CH1201-TD-2nd Law.pptx
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
0 likes•4 views
The document discusses the second law of thermodynamics which states that the change in entropy of the universe is greater than zero for any spontaneous process. It provides examples to illustrate key concepts: 1) Heat transfer from a hot to cold metal block results in a dispersed final temperature and positive change in entropy as it is an irreversible process. 2) Free adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas into empty space is irreversible, resulting in a positive change in entropy. 3) Mixing of two ideal gases initially separated will increase the entropy by 2*nRln2.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
chapter_3_part_1.pptx
xcvbnm,.drug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsules,mnbvc
Thermodynamics, part 4
The document discusses the first and second laws of thermodynamics. It defines entropy as a measure of disorder in a system and explains that the second law states that entropy always increases for irreversible processes in closed systems. It provides examples of reversible and irreversible processes. Reversible processes can return to their initial state while irreversible processes, like combustion, cannot. The document also discusses how entropy relates to temperature, heat transfer between objects, and the direction of spontaneous processes in thermodynamics.
Entropy
The document discusses the second and third laws of thermodynamics. It begins by providing context on the second law and how, while mathematically simple, it has complex implications. It then discusses experimental observations that led to formulating the second law, including how it is impossible to convert all heat from a hot system into work without transferring heat to cold surroundings.
It defines key terms like system, surroundings, and universe. It introduces entropy and how spontaneity depends on the ability of heat exchange between the system and surroundings. It discusses how the second law relates to spontaneity, equilibrium, and reversibility. It provides examples of using reversible processes to determine entropy changes in systems. Finally, it discusses Trouton's
Presentation draft
Entropy is a measure of disorder or randomness in a system. There are more microstates that correspond to disorder than order, so systems naturally evolve toward more disordered, higher entropy states over time. The entropy of the universe is constantly increasing according to the second law of thermodynamics. Spontaneous processes are those that result in an increase in the total entropy of the universe.
Heat death of Universe
Heat death of the Universe/the big freeze/ the end of the universe quantum mechanically and statistical mechanically.
Entropy
This document discusses entropy, a thermodynamic property that represents disorder in a system. It defines entropy using the Clausius inequality and introduces the increase of entropy principle, which states that entropy always increases or stays the same for isolated systems. The key points made are:
- Entropy is defined using the Clausius inequality and can be viewed as a measure of disorder.
- The increase of entropy principle is another formulation of the second law of thermodynamics and means entropy can increase but not decrease.
- The entropy balance equation accounts for entropy changes, transfers, and generation in thermodynamic processes. Entropy generation must be greater than or equal to zero.
entropypresentation111112222222222222.ppt
This document discusses entropy, a thermodynamic property that can be viewed as a measure of disorder in a system. It introduces entropy and defines it using the Clausius inequality. It describes the increase of entropy principle, which states that entropy always increases or stays the same for an isolated system, representing the second law of thermodynamics. The document also discusses the entropy balance equation and how it can be used to analyze changes in entropy for thermodynamic processes and systems. An example is provided to illustrate how the increase of entropy principle prohibits heat transfer from a low temperature sink to a high temperature source.
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Second law of thermodynamics (and third law of thermodynamics) as taught in introductory physical chemistry (including general chemistry). Covers concepts such as entropy, Gibbs free energy, and phase equilibrium.
Recommended
chapter_3_part_1.pptx
xcvbnm,.drug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsulesdrug capsules,mnbvc
Thermodynamics, part 4
The document discusses the first and second laws of thermodynamics. It defines entropy as a measure of disorder in a system and explains that the second law states that entropy always increases for irreversible processes in closed systems. It provides examples of reversible and irreversible processes. Reversible processes can return to their initial state while irreversible processes, like combustion, cannot. The document also discusses how entropy relates to temperature, heat transfer between objects, and the direction of spontaneous processes in thermodynamics.
