This document provides an overview of South Asia, including its physical geography, climate, population trends, religions, and cultural characteristics. It discusses the key environmental features of South Asia such as the Himalayan Mountains and major river systems. It also summarizes the population challenges facing countries in the region from high population growth and density. The major religions of Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, and Sikhism are introduced along with their histories and geographical distributions in South Asia. The document provides background information on the cultural and religious diversity of the region.
This document provides an overview of Southeast Asia, including its physical, cultural, demographic, political, and economic characteristics. It discusses the region's unique biogeography and the influences of various external powers throughout history. The region has long been influenced by outside forces due to its strategic location and resources. It also discusses the formation of ASEAN and its goal of allowing Southeast Asian countries to control external global forces rather than be controlled by them. The document contains detailed information on the environmental, population, cultural, religious, and linguistic diversity within Southeast Asia.
This document provides an overview of South Asia, including its countries, climate, history, culture, and environmental issues. It discusses the region's tropical monsoon and mountain climates. Historically, the region experienced many invasions and the development of religions like Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam under rulers like the Mughals. It was later colonized by European powers like the Portuguese and British. Today the region faces natural disasters like floods and drought as well as human-caused problems like pollution.
East Asia is a populous and economically important region. China is the most populous country with over 1 billion people and has experienced rapid economic growth along its eastern coast. Confucianism and the use of ideographic writing have contributed to cultural coherence across East Asia. However, the region also shows diversity in its languages, religions, and levels of development among countries like China, Japan, North and South Korea, and Taiwan. Rapid population growth and industrialization have also created environmental challenges for these densely populated areas with limited natural resources.
East Asia is the most populous region in the world, with China being the most populous country. The region faces significant environmental challenges due to population pressures, including flooding, deforestation, and pollution. Culturally, Confucianism and the use of Chinese characters have promoted coherence across East Asia. However, there is also diversity in the region in terms of languages, religions, and ethnic groups. Economically, East Asia has experienced rapid development and growth, but poverty remains an issue in some areas.
East Asia information and geography slideshowwoodyelly1
East Asia is a populous and economically important region experiencing rapid development. China is the largest country by population and has the oldest continuous culture. The region experiences environmental issues like flooding, pollution, and deforestation due to population pressures. Countries have different settlement and agricultural patterns based on their environments, with densely populated lowland basins and rice cultivation common. East Asian societies demonstrate both urbanization and cultural traditions like Confucianism that promote cohesion across the diverse region.
The document provides information on the physical geography of East Asia, including landforms, climate zones, resources, and human-environment interactions in the region. Some key points include:
1) East Asia has a rugged terrain with many mountains and plateaus that have shaped settlement patterns and resources. Major rivers like the Yellow River, Yangtze River, and Xi River provide water resources but also flood risks.
2) Climate zones range from subarctic and highland in western China to humid subtropical and tropical zones. Deserts are located in western and northern parts of the region.
3) Major infrastructure
Class 5 Subject - EVS, CH - Our India - Physical DiversityVista's Learning
This document provides an overview of the physical geography and features of India. It describes the major physical regions of India, including the Northern Mountains (Himalayas), Northern Plains, Peninsular Plateau, and Coastal Plains. For each region, it outlines the geographic characteristics, major rivers, climate, vegetation, and how the natural environment has influenced human settlement patterns and way of life. The document uses maps and diagrams to illustrate the various mountain ranges, plateaus, plains, and river systems that make up India's diverse physical landscape.
This document provides an overview of Southeast Asia, including its physical, cultural, demographic, political, and economic characteristics. It discusses the region's unique biogeography and the influences of various external powers throughout history. The region has long been influenced by outside forces due to its strategic location and resources. It also discusses the formation of ASEAN and its goal of allowing Southeast Asian countries to control external global forces rather than be controlled by them. The document contains detailed information on the environmental, population, cultural, religious, and linguistic diversity within Southeast Asia.
This document provides an overview of South Asia, including its countries, climate, history, culture, and environmental issues. It discusses the region's tropical monsoon and mountain climates. Historically, the region experienced many invasions and the development of religions like Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam under rulers like the Mughals. It was later colonized by European powers like the Portuguese and British. Today the region faces natural disasters like floods and drought as well as human-caused problems like pollution.
East Asia is a populous and economically important region. China is the most populous country with over 1 billion people and has experienced rapid economic growth along its eastern coast. Confucianism and the use of ideographic writing have contributed to cultural coherence across East Asia. However, the region also shows diversity in its languages, religions, and levels of development among countries like China, Japan, North and South Korea, and Taiwan. Rapid population growth and industrialization have also created environmental challenges for these densely populated areas with limited natural resources.
East Asia is the most populous region in the world, with China being the most populous country. The region faces significant environmental challenges due to population pressures, including flooding, deforestation, and pollution. Culturally, Confucianism and the use of Chinese characters have promoted coherence across East Asia. However, there is also diversity in the region in terms of languages, religions, and ethnic groups. Economically, East Asia has experienced rapid development and growth, but poverty remains an issue in some areas.
East Asia information and geography slideshowwoodyelly1
East Asia is a populous and economically important region experiencing rapid development. China is the largest country by population and has the oldest continuous culture. The region experiences environmental issues like flooding, pollution, and deforestation due to population pressures. Countries have different settlement and agricultural patterns based on their environments, with densely populated lowland basins and rice cultivation common. East Asian societies demonstrate both urbanization and cultural traditions like Confucianism that promote cohesion across the diverse region.
The document provides information on the physical geography of East Asia, including landforms, climate zones, resources, and human-environment interactions in the region. Some key points include:
1) East Asia has a rugged terrain with many mountains and plateaus that have shaped settlement patterns and resources. Major rivers like the Yellow River, Yangtze River, and Xi River provide water resources but also flood risks.
2) Climate zones range from subarctic and highland in western China to humid subtropical and tropical zones. Deserts are located in western and northern parts of the region.
3) Major infrastructure
Class 5 Subject - EVS, CH - Our India - Physical DiversityVista's Learning
This document provides an overview of the physical geography and features of India. It describes the major physical regions of India, including the Northern Mountains (Himalayas), Northern Plains, Peninsular Plateau, and Coastal Plains. For each region, it outlines the geographic characteristics, major rivers, climate, vegetation, and how the natural environment has influenced human settlement patterns and way of life. The document uses maps and diagrams to illustrate the various mountain ranges, plateaus, plains, and river systems that make up India's diverse physical landscape.
The document discusses population density in several large countries. It provides data showing China has the highest population density at 126.4 people per square kilometer, while Russia and Canada have the lowest densities of 8.7 and 2.9 people per square kilometer respectively. Factors like geography, climate, and natural resources influence where people live within countries. Mountainous and forested regions tend to be less populated than urban coastal areas and river valleys.
The document discusses regional planning in the Himalayan region and reviews a report on dam building. It summarizes the key characteristics of the Himalayas, including that it is home to major river systems and has significant hydroelectric potential. However, dam building risks damaging the region's fragile ecology and indigenous communities. Climate change is increasing risks to dam safety from floods and sedimentation. Alternative energy approaches are recommended over large dam projects due to their severe social and environmental impacts.
