The document discusses airway management and physiology. It covers topics such as how to open an airway using head tilt/chin lift or jaw thrust maneuvers. Airway adjuncts like oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal airways are described to help maintain an open airway. The document provides steps for properly inserting an oropharyngeal airway and emphasizes the importance of closely monitoring a patient's airway.
Apply the mask and secure it to prevent leaks. Turn on CPAP and slowly increase pressure to the prescribed level. Monitor patient continuously for improvement in symptoms and signs of distress. Adjust pressure as needed and protocol allows.
This document provides an overview of basic cardiac life support (BCLS) techniques including assessing an unresponsive patient, activating emergency services, opening the airway, providing rescue breathing, performing chest compressions, and positioning patients after resuscitation. Key steps include checking for breathing, pulselessness, positioning the patient and opening the airway before beginning chest compressions or rescue breathing. Chest compressions are performed by placing the heel of one hand on the center of the chest and compressing at least 2 inches for adults. Rescue breathing involves delivering two breaths after each set of compressions using a face mask. CPR techniques are modified slightly for children and infants.
The document discusses respiratory emergencies and breathing difficulties. It covers respiratory anatomy and physiology, signs of adequate and inadequate breathing, assessing breathing difficulty, administering oxygen therapy and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Key topics include the respiratory cycle of inspiration and expiration, signs that indicate breathing is sufficient or insufficient to support life, evaluating patient complaints of breathing trouble, and contraindications to and side effects of CPAP use.
This document discusses chest and abdominal trauma. It describes various types of chest injuries including blunt trauma, compression injuries, and penetrating wounds which can damage internal organs. Specific chest injuries discussed include flail chest, pneumothorax, hemothorax, and cardiac tamponade. Abdominal injuries can involve internal bleeding if organs are damaged by blunt or penetrating trauma. Open wounds may involve evisceration of organs. Proper care involves controlling bleeding, preventing shock, and rapid transport to a hospital.
This document discusses soft tissue trauma and injuries. It covers different types of soft tissue injuries including closed wounds (contusions, hematomas, crush injuries) and open wounds (abrasions, lacerations, punctures, avulsions, amputations). It provides guidance on treating specific types of wounds such as burns, electrical injuries, wounds involving impaled objects, and more. Treatment priorities include controlling bleeding, preventing infection, dressing wounds, caring for shock, and providing pain management and emotional support.
The document discusses guidelines for safely lifting and moving patients in emergency situations. It covers proper body mechanics to prevent injury, emergency moves like drags and carries for hazardous scenes, urgent moves like placing patients on backboards, and non-urgent moves for stable patients. A variety of patient carrying devices are presented, and techniques are provided for moving patients onto stretchers and backboards while preventing further injury.
The document discusses the primary assessment process for emergency patients. It describes forming a general impression of the patient and environment, assessing the patient's mental status, airway, breathing, and circulation (ABCs). Based on these assessments, the highest priority life threats must be addressed immediately, such as providing CPR if no pulse is found or controlling severe bleeding. The primary assessment is ongoing to re-evaluate the patient's condition and priority level.
This chapter discusses respiration and artificial ventilation. It covers the physiology and mechanics of breathing, signs of adequate and inadequate breathing, respiratory distress vs failure, techniques for positive pressure ventilation including bag valve mask and pocket mask ventilation. The goal of artificial ventilation is to provide oxygenation and remove carbon dioxide when a patient is not breathing adequately on their own.
Apply the mask and secure it to prevent leaks. Turn on CPAP and slowly increase pressure to the prescribed level. Monitor patient continuously for improvement in symptoms and signs of distress. Adjust pressure as needed and protocol allows.
This document provides an overview of basic cardiac life support (BCLS) techniques including assessing an unresponsive patient, activating emergency services, opening the airway, providing rescue breathing, performing chest compressions, and positioning patients after resuscitation. Key steps include checking for breathing, pulselessness, positioning the patient and opening the airway before beginning chest compressions or rescue breathing. Chest compressions are performed by placing the heel of one hand on the center of the chest and compressing at least 2 inches for adults. Rescue breathing involves delivering two breaths after each set of compressions using a face mask. CPR techniques are modified slightly for children and infants.