Entropy
The document discusses the second and third laws of thermodynamics. It begins by providing context on the second law and how, while mathematically simple, it has complex implications. It then discusses experimental observations that led to formulating the second law, including how it is impossible to convert all heat from a hot system into work without transferring heat to cold surroundings.
It defines key terms like system, surroundings, and universe. It introduces entropy and how spontaneity depends on the ability of heat exchange between the system and surroundings. It discusses how the second law relates to spontaneity, equilibrium, and reversibility. It provides examples of using reversible processes to determine entropy changes in systems. Finally, it discusses Trouton's
Presentation draft
Entropy is a measure of disorder or randomness in a system. There are more microstates that correspond to disorder than order, so systems naturally evolve toward more disordered, higher entropy states over time. The entropy of the universe is constantly increasing according to the second law of thermodynamics. Spontaneous processes are those that result in an increase in the total entropy of the universe.
Heat death of Universe
Heat death of the Universe/the big freeze/ the end of the universe quantum mechanically and statistical mechanically.
Entropy
This document discusses entropy, a thermodynamic property that represents disorder in a system. It defines entropy using the Clausius inequality and introduces the increase of entropy principle, which states that entropy always increases or stays the same for isolated systems. The key points made are:
- Entropy is defined using the Clausius inequality and can be viewed as a measure of disorder.
- The increase of entropy principle is another formulation of the second law of thermodynamics and means entropy can increase but not decrease.
- The entropy balance equation accounts for entropy changes, transfers, and generation in thermodynamic processes. Entropy generation must be greater than or equal to zero.
entropypresentation111112222222222222.ppt
This document discusses entropy, a thermodynamic property that can be viewed as a measure of disorder in a system. It introduces entropy and defines it using the Clausius inequality. It describes the increase of entropy principle, which states that entropy always increases or stays the same for an isolated system, representing the second law of thermodynamics. The document also discusses the entropy balance equation and how it can be used to analyze changes in entropy for thermodynamic processes and systems. An example is provided to illustrate how the increase of entropy principle prohibits heat transfer from a low temperature sink to a high temperature source.
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Second law of thermodynamics (and third law of thermodynamics) as taught in introductory physical chemistry (including general chemistry). Covers concepts such as entropy, Gibbs free energy, and phase equilibrium.
CH1201-Thermodynamics.pptx
This document provides an overview of key concepts in thermodynamics, including:
- The 0th law defines temperature and thermal equilibrium.
- The 1st law concerns the conservation of energy and defines internal energy. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed in form.
- The 2nd law defines entropy and the direction of spontaneous processes over time. Entropy always increases over time for isolated systems.
- An equation of state relates the state variables like pressure, volume, and temperature that define the state of a system at equilibrium.
laws of thermodynamics_ Lecture 6to9
Engineering Thermodynamics - generalised approach
Module 2 .. Laws of Thermodynamics ...Lectures 6 -9.
The first law of thermodynamics
The first law of thermodynamics is a version of the law of conservation of energy, adapted for thermodynamic systems. The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system is constant; energy can be transformed from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed.
Lecture 19 entropy
There are three key points about entropy and the second law of thermodynamics discussed in the document:
1) Entropy measures the dispersal or distribution of energy in a system. All spontaneous processes result in an increase in entropy, meaning a more even distribution of energy over time.
2) Entropy can be described on a microscopic level in terms of the number of possible microscopic configurations or "microstates" of a system. The higher the number of microstates, the higher the entropy and disorder.
3) The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease over time. This means spontaneous processes are irreversible and move towards equilibrium, where energy is evenly dispersed.
Heat and thermodynamics
1. Brownian motion is the random motion of particles suspended in a fluid resulting from their collision with the fast-moving molecules in the fluid.
2. The direction of this motion changes over time.
3. It is named after botanist Robert Brown, who first observed the phenomenon in 1827 when he was studying pollen grains suspended in water.