1) Japan's climate varies regionally, with harsh winters in the west due to Siberian winds and milder conditions in the central and east coasts where most major cities are located.
2) Japan is mountainous with over 80% land area mountainous and only 20% suitable for farming. It experiences volcanic activity as part of the Pacific Ring of Fire.
3) Climate influences population distribution, agriculture and development in Asia, including Japan where population is larger in milder eastern regions.
South Asia is a diverse region bounded by the Himalayan mountains and Indian Ocean. It has high population densities and poverty is widespread in both rural and urban areas. The region contains various landforms including mountainous regions, fertile plains, and coastal areas. The climate is influenced by seasonal monsoons. South Asia has a long history and was home to ancient river valley civilizations. The British colonized the region politically and economically until independence movements led to the partitioning of India and Pakistan in 1947. South Asia faces issues related to population pressures, environmental degradation, and ethnic/religious tensions.
The document provides information on water resources in India including rainfall patterns, river basins, surface water and groundwater availability. It discusses the development of irrigation in India from ancient times to the British period and post-independence. Major irrigation projects implemented across different states are also listed. Key points include: India's annual rainfall is 1170 mm on average but unevenly distributed. Surface water and groundwater availability is around 690 BCM and 432 BCM respectively. Major irrigation projects since 1950s include Bhakra Nangal, Damodar Valley, Hirakud and many others across different states like Nagarjunasagar, Tungabhadra, Gandak, Kosi etc.
This document provides an overview of India's geography, history, and natural resources. It discusses:
- The physical geography of India, including the Himalayan mountains, northern plains, peninsular plateau, deserts, and coastal plains.
- A brief history from ancient civilizations to British colonial rule and independence.
- India's climate and seasonal patterns.
- The country's extensive river systems originating in the Himalayas and peninsula.
- An overview of India's mineral resources including coal, iron ore, bauxite, and precious stones.
This document discusses forest resources and conservation efforts. It provides background on forest cover globally and in India. It then discusses threats to forests like deforestation from shifting cultivation, logging, and development. Case studies are presented on protests against the Silent Valley hydroelectric project in Kerala and proposed uranium mining in the Nallamala forest of Telangana, both of which aimed to protect forest lands and biodiversity. The document advocates for sustainable forest management and conservation to balance development needs with environmental protection.
This document contains a social science powerpoint presentation covering the physical features of India. It was created by Subhadeep Chakraborty, a class 9 student, and was guided by his teacher Sri Uday Pal. The presentation includes sections on the plate tectonics that formed India's landforms, as well as descriptions of the major physical divisions of India - the Himalayan Mountains, Northern Plains, Peninsular Plateau, Indian Desert, Coastal Plains and Islands. Key landforms like the Ganges Plain and Western Ghats are also summarized.
The document discusses floods in India, including definitions, causes, impacts, management strategies, and case studies. It provides an overview of flood types, forecasting methods, zoning, and benefits. Major factors that cause floods are described. Impacts include loss of life, property damage, health issues, and economic disruption. Management involves mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. Case studies of specific flood events in India are also presented.
India is the most disaster prone country in the world due to various natural and man-made factors. Some of the most prominent natural disasters that occur frequently in India include floods, cyclones, droughts, earthquakes, landslides, and tsunamis. Specific regions across India are more vulnerable to certain disasters due to geographic and environmental factors. Two of the worst man-made disasters in India were the 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy industrial accident which killed thousands, and the 2008 Mumbai terrorist attacks where over 175 people lost their lives in a series of coordinated bombings and shootings.
The document discusses different types of deserts found around the world. It describes trade wind deserts, midlatitude deserts, rainshadow deserts, coastal deserts, monsoon deserts and polar deserts. It provides examples for each type, such as the Sahara desert for trade wind deserts and the Atacama desert for coastal deserts. It also briefly discusses the wildlife found in some deserts, such as the blackbuck, chinkara and Indian wild ass in the Rann of Kutch desert in India.
This document provides a summary of the city of Multan, Pakistan. It discusses the city's long history dating back over 5,000 years. It describes Multan's geography along the Chenab River and hot, arid climate. The document outlines the population demographics, with the majority speaking Saraiki or Punjabi. It also gives an overview of Multan's diverse culture and notable people, as well as its current economy centered around agriculture, textiles, and other industries. In closing, it highlights several important historical and religious sites found within the city.
The document provides an overview of the region of South Asia by covering its history, physical geography, climate, ecosystems, culture, economy, and technology. Key points include: South Asia is home to Hinduism and Buddhism and has been conquered by various empires over centuries. The landscape ranges from deserts to rainforests to the Himalayas. The climate varies from tropical wet to arid. Ecosystems include tropical grasslands, rainforests, and desert scrub. South Asia has a large population with urban and rural populations intermixing old and new building styles. The economy relies on subsistence farming and manufacturing, though many are moving to cities. Access to technology and information varies significantly between countries.
India experiences many natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, droughts, cyclones, and tsunamis annually due to its geography and climate. The number of disasters and people affected have been increasing each year. Some of the worst disasters in India's history include the Bengal cyclone in 1970 that killed 500,000 people and droughts in the 1970s and 1980s that affected over 200 million people. India's disaster management approach focuses on prevention, mitigation, preparedness, and response. Mental health is also an important aspect of disaster recovery to address trauma in survivors. While disasters cannot be prevented, their impacts can be reduced through anticipating risks and building preparedness.
- South Asia has a monsoon climate and flat topography with elevated features on the edges. It experiences pronounced wet and dry seasons due to seasonal wind patterns.
- The region has seen influences from Hinduism, Islam, and British imperialism. Countries gained independence after World War II and dealt with issues of ethnicity, religion, and politics in development.
- The population is primarily rural and densely populated, with India as the dominant country. Agriculture remains important but industrial and urban areas are growing.
This document provides an overview of the physical features of India. It discusses how the Indian subcontinent was formed from the breakup of Gondwana land and the subsequent collision with the Eurasian plate. This led to the formation of key landforms like the Himalayas and the peninsular plateau. It then describes the major physical divisions of India including the Himalayan mountains, northern plains, peninsular plateau, Indian desert, coastal plains, and islands. It provides details about the characteristics of each region and how they were formed.
The document discusses drainage patterns and rivers in India. It provides information about different drainage patterns like dendritic, radial, rectangular etc. and matches them to specific rivers in India. It also discusses soil types, forest cover, wind patterns, and other physical geography topics in India. Multiple choice questions with explanations are provided about these topics.
Russia and the Republics cover over eight and a half million square miles and have a variety of landforms, climates, and resources. The northern region contains fertile soil and most agriculture, while the southern areas have mountain ranges and desert climates. Russia has vast forests, coal, metals, oil, and natural gas deposits, but its harsh climate and vast distances make development difficult. The climate ranges from humid continental to subarctic to desert. Major vegetation zones include tundra, taiga forest, steppe grasslands, and deserts. Human activities like diverting rivers have damaged the environment, but the harsh winters also protected Russia and infrastructure like the Trans-Siberian Railroad helped develop the region.
