, English and Irish-protestant landlords pursued a policy of increasing cash rents or enclosures for sheep farming, dispossessing large swaths of the Irish peasantry.
Many moved to England,
looking for employment in
the cities.
Ireland under British Liberalism
Agricultural Revolut.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
1. CHAPTER 13
The Industrial Revolution
Section 1: Origins of the Industrial Revolution
Section 2: The Factory System
Section 3: New Methods and Business
Organizations
Section 4: Living and Working Conditions
Section 5: Socialism
2. SECTION 4
Living and Working
Conditions
13.4 Bell Ringer:
What were the theories of
economists and philosophers
during the Industrial
Revolution?
(see next slide for chart)
3. SECTION 4
Living and Working
Conditions
Economist Theories
Adam Smith
Thomas
Malthus
David Ricardo
Jeremy
Bentham
John Stuart
Mill
4. SECTION 4
Living and Working
Conditions
REVIEW! What is mercantilism?
Remember the
Physiocrats Philosophes in the
-believed that the wealth of
Enlightenment? We’re
the guys that liked to talk nations was derived solely
about economics. from the value of land
agriculture or land
development.
-denied that commerce and manufacturing
produce riches.
-advocates of free trade, rejecting the
"balance of trade" theory
5. SECTION 4
Living and Working
Conditions
Adam Smith
The Wealth of Nations 1776
Considered the founder of
classical economics
Two natural laws govern all business & economic activity:
1. Law of Supply & Demand
2. Law of Competition
6. SECTION 4
Living and Working
Conditions
Supply and Demand
If an item is scarce and EVERYONE wants it . . . .
People will pay a high price for it and profits do what?
$299
32GB
7. SECTION 4
Living and Working
Conditions
Competition
As manufacturers compete – they MUST reduce their prices …
BUT if they cut prices too much … what could happen?
Supply would then decrease … and prices would do what?
What’s the lesson here?
You MUST be efficient -
8. SECTION 4
Living and Working
Conditions
Free Enterprise
Mercantilist laws & regulations hinder natural economic forces.
Competition should be unrestricted by laws,
regulations, or government controls.
9. SECTION 4
Living and Working
Conditions
Other economists ….
Thomas Malthus David Ricardo
The Principle of Population “iron law of wages”
1798 1817
10. SECTION 4
Living and Working
Conditions
Principle of Population
Despite famines, epidemics, and wars, people still multiply
faster than the food supply increases.
Malthus believed that human misery
and poverty is inevitable…
11. SECTION 4
Living and Working
Conditions
“iron law of wages”
Supply and demand of labor determine wages ….
When there is a surplus of labor (population growth), wages go down.
When there is a shortage, wages go up.
Working class poverty is inevitable.
12. SECTION 4
Living and Working
Conditions
These theories supported EMPLOYERS – they want labor as
CHEAP as possible ….
But they also didn’t want what? Gov’t interference!
Laissez-faire
“Let it be”
“Leave things alone”
13. SECTION 4
Living and Working
Conditions
From the Middle Ages until well into the 1800s,
craft and merchant guilds regulated quality and
prices of goods along with working hours and
wages.
In the early 1800s, trade became almost
completely unregulated …..
Laissez-faire!
14. SECTION 4
Living and Working
Conditions
Reformers ARISE!
People argued that business could NOT be
left entirely alone to do as it pleased.
Humanitarians urged reforms.
Ministers preached against the selfish
practices of businesses.
15. SECTION 4
Living and Working
Conditions
Charles Dickens
David Copperfield
Oliver Twist
Many will argue that laws were needed to
regulate work hours, wages, and working
conditions.
16. SECTION 4
Living and Working
Conditions
Jeremy Bentham – philosopher and social
reformer
utilitarianism
the idea that moral worth of an
action is determined solely by its
contribution to overall utility:
that is, its contribution to
happiness or pleasure
17. SECTION 4
Living and Working
Conditions
John Stuart Mill
was an influential liberal thinker of the 19th
century whose works on liberty justified
freedom of the individual in opposition to
unlimited state control.
On Liberty 1859
…the individual ought be free to do as he wishes unless he harms others. Individuals are rational enough to
make decisions about their good being and choose any religion they want to.
“tyranny of the majority”
On the Subjection of Women 1869
…in 1869 became the first person in Parliament to call for women to be given the right to vote
18. SECTION 4
Living and Working
Conditions
What
Early Reform Laws
Factory Act of 1802
about
shortened hours and improved conditions for children in cotton mills
WAGES?!?
Cotton Factories Regulation Act 1819
Did these
Set the minimum working age to 9; maximum working hours to 12 per day
Established paidlaws REALLY regulations and
Regulation of Child Labor Law 1833
inspectors to inspect factories on child labor
enforce the law
Ten Hours Bill 1847
make any
difference?
Limited working hours to 10 per day for women
and children
Factory owners will extend the 10-hour day to all employees
19. SECTION 4
Living and Working
Conditions
To improve their lives and working conditions, workers banded together …
collective action
When a large group of workers refuse to
strikes work, until their demands are met.
unions When workers organized and form associations
21. SECTION 4
Living and Working
Conditions
Workers’ Associations (unions) were illegal in many countries.
Workers who united to fight for higher wages, shorter hours,
and better working conditions could be imprisoned!
1870s Parliament passed laws legalizing strikes.
Collective Bargaining
24. SECTION 4
Living and Working
Conditions
This 1899 political cartoon, published in The Verdict, represents the growing disparity between
the rich and poor classes in America. This disproportion fomented the formation of anti-trust
laws in the following decade.
26. SECTION 4
Living and Working
Conditions
Economist Theories
Adam Smith creation of wealth; manufacturing and agriculture both impor-tant;
the law of supply and demand and the law of competition govern all
business and economic activity; free enterprise
Thomas Malthus population increase is the greatest obstacle to human
progress; human misery and poverty are inevitable
David Ricardo working-class poverty is inevitable; supply and demand
determine wages (the iron law of wages)
Jeremy Bentham utilitarianism; a good and useful law should lead to “the
greatest happiness of the greatest number” of people; people
should be educated so they could decide what was good for
them; reform of the justice and prison systems
John Stuart Mill government should work for the good of all its citizens;
protection of working children; improvements in housing and
factory conditions; full democracy; equality