Thermodynamics - 203PHYS
This document provides an overview of key concepts in thermodynamics. It begins with contact information for the instructor, Dr. Sabar D. Hutagalung, and lists the main topics to be covered, including the four laws of thermodynamics. It then provides more detailed explanations of these topics, such as definitions of the zeroth, first, and second laws. It also explains concepts like heat, work, internal energy, and processes involving gases like isobaric, isothermal, and adiabatic. In addition, it discusses mechanisms of heat transfer including conduction, convection, and radiation, and defines important related terms.
Top School in india
The document discusses the derivation of the wave equation from first principles. It begins by considering transverse vibrations on an elastic string under tension. By analyzing changes in tension and angle as a small segment of string is displaced, an expression for the wave motion is obtained. Approximating for small motions, the standard one-dimensional wave equation is derived. The derivation is then extended to multiple dimensions. Applications to damped systems and transmission lines are also discussed. Worked examples are provided to solve the wave equation for specific initial conditions.
thermodynamics ppt.pptx
Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with heat and other forms of energy. The first law of thermodynamics states that the total energy of a system remains constant, such that any increase in one form of energy (such as heat) results in an equal decrease in another form (such as work). The second law states that heat cannot spontaneously flow from a colder body to a hotter body without an input of work. The third law states that the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero as the temperature approaches absolute zero.
aula-9.ppt
This document discusses entropy and the second law of thermodynamics. It introduces entropy as a property and defines entropy transfer and production. Equations are derived relating entropy change to heat transfer (TdS equations) for closed systems undergoing reversible processes. These equations allow calculating entropy changes between any two states of a pure substance or ideal gas. The document also discusses using temperature-entropy (T-s) and enthalpy-entropy (h-s) diagrams to analyze thermodynamic processes and calculate entropy changes.
chapter 1_total.pdf
Thermodynamics is the study of energy transformations involving heat and work. A thermodynamic system is the portion of the universe selected for study, separated from its surroundings by a boundary. The first law of thermodynamics states that the change in internal energy of a system is equal to the heat added minus work done. The second law introduces the concept of entropy and states that heat cannot spontaneously flow from a cold body to a hot body. Heat engines operate between a high and low temperature reservoir to convert heat into work, but are limited by their thermal efficiency. Refrigerators and heat pumps move heat from a low to high temperature region by expending work.
Hsslive-XI-Cheem-Ch-6_Thermodynamics.pdf
1. Thermodynamics is the branch of science that deals with the relationship between heat and work. Chemical thermodynamics deals specifically with heat changes in chemical reactions.
2. Systems can exchange energy and matter with their surroundings and are classified as open, closed, or isolated depending on these abilities. Macroscopic properties include temperature, pressure, volume and others.
3. Enthalpy is a measure of the total heat content of a system and is a state function. The change in enthalpy of a reaction, ΔH, is the heat absorbed or released at constant pressure.
Hsslive xi-cheem-ch-6 thermodynamics (2)
1. Thermodynamics is the branch of science that deals with the relationship between heat and work, especially as applied to chemical reactions.
2. There are three types of systems - open, closed, and isolated - depending on their ability to exchange energy and matter with surroundings.
3. Important macroscopic properties include temperature, pressure, volume, internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy. Extensive properties depend on amount of matter and intensive properties do not.
Hsslive xi-cheem-ch-6 thermodynamics (1)
1. Thermodynamics is the branch of science that deals with the relationship between heat and work, especially as it relates to chemical reactions.
2. There are three main types of systems - open, closed, and isolated - depending on their ability to exchange energy and matter with surroundings. Macroscopic properties include temperature, pressure, volume, and enthalpy.
3. Key concepts in thermodynamics include state functions, path functions, the first law of thermodynamics, enthalpy, heat capacity, and Hess's law of constant heat summation. Standard enthalpies of formation and reaction are important for determining energy changes in chemical processes.