- Asia is the largest continent, with huge variations in climate, vegetation, and ecosystems. It contains over half of the world's population and has experienced rapid urbanization.
- India has a population of over 1.3 billion people and a land surface that varies greatly from the Himalayan mountains to coastal plains. Most Indians live in rural villages, though migration to large cities like Mumbai and Delhi is increasing.
- Rural and urban life in India contrast greatly, with many urban residents living in poverty in crowded slums while rural areas rely on agriculture and lack adequate infrastructure. India faces challenges related to its high population growth and increasing urbanization.
This document provides an overview of key steps and considerations for qualitative empirical research methods, including direct observation, interviews, focus groups, and analysis of documents and artifacts. It discusses topics such as developing a research proposal, carrying out data collection through observation and interviews, analyzing qualitative data through coding and identifying themes, and writing up the results. The document also covers ethics, issues like reactivity in participant observation, and challenges around subjectivity in qualitative analysis.
This document provides notes from an empirical research methods class. It outlines key topics covered, including:
1. Postponing the first exam and reviewing descriptive statistics such as frequency distributions, measures of central tendency, and measures of spread.
2. Discussing survey methods such as questionnaire construction, types of questionnaire items, composite measures, and sampling.
3. Reviewing measurement scales, factors affecting scale choice, and examples of measures of central tendency and spread for different data types.
The document discusses population density in several large countries. It provides data showing China has the highest population density at 126.4 people per square kilometer, while Russia and Canada have the lowest densities of 8.7 and 2.9 people per square kilometer respectively. Factors like geography, climate, and natural resources influence where people live within countries. Mountainous and forested regions tend to be less populated than urban coastal areas and river valleys.
The document discusses regional planning in the Himalayan region and reviews a report on dam building. It summarizes the key characteristics of the Himalayas, including that it is home to major river systems and has significant hydroelectric potential. However, dam building risks damaging the region's fragile ecology and indigenous communities. Climate change is increasing risks to dam safety from floods and sedimentation. Alternative energy approaches are recommended over large dam projects due to their severe social and environmental impacts.
1) Japan's climate varies regionally, with harsh winters in the west due to Siberian winds and milder conditions in the central and east coasts where most major cities are located.
2) Japan is mountainous with over 80% land area mountainous and only 20% suitable for farming. It experiences volcanic activity as part of the Pacific Ring of Fire.
3) Climate influences population distribution, agriculture and development in Asia, including Japan where population is larger in milder eastern regions.
South Asia is a diverse region bounded by the Himalayan mountains and Indian Ocean. It has high population densities and poverty is widespread in both rural and urban areas. The region contains various landforms including mountainous regions, fertile plains, and coastal areas. The climate is influenced by seasonal monsoons. South Asia has a long history and was home to ancient river valley civilizations. The British colonized the region politically and economically until independence movements led to the partitioning of India and Pakistan in 1947. South Asia faces issues related to population pressures, environmental degradation, and ethnic/religious tensions.
The document provides information on water resources in India including rainfall patterns, river basins, surface water and groundwater availability. It discusses the development of irrigation in India from ancient times to the British period and post-independence. Major irrigation projects implemented across different states are also listed. Key points include: India's annual rainfall is 1170 mm on average but unevenly distributed. Surface water and groundwater availability is around 690 BCM and 432 BCM respectively. Major irrigation projects since 1950s include Bhakra Nangal, Damodar Valley, Hirakud and many others across different states like Nagarjunasagar, Tungabhadra, Gandak, Kosi etc.
This document provides an overview of India's geography, history, and natural resources. It discusses:
- The physical geography of India, including the Himalayan mountains, northern plains, peninsular plateau, deserts, and coastal plains.
- A brief history from ancient civilizations to British colonial rule and independence.
- India's climate and seasonal patterns.
- The country's extensive river systems originating in the Himalayas and peninsula.
- An overview of India's mineral resources including coal, iron ore, bauxite, and precious stones.
This document discusses forest resources and conservation efforts. It provides background on forest cover globally and in India. It then discusses threats to forests like deforestation from shifting cultivation, logging, and development. Case studies are presented on protests against the Silent Valley hydroelectric project in Kerala and proposed uranium mining in the Nallamala forest of Telangana, both of which aimed to protect forest lands and biodiversity. The document advocates for sustainable forest management and conservation to balance development needs with environmental protection.
This document contains a social science powerpoint presentation covering the physical features of India. It was created by Subhadeep Chakraborty, a class 9 student, and was guided by his teacher Sri Uday Pal. The presentation includes sections on the plate tectonics that formed India's landforms, as well as descriptions of the major physical divisions of India - the Himalayan Mountains, Northern Plains, Peninsular Plateau, Indian Desert, Coastal Plains and Islands. Key landforms like the Ganges Plain and Western Ghats are also summarized.
The document discusses floods in India, including definitions, causes, impacts, management strategies, and case studies. It provides an overview of flood types, forecasting methods, zoning, and benefits. Major factors that cause floods are described. Impacts include loss of life, property damage, health issues, and economic disruption. Management involves mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. Case studies of specific flood events in India are also presented.
India is the most disaster prone country in the world due to various natural and man-made factors. Some of the most prominent natural disasters that occur frequently in India include floods, cyclones, droughts, earthquakes, landslides, and tsunamis. Specific regions across India are more vulnerable to certain disasters due to geographic and environmental factors. Two of the worst man-made disasters in India were the 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy industrial accident which killed thousands, and the 2008 Mumbai terrorist attacks where over 175 people lost their lives in a series of coordinated bombings and shootings.
The document discusses different types of deserts found around the world. It describes trade wind deserts, midlatitude deserts, rainshadow deserts, coastal deserts, monsoon deserts and polar deserts. It provides examples for each type, such as the Sahara desert for trade wind deserts and the Atacama desert for coastal deserts. It also briefly discusses the wildlife found in some deserts, such as the blackbuck, chinkara and Indian wild ass in the Rann of Kutch desert in India.
This document provides a summary of the city of Multan, Pakistan. It discusses the city's long history dating back over 5,000 years. It describes Multan's geography along the Chenab River and hot, arid climate. The document outlines the population demographics, with the majority speaking Saraiki or Punjabi. It also gives an overview of Multan's diverse culture and notable people, as well as its current economy centered around agriculture, textiles, and other industries. In closing, it highlights several important historical and religious sites found within the city.
The document provides an overview of the region of South Asia by covering its history, physical geography, climate, ecosystems, culture, economy, and technology. Key points include: South Asia is home to Hinduism and Buddhism and has been conquered by various empires over centuries. The landscape ranges from deserts to rainforests to the Himalayas. The climate varies from tropical wet to arid. Ecosystems include tropical grasslands, rainforests, and desert scrub. South Asia has a large population with urban and rural populations intermixing old and new building styles. The economy relies on subsistence farming and manufacturing, though many are moving to cities. Access to technology and information varies significantly between countries.
