This document provides an overview of options markets and terminology. It discusses the different types of options including calls and puts, as well as long and short option positions. It also summarizes payoffs for these positions and how dividends, stock splits, and other corporate actions affect option terms. The document concludes with descriptions of warrants, executive stock options, and convertible bonds.

1. 9.1
Mechanics of Options
Markets
Chapter 9

2. 9.2
Types of Options
 A call is an option to buy
 A put is an option to sell
 A European option can be exercised only
at the end of its life
 An American option can be exercised at
any time

3. 9.3
Option Positions
Long call
Long put
Short call
Short put

4. Payoff versus Profit
 Payoff (or terminal cash flow) is gross of
the premium paid or received up-front.
 Profit is payoff minus or plus premium:
If purchase option, minus premium.
If write option, plus premium.
 Purchase Call payoff = Max (0, ST – K)
 Purchase Call profit = Max (0, ST – K) - c

5. 9.5
Payoffs from Options
What is the Option Position in Each Case?
K = Strike price, ST = Price of asset at maturity
Payoff Payoff
ST ST
K
K
Payoff Payoff
ST ST
K
K

6. 9.6
Long Call
Profit from buying one European call option: option price
= $5, strike price = $100.
30
20
10
0
-5
70 80 90 100
110 120 130
Profit ($)
Terminal
stock price ($)

7. 9.7
Short Call
Profit from writing one European call option: option price
= $5, strike price = $100
-30
-20
-10
0
5
70 80 90 100
110 120 130
Profit ($)
Terminal
stock price ($)

8. 9.8
Long Put
Profit from buying a European put option: option price =
$7, strike price = $70
30
20
10
0
-7
70605040 80 90 100
Profit ($)
Terminal
stock price ($)

9. 9.9
Short Put
Profit from writing a European put option: option price =
$7, strike price = $70
-30
-20
-10
7
0
70
605040
80 90 100
Profit ($)
Terminal
stock price ($)

10. 9.10
Assets Underlying
Exchange-Traded Options
 Stocks
 Foreign Currency
 Stock Indices
 Futures
Distinct variables plotted on X-axis.

11. Futures Options
 Exercise of a Call results in: Long position
in futures contract* + cash (=Futures price
– Strike Price)
 Exercise of a Put results in: Short position
in futures contract* + cash (=Strike Price –
Futures Price)
 *Futures contract has a value of zero

12. 9.12
Specification of
Exchange-Traded Options
 Company
 Call or Put
 Expiration date
 Strike price
 Option class: company & call or put
 Option series: IBM 70 Oct’11 Calls

13. 9.13
Terminology
Moneyness :
At-the-money option:
value of underlying asset = exercise price
In-the-money option: immediate
exercise generates positive payoff.
Out-of-the-money option:
immediate exercise generates negative
payoff.

14. 9.14
Terminology
(continued)
 Option class:
company cum call or put
 Option series: all options w/in a class with same
strike price and expiration date
 Intrinsic value (nonnegative): extent to which option is
in-the-money, positive payoff that can be generated now
 Time value
 Option premium = Intrinsic Value + Time Value
(tautology; dichotomy is valid only for American options)

15. Dividends & Stock Splits
 Exchange-traded options are not cash
dividend protected
 Cash dividends: adverse events for call
owners and put writers
 Exchange-traded options are stock
dividend and stock split protected

16. 9.16
Dividends & Stock Splits
 Suppose you own an option on N share with
a strike price of K :
 No adjustments are made to the option
terms for cash dividends
 When there is an n-for-m stock split,
 the strike price is reduced to mK/n
 the no. of options is increased to nN/m
 Stock dividends are handled in a manner
similar to stock splits

17. Stock Split adjustments to number of
shares and exercise price
 n for m stock split:
m
n
K
K
m
n
NN
o
o
=
=

18. Stock Dividend adjustments to
number of shares and exercise price
 x% stock dividend:
%)1(
%)1(
x
K
K
xNN
o
o
+
=
+=

19. 9.19
Dividends & Stock Splits
(continued)
 Consider a call option to buy 100
shares for $20/share
 How should terms be adjusted:
 for a 2-for-1 stock split?
N=100(2)=200, K =$20/(2)=$10
 for a 5% stock dividend?
N=100(1.05)=105, K=$20/1.05=$19.05

20. 9.20
Market Makers
 Most exchanges use market makers to
facilitate options trading
 A market maker quotes both bid and ask
prices when requested
 The market maker does not know whether
the individual requesting the quotes wants
to buy or sell

21. Margins for Long Position
 Option maturity < 9 months: 100% margin
 Option maturity = or > 9 months: at least
75% margin, i.e., at most 25% financed
with debt.
 Margin means equity (not debt), as in
stock trading.

22. 9.22
Margins for Short Position
 Margins are required when options are sold
 For example when a naked call option is written the
margin is 100% of the proceeds of the sale and
then some.
 Margin means good faith money (not equity) as in
futures trading.

23. 9.23
(Share Purchase) Warrants
 Warrants are options that are issued (or
written) by a corporation or a financial
institution
 The number of warrants outstanding is
determined by the size of the original
issue & changes only when they are
exercised or when they expire

24. 9.24
Warrants
(continued)
 Warrants are traded in the same way as
stocks
 The issuer settles up with the holder
when a warrant is exercised
 Dilution Effect: When call warrants are
issued by a corporation on its own
stock, exercise will lead to new treasury
stock being issued.

25. 9.25
Executive Stock Options
 Option issued by a company to executives
 Dilution Effect: When the option is
exercised the company issues more stock
 Usually at-the-money when issued

26. 9.26
Executive Stock Options continued
 They become vested after a period of time
(usually 1 to 4 years)
 They cannot be sold
 They often last for as long as 10 or 15
years
 Accounting standards are changing to
require the expensing of executive stock
options

27. 9.27
Convertible Bonds
 Convertible bonds are regular bonds
that can be exchanged for equity at
certain times in the future according to
a predetermined exchange ratio
 Dilution Effect is present.

28. 9.28
Convertible Bonds
(continued)
 Very often a convertible is callable
 The call provision is a way in which the issuer
can force conversion at a time earlier than
the holder might otherwise choose
 Company can force conversion by calling
when call price is less than conversion value
of the convertible bond

29. Forced Conversion Example
 Conversion ratio = 2 (shares)
 Call price = $110
 Stock price = $60
 Conversion value = 2($60) = $120
 If convertible is called, conversion will
occur perforce