Hsslive xi-cheem-ch-6 thermodynamics
1. Thermodynamics is the branch of science that deals with the relationship between heat and work, especially as it relates to chemical reactions.
2. There are three main types of systems - open, closed, and isolated - depending on their ability to exchange energy and matter with surroundings. Macroscopic properties include temperature, pressure, volume, and enthalpy.
3. Key concepts in thermodynamics include state functions, path functions, the first law of thermodynamics, enthalpy, heat capacity, and Hess's law of constant heat summation. The standard enthalpy of reaction can be calculated from standard enthalpies of formation of reactants and products.
Jatin bhatia art integration project 22
The document provides an overview of key concepts in thermodynamics. It defines thermodynamics as the branch of science dealing with quantitative relationships between heat and other forms of energy. It then discusses important terms, types of systems, thermodynamic properties and processes, laws of thermodynamics, and other concepts such as internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, spontaneous processes, and Gibbs free energy.
Thermodynamics
The document provides an overview of key concepts in thermodynamics including:
- The four laws of thermodynamics and various thermodynamic processes like isobaric, isochoric, and adiabatic.
- Heat engines, refrigerators, the Carnot cycle, and the relationship between heat, work and changes in internal energy.
- Entropy, the statistical interpretation of entropy, and the second law of thermodynamics.
- Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like efficiency calculations and determining changes in entropy.
Principles-of-Thermodynamics
The document discusses principles of thermodynamics and heat transfer. It defines thermodynamics and heat transfer, and explains the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The first law concerns the conservation of energy, while the second law concerns the spontaneous direction of heat transfer from hot to cold and the increase in entropy. Examples are provided to illustrate applications of the first law for heat exchanger duties and cooling of sheets.
Concepts of entropy
The document discusses concepts related to entropy and the third law of thermodynamics. It defines Clausius inequality, which states that it is impossible to transfer heat from a cool body to a hot body without work. Entropy is introduced as a state function to describe this irreversible process. The concept of entropy is explained for pure substances undergoing phase changes. Equations are provided relating entropy change to heat and temperature. The third law of thermodynamics is defined as the entropy of crystalline solids being zero at absolute zero temperature, allowing calculation of absolute entropy values.
Thermodynamics
The document discusses the second law of thermodynamics and entropy. It provides the following key points:
1. The second law states that the entropy of the universe increases for any spontaneous process, meaning ΔSuniv > 0. Entropy is a measure of disorder or the number of possible arrangements of a system.
2. Spontaneous processes are those where entropy increases both for the system and surroundings, making the total entropy change positive. Nonspontaneous processes decrease the total entropy.
3. The Gibbs free energy change, ΔG, can also be used to determine spontaneity, where a negative ΔG corresponds to a spontaneous process. ΔG is related to entropy and enthalpy changes.
Thermodynamics - Unit - II
1) The second law of thermodynamics leads to the definition of entropy, which is a measure of microscopic disorder and energy unavailable for useful work.
2) The Clausius inequality derives the working definition of entropy and mathematically expresses the second law. It states that the net work done by a heat engine in a cycle must be less than or equal to zero.
3) Entropy changes can be calculated using the Tds equation, where the integral of dQ/T over a reversible process between two states equals the change in entropy between those states. This allows entropy to be analyzed on temperature-entropy diagrams.
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
More Related Content
Similar to CH1201-TD-2nd Law.pptx
CH1201-Thermodynamics.pptx
This document provides an overview of key concepts in thermodynamics, including:
- The 0th law defines temperature and thermal equilibrium.
- The 1st law concerns the conservation of energy and defines internal energy. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed in form.
- The 2nd law defines entropy and the direction of spontaneous processes over time. Entropy always increases over time for isolated systems.
- An equation of state relates the state variables like pressure, volume, and temperature that define the state of a system at equilibrium.
laws of thermodynamics_ Lecture 6to9
Engineering Thermodynamics - generalised approach
Module 2 .. Laws of Thermodynamics ...Lectures 6 -9.