India experiences many natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, droughts, cyclones, and tsunamis annually due to its geography and climate. The number of disasters and people affected have been increasing each year. Some of the worst disasters in India's history include the Bengal cyclone in 1970 that killed 500,000 people and droughts in the 1970s and 1980s that affected over 200 million people. India's disaster management approach focuses on prevention, mitigation, preparedness, and response. Mental health is also an important aspect of disaster recovery to address trauma in survivors. While disasters cannot be prevented, their impacts can be reduced through anticipating risks and building preparedness.
- South Asia has a monsoon climate and flat topography with elevated features on the edges. It experiences pronounced wet and dry seasons due to seasonal wind patterns.
- The region has seen influences from Hinduism, Islam, and British imperialism. Countries gained independence after World War II and dealt with issues of ethnicity, religion, and politics in development.
- The population is primarily rural and densely populated, with India as the dominant country. Agriculture remains important but industrial and urban areas are growing.
This document provides an overview of the physical features of India. It discusses how the Indian subcontinent was formed from the breakup of Gondwana land and the subsequent collision with the Eurasian plate. This led to the formation of key landforms like the Himalayas and the peninsular plateau. It then describes the major physical divisions of India including the Himalayan mountains, northern plains, peninsular plateau, Indian desert, coastal plains, and islands. It provides details about the characteristics of each region and how they were formed.
The document discusses drainage patterns and rivers in India. It provides information about different drainage patterns like dendritic, radial, rectangular etc. and matches them to specific rivers in India. It also discusses soil types, forest cover, wind patterns, and other physical geography topics in India. Multiple choice questions with explanations are provided about these topics.
Russia and the Republics cover over eight and a half million square miles and have a variety of landforms, climates, and resources. The northern region contains fertile soil and most agriculture, while the southern areas have mountain ranges and desert climates. Russia has vast forests, coal, metals, oil, and natural gas deposits, but its harsh climate and vast distances make development difficult. The climate ranges from humid continental to subarctic to desert. Major vegetation zones include tundra, taiga forest, steppe grasslands, and deserts. Human activities like diverting rivers have damaged the environment, but the harsh winters also protected Russia and infrastructure like the Trans-Siberian Railroad helped develop the region.
- Asia is the largest continent, with huge variations in climate, vegetation, and ecosystems. It contains over half of the world's population and has experienced rapid urbanization.
- India has a population of over 1.3 billion people and a land surface that varies greatly from the Himalayan mountains to coastal plains. Most Indians live in rural villages, though migration to large cities like Mumbai and Delhi is increasing.
- Rural and urban life in India contrast greatly, with many urban residents living in poverty in crowded slums while rural areas rely on agriculture and lack adequate infrastructure. India faces challenges related to its high population growth and increasing urbanization.
This document provides an overview of key steps and considerations for qualitative empirical research methods, including direct observation, interviews, focus groups, and analysis of documents and artifacts. It discusses topics such as developing a research proposal, carrying out data collection through observation and interviews, analyzing qualitative data through coding and identifying themes, and writing up the results. The document also covers ethics, issues like reactivity in participant observation, and challenges around subjectivity in qualitative analysis.
This document provides notes from an empirical research methods class. It outlines key topics covered, including:
1. Postponing the first exam and reviewing descriptive statistics such as frequency distributions, measures of central tendency, and measures of spread.
2. Discussing survey methods such as questionnaire construction, types of questionnaire items, composite measures, and sampling.
3. Reviewing measurement scales, factors affecting scale choice, and examples of measures of central tendency and spread for different data types.
You developed a new 3-item survey measure called the "Attitude Towards Large Computer Monitors" (ATLCM) scale to assess how participants feel about large computer monitors. To validate this new measure, you would conduct an experiment where participants are randomly assigned to either watch 2 hours of TV per day or 0 hours of TV for a week, then have them complete the ATLCM scale. However, your initial results finding no differences in ATLCM scores between conditions suggest issues with the sensitivity of the ATLCM measure to detect changes in attitude from the TV viewing manipulation. Further validation work is needed to establish the reliability and validity of the ATLCM scale before using it to assess relationships between variables.
This document discusses various perspectives in the psychology of literature. It outlines the basic assumptions of the psychology of literature, including that there is a close relationship between psychology and how literature exhibits human behavior. It then covers different aspects of the psychology of literature such as the psychology of the author, characters, and readers. Some key theories discussed include Freudian concepts like the id, ego, and super-ego and how they relate to literary creation and interpretation. Overall, the document provides an overview of applying psychological lenses to understand various elements of literature.
This document summarizes the notes from an empirical research methods class. It discusses why the course exists, including the need for empirical evidence in information science research involving people. It also covers topics like the scientific method, different types of empirical research methods, and the purposes and products of empirical research. Examples are provided to illustrate key points.
This document provides an overview of quantitative empirical research methods as discussed in an IS 4800 Empirical Research Methods class. It defines different types of quantitative studies including observational, survey, and experimental designs. For experimental designs, it describes between-subjects and within-subjects approaches. It also discusses topics like randomization, counterbalancing, and dealing with carryover effects in experimental designs. Examples are provided to illustrate different types of experimental designs.
This document provides an overview and class notes on empirical research methods for information science. It discusses reliability and validity techniques for validating composite measures, including test-retest reliability, parallel forms reliability, split-half reliability, and Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency. It also covers sampling techniques such as simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, proportionate sampling, and cluster sampling. Additionally, it addresses issues like volunteer bias, characteristics of volunteer research participants, and remedies for volunteer bias.
This document provides class notes from an empirical research methods course. It covers topics related to usability testing including different types of usability experiments, planning and executing a usability experiment, collecting and analyzing usability data, and testing usability in the field. Examples of specific topics discussed include within-subjects and between-subjects experimental designs, types of data to collect during usability testing, qualitative and quantitative analysis methods, and ethical considerations when conducting experiments with human subjects.
This document contains class notes from an empirical research methods course. It outlines key concepts related to sampling, statistics, experimental design, and data analysis techniques including t-tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and factorial ANOVA. Examples are provided to illustrate how to conduct statistical tests in SPSS and how to interpret and report results. Key terms are defined throughout to explain assumptions, computations, and interpretations of different statistical analyses.
Literary criticism involves analyzing, interpreting, evaluating, and discussing literature. It examines elements like genre, structure, and value. Literary criticism aims to understand what literature is, what purpose it serves, and what value it possesses. It provides frameworks for interpreting works through considering aspects like historical context, social influences, and symbolic meanings embedded in the text. Different schools of criticism offer various lenses for revealing important aspects of literary works.
1. The document discusses the concept of respect as it relates to evaluating oneself and others. It states that respect means right evaluation, while over, under, or otherwise evaluation constitutes disrespect.
2. Right evaluation is defined as evaluating based on the self - seeing that oneself and others have the same purpose, program, and potential. The differences between people are in their level of understanding.
3. Fulfilling relationships through right evaluation leads to harmony. If the other has more understanding, one should learn from them. If one has more understanding, one should live responsibly and facilitate understanding in the other.
Here are some responses to the questions raised:
1. If only one person understands relationship while the other does not, communication and patience are key. Continue expressing the 9 feelings respectfully and also explain your understanding to help the other learn. With time and effort, understanding can grow.