The first law of thermodynamics
The first law of thermodynamics is a version of the law of conservation of energy, adapted for thermodynamic systems. The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system is constant; energy can be transformed from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed.
Lecture 19 entropy
There are three key points about entropy and the second law of thermodynamics discussed in the document:
1) Entropy measures the dispersal or distribution of energy in a system. All spontaneous processes result in an increase in entropy, meaning a more even distribution of energy over time.
2) Entropy can be described on a microscopic level in terms of the number of possible microscopic configurations or "microstates" of a system. The higher the number of microstates, the higher the entropy and disorder.
3) The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease over time. This means spontaneous processes are irreversible and move towards equilibrium, where energy is evenly dispersed.
Heat and thermodynamics
1. Brownian motion is the random motion of particles suspended in a fluid resulting from their collision with the fast-moving molecules in the fluid.
2. The direction of this motion changes over time.
3. It is named after botanist Robert Brown, who first observed the phenomenon in 1827 when he was studying pollen grains suspended in water.
Thermodynamics - 203PHYS
This document provides an overview of key concepts in thermodynamics. It begins with contact information for the instructor, Dr. Sabar D. Hutagalung, and lists the main topics to be covered, including the four laws of thermodynamics. It then provides more detailed explanations of these topics, such as definitions of the zeroth, first, and second laws. It also explains concepts like heat, work, internal energy, and processes involving gases like isobaric, isothermal, and adiabatic. In addition, it discusses mechanisms of heat transfer including conduction, convection, and radiation, and defines important related terms.
Top School in india
The document discusses the derivation of the wave equation from first principles. It begins by considering transverse vibrations on an elastic string under tension. By analyzing changes in tension and angle as a small segment of string is displaced, an expression for the wave motion is obtained. Approximating for small motions, the standard one-dimensional wave equation is derived. The derivation is then extended to multiple dimensions. Applications to damped systems and transmission lines are also discussed. Worked examples are provided to solve the wave equation for specific initial conditions.
thermodynamics ppt.pptx
Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with heat and other forms of energy. The first law of thermodynamics states that the total energy of a system remains constant, such that any increase in one form of energy (such as heat) results in an equal decrease in another form (such as work). The second law states that heat cannot spontaneously flow from a colder body to a hotter body without an input of work. The third law states that the entropy of a perfect crystal approaches zero as the temperature approaches absolute zero.
aula-9.ppt
This document discusses entropy and the second law of thermodynamics. It introduces entropy as a property and defines entropy transfer and production. Equations are derived relating entropy change to heat transfer (TdS equations) for closed systems undergoing reversible processes. These equations allow calculating entropy changes between any two states of a pure substance or ideal gas. The document also discusses using temperature-entropy (T-s) and enthalpy-entropy (h-s) diagrams to analyze thermodynamic processes and calculate entropy changes.
chapter 1_total.pdf
Thermodynamics is the study of energy transformations involving heat and work. A thermodynamic system is the portion of the universe selected for study, separated from its surroundings by a boundary. The first law of thermodynamics states that the change in internal energy of a system is equal to the heat added minus work done. The second law introduces the concept of entropy and states that heat cannot spontaneously flow from a cold body to a hot body. Heat engines operate between a high and low temperature reservoir to convert heat into work, but are limited by their thermal efficiency. Refrigerators and heat pumps move heat from a low to high temperature region by expending work.
Hsslive-XI-Cheem-Ch-6_Thermodynamics.pdf
1. Thermodynamics is the branch of science that deals with the relationship between heat and work. Chemical thermodynamics deals specifically with heat changes in chemical reactions.
2. Systems can exchange energy and matter with their surroundings and are classified as open, closed, or isolated depending on these abilities. Macroscopic properties include temperature, pressure, volume and others.
3. Enthalpy is a measure of the total heat content of a system and is a state function. The change in enthalpy of a reaction, ΔH, is the heat absorbed or released at constant pressure.