2. Anger and negative feelings also need to be understood, not suppressed. They arise due to unfulfilled positive feelings and can be transformed by fulfilling the underlying positive needs.
3. Feelings refer to the more fundamental experience of one self towards another. Emotions are expressions of feelings through the body.
4. Living independently may avoid relationship problems temporarily but does not fulfill the deep human need for connection. With understanding, relationship
The document discusses the harmony between the self and the body. It makes three key points:
1. The self is central to human existence, while the body acts as an instrument of the self. The relationship between them is based on the self providing information to the body.
2. Physical facilities are only required in limited quantities to nurture, protect and properly utilize the body. Prosperity is having more physical facilities than what is required.
3. Harmony exists when the self feels a sense of self-regulation and responsibility towards the body, and the body is healthy by acting according to the self and having all its parts in harmony. Various programs like intake, exercise and treatment can help maintain this
Here are answers to some frequently asked questions about the self, mind, body and happiness:
1. What is the relationship between the self, mind and body?
The self is the conscious entity. It has the power of desire, thought and expectation. The mind is the faculty of the self that engages in thinking, imagining, analyzing etc. The body is the physical instrument through which the self experiences and expresses itself. The self, mind and body interact and influence each other.
2. What causes happiness or unhappiness?
Happiness arises from a state of harmony within the self - when desires, thoughts and expectations are in alignment with one's natural acceptance. Unhappiness arises from a state of
This document discusses the relationship between the self and the body from a philosophical perspective. It makes three key points:
1. The self is central to human existence and is the seer, doer, and enjoyer. The body is an instrument used by the self.
2. The self's need is for continuous happiness. Its program is to understand harmony and live in harmony at all levels of being.
3. Production, protection and utilization of physical resources is part of the self's program, but a minor part (<1/4). The relationship between self and body is one of information exchange at all levels.
This document outlines the goals and modules of the Student Induction Program, including the Universal Human Values module that participants of this 3-day training program will be facilitating. The Student Induction Program is a mandatory 3-week program approved by AICTE to improve the quality of technical education. It includes modules on universal human values, physical health, creative arts, literature, proficiency, lectures from eminent people, local area visits, and familiarization with the institution. This training program will prepare participants to facilitate the Universal Human Values module, which aims to help students develop a holistic perspective on life through self-reflection.
This document outlines the purpose and process of a workshop or course. It aims to 1) facilitate developing a holistic perspective through systematically studying harmony in life's aspects, and 2) develop competence and commitment to ethical behavior, work and participation. The content is for self-exploration. Words have meanings that point to realities; understanding comes from self-exploration, not getting stuck on words. Listening seeks understanding by clarifying, questioning and discussing to see realities being referred to rather than preconceptions. The document notes points about participation, breaks, and photography during sessions.
The document discusses non-verbal communication and body language. It defines non-verbal communication as communication through physical behaviors, expressions, and mannerisms rather than words. Some key aspects of non-verbal communication discussed include facial expressions, gestures, eye contact, touch, personal space, and tone of voice. Non-verbal signals can reinforce, contradict, or substitute for verbal communication and help with first impressions. It is important to pay attention to inconsistencies between verbal and non-verbal cues to identify lies or lack of trust.
This presentation discusses soft skills, which are personal attributes that enable good relationships and job performance. It defines soft skills and explains why they are important for both entering and sustaining employment. Key soft skills include communication, leadership, creativity, interpersonal skills, and professionalism. The presentation provides tips for learning and improving soft skills, such as taking courses, seeking mentors, volunteering, practicing skills consistently, and setting goals. It emphasizes that soft skills can be developed and recommends highlighting them on resumes and in interviews.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
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How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
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Article: https://pecb.com/article
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How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
3. Learning Objectives
• Understand the unique climatological challenges
of this region, which include monsoons and
cyclones, and accompanying flooding
• Learn about the challenges and strategies of
feeding a large and growing population
• Become familiar with the physical, demographic,
cultural, political, and economic characteristics
of South Asia
• Understand the following concepts and models:
-Monsoon
-Green Revolution
-Caste system
-Hinduism
-Mughal Empire
-Orographic rainfall
-Subcontinent
-Indian diaspora
4. KEY CONCEPTS
APPLICABLE TO THE REALM
• CENTRIPETAL - CENTRIFUGAL FORCES
• FORWARD CAPITAL
– ISLAMABAD
• IRREDENTISM – boundaries that divide groups
– PATHANS (OR PASHTUNS) OF PAKISTAN
RELATED TO PEOPLES OF CENTRAL
AFGHANISTAN
• FEDERAL SYSTEM
– ADOPTED BY INDIA IN 1947
– PROVIDES REGIONS AND PEOPLES WITH
SOME AUTONOMY AND IDENTITY
5. Introduction
• The Himalayan Mountains are in South Asia
• Called the Indian subcontinent
• India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Maldives
• South Asia is the world’s second most populous
region
• The population is growing, raising concerns
about food production keeping pace
• South Asia was a British colony for several
centuries
• Since achieving in 1947, India and Pakistan have
been embroiled in conflict; both countries have
nuclear weapons
• This region is one of the world’s poorest
7. Environmental Geography: Diverse
Landscapes, from Tropical Islands to
Mountain Rim
•The Film Star and the Poacher King
•Outlaw and poacher Koose Veerappan kidnapped film star
Rajkumar in a case that illustrates culture and politics in
South Asia
8. Environmental Geography: Diverse
Landscapes, from Tropical Islands to
Mountain Rim
• Environmental Issues in South Asia
• 1984 explosion at Bhopal fertilizer plant killed 2,500
people – inadequate supervision of foreign investors
– Natural Hazards in Bangladesh
• Ganges and Brahmaputra river deltas flood in wet
summer monsoons; dense settlement there causes many
deaths
– Forests and Deforestation
• Ganges Valley and coastal plains of India deforested for
agriculture
• Deforestation’s causes: agricultural, urban, and industrial
expansion
• Problems: fuel wood shortage leads to use of manure
which then cannot be used as fertilizer
9. Environmental Issues in South Asia
(cont.)
• South Asia’s Monsoon Climates
• Monsoon: the distinct seasonal change of wind
direction; in South Asia
– Summer monsoon brings rain and flooding to
Bangladesh
– Winter monsoon is dry
• Orographic rainfall: precipitation from the
uplifting and cooling of moist winds; it occurs in
the Western Ghats and Himalayas
– Rain-shadow effect: the area of low rainfall found on
the leeward (or downwind side) of a mountain range
• Drier conditions in Pakistan
10. MONSOONS
• “To know India and her people, one has to
know the monsoon.”
• To the people of India the monsoons are a
source of life.
• From an Arabic word meaning seasonal
reversal of winds
• General onshore movement in summer
• General offshore flow in winter
• Very distinctive seasonal precipitation regime
– Two monsoons – wet one & dry one
11. Monsoon Principles
• Wind is a horizontal movement of air from a high
pressure area to a low pressure area.
• Land surfaces heat up and cool off more quickly
and to a greater degree than water bodies.