Hsslive xi-cheem-ch-6 thermodynamics (2)
1. Thermodynamics is the branch of science that deals with the relationship between heat and work, especially as applied to chemical reactions.
2. There are three types of systems - open, closed, and isolated - depending on their ability to exchange energy and matter with surroundings.
3. Important macroscopic properties include temperature, pressure, volume, internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy. Extensive properties depend on amount of matter and intensive properties do not.
Hsslive xi-cheem-ch-6 thermodynamics (1)
1. Thermodynamics is the branch of science that deals with the relationship between heat and work, especially as it relates to chemical reactions.
2. There are three main types of systems - open, closed, and isolated - depending on their ability to exchange energy and matter with surroundings. Macroscopic properties include temperature, pressure, volume, and enthalpy.
3. Key concepts in thermodynamics include state functions, path functions, the first law of thermodynamics, enthalpy, heat capacity, and Hess's law of constant heat summation. Standard enthalpies of formation and reaction are important for determining energy changes in chemical processes.
Hsslive xi-cheem-ch-6 thermodynamics
1. Thermodynamics is the branch of science that deals with the relationship between heat and work, especially as it relates to chemical reactions.
2. There are three main types of systems - open, closed, and isolated - depending on their ability to exchange energy and matter with surroundings. Macroscopic properties include temperature, pressure, volume, and enthalpy.
3. Key concepts in thermodynamics include state functions, path functions, the first law of thermodynamics, enthalpy, heat capacity, and Hess's law of constant heat summation. The standard enthalpy of reaction can be calculated from standard enthalpies of formation of reactants and products.
Jatin bhatia art integration project 22
The document provides an overview of key concepts in thermodynamics. It defines thermodynamics as the branch of science dealing with quantitative relationships between heat and other forms of energy. It then discusses important terms, types of systems, thermodynamic properties and processes, laws of thermodynamics, and other concepts such as internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, spontaneous processes, and Gibbs free energy.
Thermodynamics
The document provides an overview of key concepts in thermodynamics including:
- The four laws of thermodynamics and various thermodynamic processes like isobaric, isochoric, and adiabatic.
- Heat engines, refrigerators, the Carnot cycle, and the relationship between heat, work and changes in internal energy.
- Entropy, the statistical interpretation of entropy, and the second law of thermodynamics.
- Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like efficiency calculations and determining changes in entropy.
Principles-of-Thermodynamics
The document discusses principles of thermodynamics and heat transfer. It defines thermodynamics and heat transfer, and explains the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The first law concerns the conservation of energy, while the second law concerns the spontaneous direction of heat transfer from hot to cold and the increase in entropy. Examples are provided to illustrate applications of the first law for heat exchanger duties and cooling of sheets.
Concepts of entropy
The document discusses concepts related to entropy and the third law of thermodynamics. It defines Clausius inequality, which states that it is impossible to transfer heat from a cool body to a hot body without work. Entropy is introduced as a state function to describe this irreversible process. The concept of entropy is explained for pure substances undergoing phase changes. Equations are provided relating entropy change to heat and temperature. The third law of thermodynamics is defined as the entropy of crystalline solids being zero at absolute zero temperature, allowing calculation of absolute entropy values.
Thermodynamics
The document discusses the second law of thermodynamics and entropy. It provides the following key points:
1. The second law states that the entropy of the universe increases for any spontaneous process, meaning ΔSuniv > 0. Entropy is a measure of disorder or the number of possible arrangements of a system.
2. Spontaneous processes are those where entropy increases both for the system and surroundings, making the total entropy change positive. Nonspontaneous processes decrease the total entropy.
3. The Gibbs free energy change, ΔG, can also be used to determine spontaneity, where a negative ΔG corresponds to a spontaneous process. ΔG is related to entropy and enthalpy changes.
Thermodynamics - Unit - II
1) The second law of thermodynamics leads to the definition of entropy, which is a measure of microscopic disorder and energy unavailable for useful work.