• During the warmer months, a low pressure tends
to develop over land and a high pressure over the
adjacent water bodies. (wet monsoon)
• During the cooler months, a high pressure tends
to develop over land and a low pressure over the
adjacent land areas. (dry monsoon)
• This results in the shifting of the prevailing winds --
MONSOONS
12.
13. Dry monsoon Wet monsoon
Seasonal shift in the
prevailing wind direction
Seasons NOT defined
by temperature
patterns, but by
precipitation patterns
15. Low
Elevations
• Purple shades
are highlands
• Orange is for
“uplands” –
dissected
plateaus
• All the other
colors are for
types of plains –
easily flooded
areas
16. Massive
Delta Region
• Brahmaputra Delta
Thousands of
tributaries and
distributaries that
can flood (only the
larger ones are
shown on the
map.)
• Ganges Delta
20. Environmental Geography: Diverse
Landscapes, from Tropical Islands to
Mountain Rim (cont.)
• The Four Subregions of South Asia
– Mountains of the North
• Collision of Indian Subcontinent with Asian landmass
– Himalayas, Karakoram Range, Arakan Yoma Mountains
– Indus-Ganges-Brahmaputra Lowlands
• Lowlands created by three major river systems
– Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra rivers
– Peninsular India
• Deccan Plateau covers most of India, is bordered by
Eastern and Western Ghats (mountains)
– The Southern Islands
• Sri Lanka (1 island) and Maldives (1,200 small islands)
22. Population and Settlement: The
Demographic Dilemma
• India has more than 1 billion people
– Concern about producing enough food
– India’s TFR at 3.2, but preference for males creates problems
• Pakistan has 145 million people
– Pakistan lacks an effective, coordinated family planning program
– Overall TFR is 5.6; RNI is 2.8%
– Linked to Muslim culture
– Early childhood mortality, and low rate of female contraception
• Bangladesh has 133.5 million people
– Has one of the highest settlement densities in the world
– TFR is 3.3
– Strong government support for family planning
– Muslim culture, but more flexible
23. Population Density
• POPULATION DENSITY (INDIA)
– ARITHMETIC- 904/sq mi
– PHYSIOLOGIC- 1,615/sq mi (US=415/sq mi)
265
22
42
874
7.6
176
53
52
82
865
341
315
36
0 200 400 600 800 1000
People per square mile
Europe
Russia
North America
Japan
Middle America
South America
N. Africa/S.W. Asia
Subsaharan Africa
South Asia
Southeast Asia
Europe
Russia
North America
Japan
Austral
Middle America
South America
N. Africa/S.W. Asia
Subsaharan Africa
South Asia
East Asia
Southeast Asia
Pacific
World Average = 117/mi2
Realm
26. Population and Settlement: The Demographic
Dilemma (cont.)
• Migration and the Settlement Landscape
• South Asia is one of the least urbanized regions of
the world
– Majority live in compact rural villages
– Rural-to-urban migration caused by agricultural changes
• Most settlement near fertile soils and dependable
water sources
• Agricultural Regions and Activities
• Agriculture has historically been unproductive
• Green Revolution: agricultural techniques based on
hybrid crop strains and heavy use of industrial
fertilizers and chemical pesticides
– Greatly increased agricultural yields in South Asia
– High social and cultural costs
27. Population and Settlement: The
Demographic Dilemma (cont.)
• Agricultural Regions and Activities
– Crop Zones
• Rice: lower Ganges Valley, lowlands of India’s
eastern and western coasts, delta lands of
Bangladesh, Pakistan’s lower Indus Valley, and Sri
Lanka
• Wheat: northern Indus Valley, western half of
India’s Ganges Valley
– Punjab is India’s “breadbasket”
• Millet and sorghum in less fertile areas
28. WHAT CLIMATE VARIABLES
HELP TO EXPLAIN THIS
DISTRIBUTION?
•Cooler to
the north and
warmer to
the south
•Drier in the
west and
wetter in the
east
•Orographic
precipitation
in the south
29. Population and Settlement:
The Demographic Dilemma
(cont.)
–The Green Revolution
•Use of hybrid, high-yield seeds to
bolster production
–1970 to 1990s: India more than
doubled annual grain production
•Only more prosperous farmers could
afford to adopt seeds and use
mechanization
•Environmental problems from
dependency on chemical fertilizers
and pesticides
•Poorer farmers forced from their
lands
•Salinization in irrigated areas
30. Population and Settlement: The
Demographic Dilemma (cont.)
• Urban South Asia
• About 25% of the South Asian population resides in urban
areas
– Many live in bustees (sprawling squatter settlements)
– Mumbai (Bombay)
• Largest city in South Asia
• Financial, commercial, and industrial center
• Less-fortunate immigrants live in “hutments” – crude
shelters built on formerly busy sidewalks
– Delhi/New Delhi
• More than 11 million people
• India’s capital, has British colonial imprint
• Air pollution a problem
32. Modern Hotel Red Fort Mosque (disused)
Lotus Temple Parliament Delhi street scene
33. Population and Settlement: The
Demographic Dilemma (cont.)
• Urban South Asia (cont.)
–Calcutta
• More than 12 million people
• Problems: poverty, pollution, congestion, homelessness
–Karachi
• More than 7 million people
• Pakistan’s largest city
• Political and ethnic tensions between Sindis (native
inhabitants) and Muhajirs (Muslim refugees from India)
35. Cultural Coherence and Diversity: A
Common Heritage Undermined by
Religious Rivalries
• Since its inception in 1948, India has been a secular state
– Growth of Hindu nationalism: movement promoting Hindu
values as essential and exclusive fabric of Indian society
– Tensions between Hindus and Muslims in India
– Tensions between fundamentalists and secularists in Pakistan
• Origins of South Asian Civilizations
• Indus Valley civilization established 5,000 years ago
• By 800 B.C., a new urban focus in Ganges Valley
– Hindu Civilization
• Hinduism: a complicated faith without a single, uniformly
accepted system of belief
• Sanskrit: sacred languages of Hinduism
• Caste system: strict division of Hindu society into ranked
hereditary groups
36. Cultural Coherence and Diversity: A Common
Heritage Undermined by Religious Rivalries
(cont.)
• Origins of South Asian Civilizations (cont.)
– Buddhism
• Siddhartha Gautama (563 B.C.), the Buddha
– From elite caste, but rejected wealth and power
– Sought to attain mystical union with the universe (enlightenment)
• Faith spread throughout South Asia, and East, Southeast,
and Central Asia, but retreated from South Asia
– Arrival of Islam
• Around 700 A.D. Arab armies conquered lower Indus
Valley
• Mughal Empire, a powerful Muslim state, dominated
• Conversion in northwest (Pakistan) and Northeast
(Bangladesh)
37. Cultural Coherence and Diversity: A Common
Heritage Undermined by Religious Rivalries
(cont.)
• Origins of South Asian Civilizations (cont.)