2) The Clausius inequality derives the working definition of entropy and mathematically expresses the second law. It states that the net work done by a heat engine in a cycle must be less than or equal to zero.
3) Entropy changes can be calculated using the Tds equation, where the integral of dQ/T over a reversible process between two states equals the change in entropy between those states. This allows entropy to be analyzed on temperature-entropy diagrams.
Similar to CH1201-TD-2nd Law.pptx (20)
Recently uploaded
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Insectsplayamajorroleinthedeteriorationoffoodgrainscausingbothquantitativeandqualitativelosses
Wellprovedthatnogranariescanbefilledwithgrainswithoutinsectsastheharvestedproducecontainegg(or)larvae(or)pupae(or)adultinsectinthembecauseoffieldcarryoverinfestationwhichcannotbeavoidedindevelopingcountrieslikeIndia
Simpletechnologiesfortimelydetectionofinsectsinthestoredproduceandtherebyplantimelycontrolmeasures
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
InIndia-post-harvestlosses-unscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,accountforabout10percentoftotalfoodgrains
Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
•theexuviae,skin,deadinsects
•theirexcretawhichmakefoodunfitforhumanconsumption
About600speciesofinsectshavebeenassociatedwithstoredgrainproducts
100speciesofinsectpestsofstoredproductscauseeconomiclosses
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
Isolation of pure culture, its various method.
快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Recently uploaded (20)
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Basics of crystallography, crystal systems, classes and different forms
Basics of crystallography, crystal systems, classes and different forms
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Gadgets for management of stored product pests_Dr.UPR.pdf
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
8.Isolation of pure cultures and preservation of cultures.pdf
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
Travis Hills of MN is Making Clean Water Accessible to All Through High Flux ...
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
CH1201-TD-2nd Law.pptx
- 1. 2nd Law • about Spontaneity and Efficiency • Spontaneity Rate • Depends on U? • Bouncing ball coming to rest • Dispersal of energy • Entropy, S dS = dqrev/T A measure of disorder !! • 2nd law statement: Suniv = SSys + Ssurr > 0 for any spontaneous process • State function, extensive property, a strictly macroscopic concept Example 1: Heat transfer from a hot to cold body We know it is an irreversible process, S > 0 2 identical metal blocks, one at 100 ̊C and other 0 ̊C brought in thermal contact, isolated from surroundings Final temp., Tf = 50 ̊C We can calculate q, but it is qirreversible Take a moment Infinitesimal reversible heat transfer (dqrev) between system and surroundings at infinitesimally different temp. apart, Entropy change for the system, dSSys = dqrev/T, and for surroundings, dSsurr = dqrev/T dSUniv = 0 for a reversible process
- 2. = 0.024*c > 0 So, did I just trick you ? Tc TH q Ssurr for finite changes? For the surroundings, V heat transfer at const. volume qSurr = USurr (path independent) Also, CV TSurr remains constant Ssurr = qSurr/Tsurr E.g, For an adiabatic process, ∵ qsys = qsurr= 0 Ssurr = 0 and Ssys = ? Infinite number of heat baths between the hot and cold blocks, each at infinitesimally higher temperature, dT Reversible heat transfer between adjacent bodies, dqrev = c dT
- 3. Entropy Calculation • Determine the initial and final states • Devise a reversible path or a combination of reversible paths that takes you from the initial to the final state. • Evaluate dqrev and dS Example 2: Free adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas: Vi 2Vi Free expansion is an irreversible process, S > 0 • (pi, Ti, Vi) (pf, Tf, 2Vi) gas vacuum
- 4. Example 3: Now imagine mixing of 2 different ideal gases (same pi, Vi and Ti), each occupying one half of the chamber, separated by a removable massless barrier Show that Smixing = 2*nRln2 (Assignment) Example 4: Irreversible adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas gas A gas B
- 7.