– The Caste System
• Regional variations, religious differences in
acceptance of caste system
• Caste: complex social order
– Varna: ancient fourfold social hierarchy of the
Hindu world
– Jati: refers to local hundreds of local endogamous
groups
» Castes include Brahmins, Kshatriyas,
Vaishyas, Sudras
» Scheduled castes or “untouchables” or dalits
38. Cultural Coherence and Diversity: A Common
Heritage Undermined by Religious Rivalries
(cont.)
• Contemporary Geographies of Religion
– Hinduism
• Major faith of India and Nepal
• Forms of worship differ by region
– Islam
• 400 million Muslims in the region, among the largest Muslim
communities in the world
– Pakistan, Bangladesh, Maldives are mostly Muslim
– In India, Muslims concentrated in the cities, in the north, the upper
and central Ganges plain, and in Kerala
– Sikhism
• Sikhism: faith incorporating elements of Hinduism and Islam
• Originated in Punjab in 1400s, still concentrated in Punjab
• Sikh men noted for work as soldiers and bodyguards
39. HINDUISM
• Not just a religion – an intricate web of
religious, philosophical, social, economic, &
artistic elements
• No common creed
• No single doctrine
• No direct divine revelation
• No rigid narrow moral code
• No leadership hierarchy
• Can be practiced on different levels of
spirituality – mainly an individual enterprise
• Has had the ability to absorb competing
religious ideologies – except for Islam
40. MONOTHEISM OR POLYTHEISM?
• BRAHMAN – the “Ultimate Reality” – something
like “The Force” of Star Wars –not a “personal”
god –impersonal force under girding all
• BRAHMA – the creator – & many incarnations
• VISHNU – the sustainer – & many incarnations
• SHIVA – the destroyer – & many incarnations
• CYCLES OF CREATION (somewhat like
reincarnation of the universe) – we’re in 4th cycle
• When reincarnation ceases, one becomes one
with Brahman
43. MAJOR TENETS OF HINDUISM
• Four main ideas are important in
understanding the Hindu religion and
the caste system
– Reincarnation
– Karma
– Dharma
– Ahimsa
44. REINCARNATION
• Every living thing has a soul.
• When a living thing dies, its soul
moves into another living creature
(transmigration of souls).
• Souls are reborn in a newly created
human or animal life.
• This continues until the “ultimate
reality” is fully understood (one sees
the Atman is also Brahman)– then it
ceases
45. KARMA
• Every action brings about certain
results.
• There is no escaping the
consequences of one’s actions.
• Good behavior is rewarded when the
soul is reborn into a higher ranking
living creature.
• Karma is somewhat the result of one’s
approach to one’s dharma.
46. DHARMA
• A set of rules that must
be followed by all living
things if they wish to
work their way up the
ladder of reincarnation.
This ties into the caste
system.
• Sometimes seen as
analogous to duty
• Each person’s dharma
is different.
47. Ahimsa
•Seeing all life as
sacred – a part of a
“oneness”
•Results in the life
principle of non-
violence
•Supports the idea of
being in harmony with
nature
•A principle also found
in Jainism and
Buddhism
48. THREE
BASIC
PRACTICES
•Puja or worship –
corporate worship
not required –
largely individual
practices
•Cremation of the
dead
•Regulations of the
caste system
49. Cultural Coherence and Diversity: A Common
Heritage Undermined by Religious Rivalries
(cont.)
• Contemporary Geographies of Religion (cont.)
– Buddhism and Jainism
• Buddhism virtually disappeared in India but persisted in
Sri Lanka, mainland Southeast Asia, and the high valleys
of the Himalayas
• Jainism – religion that emerged around 500 B.C. as
protest to orthodox Hinduism
– Stressed extreme non-violence
– Other Religious Groups
• Parsis (Zoroastrians): an ancient religion focusing on the
cosmic struggle between good and evil
– Concentrated in the Mumbai area
• More Indian Christians than either Parsis or Jains
• British missionaries converted animists to Protestantism
51. BUDDHISM
•Objected to harsher
features of Hinduism such
as the caste system
•Focuses on knowledge,
especially self-knowledge
•Enlightenment ends the
cycle of reincarnation
•Elimination of worldly
desires, determination not to
hurt or kill people or animals
52. FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS
• Sorrow and suffering are part of all life.
• People suffer because they desire
things they cannot have.
• The way to escape suffering is to end
desire, to stop wanting, and to reach a
stage of not wanting.
• To end desire, follow the “middle path,”
i.e., the path that avoids the extremes
of too much pleasure and desire.
53. EIGHTFOLD PATH TO THE MIDDLE WAY
•Right understanding
•Right purpose
•Right speech
•Right conduct
•Right means of
earning a living
•Right effort
•Right awareness
•Right meditation
54. FALL OF BUDDHISM
ON THE SUBCONTINENT
• Hinduism - broad and tolerant, accepting
many of the teachings of Buddha
• Buddhists in India - willing to compromise with
the beliefs and customs of Hinduism
• Final blow - 8th century - arrival of Islam
-- Destroyed the great Buddhist monasteries
-- Burned libraries
-- Killed monks
• Today - only 1 million Buddhists in India
56. Hindu/Muslim-practices/perceptions
•Hindus tend to be
vegetarians (ahimsa and
reincarnation beliefs
foster this)
•Cows are sacred animals
•Believe in reincarnation
•Brahman, if it is God, is
an impersonal one
•Follow caste system – no
social or religious mobility
within one lifetime
•Formerly practiced sutee
•Muslims see Hindus as
polytheistic infidels not to be
tolerated
•Muslims eat meat (cows) –
not pork
•Muslims are strict
monotheists
•Muslims believe in a
personal God
•Muslims reject the concept
of castes – equality of
believers
•Reject reincarnation
58. Cultural Coherence and Diversity: A Common
Heritage Undermined by Religious Rivalries
(cont.)
• Geographies of Language
• Dravidian: a linguistic group is unique to southern India
• Major languages of India associated with an Indian
state; political subdivisions follow linguistic lines
– The Indo-European North
• Hindi: most widely spoken language of South Asia
– Second-most widely spoken language in the world
– Language of the Hindu majority
• Urdu: language of the Muslim minority
– Languages of the South
• Dravidian languages prevail in southern India and
northern Sri Lanka
– Tamil in Sri Lanka
59. Geographies of Language (cont.)
– Linguistic Dilemmas
• Linguistic nationalism: linking of a language with political
goals
– India encountered resistance to Hindi as a national
language
• Role of Hindi is expanding
• English is the main integrating language in South Asia
• South Asians in a Global Cultural Context
• Use of English helped spread global culture to the region
• South Asian literature has spread throughout the world
• Indians migrate to developed and less-developed world
regions
• Imported global culture, especially with sexual content,
creates tensions
60. Geopolitical Framework: A Deeply Divided
Region
• South Asia Before and After Independence in 1947
• During the 1500s most of region was under the Mughal
Empire
– European merchants established coastal trading posts
• By 1700s the empire weakened and contending states
emerged
– The British Conquest
• British East India Company – a private organization acted
as an arm of the British government and monopolized
trade
– Exploited political chaos to stake empire
• Sepoy Mutiny (1856) led to South Asia being ruled
directly by the British
• Hindu, Muslim, and Sikh rulers retained their states under
British rule
61. South Asia Before and After Independence
in 1947 (cont.)
– Independence and Partition
• By the 1920s political protestors called for independence
• Gandhi favored a unified state, while Muslim leaders
argued for a division
• Post World War II partitioning
– India, East and West Pakistan
– 1971: Bangladesh independence
– Geopolitical Structure of India
– India organized as a federal state
» Individual states retain significant power
» Following linguistic patterns
» Added in 2000: Jharkand, Uttaranchal, and
Chhattisgarh
62. India’s Political Development – effective
leaders in early years
•Jawaharlal Nehru 1947-
1964
•Lal Bahadur Shastri –
1964-1966
•Indira Gandhi 1966-1977
•1977- 1980 – Janata
Coalition (had defeated
Indira Gandhi)
•Indira Gandhi 1980-1984
-- Assassinated
•Rajiv Gandhi 1984 –
1989 – assassinated in
election of 1991
•Mid 1990s –corruption
and scandals
•1997 – K. R. Narayanan
(of the lowest caste)
•1998 – Atal Vajpayee –
Hindu Nationalist party
Oldest continuously functioning democracy in Asia
Took a neutralist position in the Cold War
64. Centrifugal & Centripetal Forces – India
•Centrifugal
–Caste System
–Jharkhand—new state
in the making?
•Area of marginalized
people seeking
statehood so as to have
a “voice” in the system.
–Muslim minority
–Frontier wars
–Cultural/linguistic
diversity
–Hindu nationalism
•Centripetal
–A single capital
–An interregional
transport network
–A lingua franca
–A trained civil service
–Federal system of
government
–Strong leadership in
its formative years
after gaining
independence
66. • Ethnic Conflicts in South Asia
– Kashmir
• During British period, ruled by a maharaja (a Hindu king
subject to British advisors)
• During partitioning, Kashmir went to India
• Tensions between India and Pakistan because Kashmir is
Muslim
– The Punjab
• Original Punjab area divided between India and Pakistan
in 1947
• Punjab has Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs
• Tensions, violence led to assassination of Prime Minister
Indira Ghandi by her Sikh bodyguards in 1984
• Still potential for conflict
68. Geopolitical Framework: A Deeply Divided
Region (cont.)
• Ethnic Conflicts in South Asia (cont.)
– The Northeast Fringe
• Ethnic conflict in states of Arunachal Pradesh,
Nagaland, Manipur, and portions of Assam
– Migration from Bangladesh and other parts of
India is a potential threat to local culture
– Sri Lanka
• North dominated by Hindu Tamils (minority) and
south by Buddhist Singhalese (majority)
• Singhalese favor a national government whereas
Tamils support political and cultural autonomy
• A rebel force, the Tamil Tigers, attacked Sri
Lankan army in 1983; tensions still brewing
70. Sinhalese vs Tamils
• Tamils - demanded
equal rights in:
-- education
-- employment
-- landownership
-- linguistic & political
representation
• Insurgent State
• LTTE - Liberation
Tigers of Tamil Eelam
SRI LANKA
71. Geopolitical Framework: A Deeply
Divided Region (cont.)
• International and Global Geopolitics
• Cold war between India and Pakistan
– Nuclear capabilities of both countries
escalated tensions
– China allied with Pakistan (China-India border
conflict)
– Terrorist attacks of September 11th
complicated matters
– Pakistani had supported Afghanistan’s Taliban
regime, now helps U.S.
• Marxist rebel movement against India in Nepal
72. Economic and Social Development: Burdened by
Poverty
• South Asian Poverty
• More than 300 million Indian citizens are below their
country’s poverty line, and Bangladesh is poorer
• Nepal and Bhutan are in worse condition
• India has a growing middle class, and an upper class
– About 100 million Indians afford modern consumer
goods
• Geographies of Economic Development
– The Himalayan Countries
• Rugged terrain and isolation in Nepal and Bhutan are a
disadvantage
• Bhutan has isolationist stance (tourists must spend
$165/day)
• Nepal’s tourism has resulted in environmental
degradation
73. Economic and Social Development: Burdened by
Poverty (cont.)
• Geographies of Economic Development
– Bangladesh
• Poorest country in the region
• Heavy reliance on production of commercial crops
• Environmental degradation has contributed to poverty
• Internationally competitive in textile and clothing
manufacturing
– Pakistan
• Inherited a reasonably well-developed urban
infrastructure
• Agriculture, cotton, textile industry are important
• Less dynamic economy and less potential for growth
• Burdened by high levels of defense spending
74. Economic and Social Development: Burdened by
Poverty (cont.)
• Geographies of Economic Development (cont.)
– Sri Lanka and the Maldives
• Sri Lanka: second-most highly developed economy in
region
– Exports of agricultural products (rubber and tea) and
textiles
– Civil war has undercut economic progress
• Maldives is most prosperous country in region, based on
GNI
– Small total economy
– India’s Lesser Developed Areas
• India’s economy dwarfs that of other South Asian
countries
• Prosperous west and poorer east
• Caste tensions exist in these areas
75. Economic and Social Development: Burdened by
Poverty (cont.)
• Geographies of Economic Development (cont.)
– India’s Centers of Economic Growth
• Punjab and Haryana are showcase states of Green
Revolution
• Gujarat and Maharashtra are noted for their
industrial and financial clout
– Many Gujarat merchants and traders were part
of Indian diaspora (migration of large numbers
of Indians to foreign countries)
– Karnataka’s capital Bangalore is a growing
high-tech center
76. Economic and Social Development: Burdened by
Poverty (cont.)
• Globalization and India’s Economic Future
• South Asia is one of the world’s least globalized
regions
– Low foreign trade and low foreign direct
investment
– Economy based on private ownership combined
with government control of planning, resource
allocation, and certain heavy industrial sectors
» Led to low, slow-paced growth
– 1990s: liberalization of the economy, regulations
reduced
– Future economic policies remain uncertain
77. Economic and Social Development: Burdened by
Poverty (cont.)
• Social Development
• South Asia has low levels of health and education
– Punjab, Gujarat, Maharashtra on top; Bihar at the
bottom
– But literacy rates are high in the poor northeast
because of missionary education
– The Educated South
• Sri Lanka has high levels of social welfare
– Long life expectancy, low literacy rate
– Fertility rate reduced to near replacement levels
• Kerala on the mainland, though not prosperous, has best
social development in India
– Socialist leaders promote education and community
health care
78. Economic and Social Development: Burdened by
Poverty (cont.)
• The Status of Women
• Both Hindu and Muslim traditions tend to limit
women
• In many regions of India, female literacy is far
lower than that of male literacy
• Gender imbalances as a result of “differential
neglect”
–In poorer families, boys tend to receive
better and more preferential treatment than
girls
• Social position of women is improving,
especially in the more prosperous parts of the
north
79. Conclusions
End of Chapter 12: South Asia
•Geopolitical tensions in South Asia cause
concern
•Nuclear rivalry between India and Pakistan
•Ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka
•Religious strife between Hindus and Muslims
•Bangladesh draws foreign direct investment
and prospects for the future
•India may be perfectly positioned for
globalization