The document discusses respiratory emergencies and breathing difficulties. It covers respiratory anatomy and physiology, signs of adequate and inadequate breathing, assessing breathing difficulty, administering oxygen therapy and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Key topics include the respiratory cycle of inspiration and expiration, signs that indicate breathing is sufficient or insufficient to support life, evaluating patient complaints of breathing trouble, and contraindications to and side effects of CPAP use.
This document discusses chest and abdominal trauma. It describes various types of chest injuries including blunt trauma, compression injuries, and penetrating wounds which can damage internal organs. Specific chest injuries discussed include flail chest, pneumothorax, hemothorax, and cardiac tamponade. Abdominal injuries can involve internal bleeding if organs are damaged by blunt or penetrating trauma. Open wounds may involve evisceration of organs. Proper care involves controlling bleeding, preventing shock, and rapid transport to a hospital.
This document discusses soft tissue trauma and injuries. It covers different types of soft tissue injuries including closed wounds (contusions, hematomas, crush injuries) and open wounds (abrasions, lacerations, punctures, avulsions, amputations). It provides guidance on treating specific types of wounds such as burns, electrical injuries, wounds involving impaled objects, and more. Treatment priorities include controlling bleeding, preventing infection, dressing wounds, caring for shock, and providing pain management and emotional support.
The document discusses guidelines for safely lifting and moving patients in emergency situations. It covers proper body mechanics to prevent injury, emergency moves like drags and carries for hazardous scenes, urgent moves like placing patients on backboards, and non-urgent moves for stable patients. A variety of patient carrying devices are presented, and techniques are provided for moving patients onto stretchers and backboards while preventing further injury.
The document discusses the primary assessment process for emergency patients. It describes forming a general impression of the patient and environment, assessing the patient's mental status, airway, breathing, and circulation (ABCs). Based on these assessments, the highest priority life threats must be addressed immediately, such as providing CPR if no pulse is found or controlling severe bleeding. The primary assessment is ongoing to re-evaluate the patient's condition and priority level.
This chapter discusses respiration and artificial ventilation. It covers the physiology and mechanics of breathing, signs of adequate and inadequate breathing, respiratory distress vs failure, techniques for positive pressure ventilation including bag valve mask and pocket mask ventilation. The goal of artificial ventilation is to provide oxygenation and remove carbon dioxide when a patient is not breathing adequately on their own.
This document discusses the importance of emergency medical technicians maintaining their well-being to properly care for patients. It covers how EMTs should protect themselves from diseases, including following standard precautions like wearing personal protective equipment. Specific diseases that pose risks are identified, such as hepatitis, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS. Guidelines from OSHA are outlined for protecting EMTs from bloodborne pathogens and other infectious diseases.
This document summarizes a chapter from an emergency care textbook about trauma to the head, neck, and spine. It begins by outlining the topics to be covered, including injuries to the skull, brain, neck, and spine. It then provides information on the anatomy of the nervous system, head, and spine. It describes different types of injuries that can occur to these areas, such as scalp wounds, skull fractures, brain injuries, and spinal injuries. It provides guidance on patient care and assessment for these various types of traumatic injuries.
This document discusses allergic reactions and anaphylaxis. It describes how the immune system responds to allergens, causing the release of histamine and other chemicals. This can result in mild symptoms like hives or a life-threatening reaction called anaphylaxis. It outlines the signs and symptoms of allergic reactions and how to assess and treat patients, including administering epinephrine via an auto-injector for severe reactions.
This document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology, covering several body systems including:
- The musculoskeletal system, describing the bones, joints, and muscles that provide movement and structure.
- The respiratory system, detailing the organs involved in breathing and gas exchange.
- The cardiovascular system, including the anatomy of the heart, circulation of blood through arteries and veins, and other related topics like blood pressure.
- Other brief sections cover the lymphatic system, interactions between respiration and circulation, and comparing child and adult respiratory anatomy. Diagrams and illustrations supplement the textual descriptions.
This document provides an overview of poisoning and overdose emergencies. It discusses different types of poisons including those ingested, inhaled, absorbed, and injected. It describes patient assessment for poisoning cases and treatments such as activated charcoal, dilution, and antidotes. Specific poisons like carbon monoxide, smoke inhalation, and detergent suicides are also covered.
This document discusses bleeding and shock. It begins by describing the components of the circulatory system, including the heart, blood vessels, blood, arteries, capillaries, and veins. It then covers topics such as bleeding, both external and internal, and the signs and symptoms of shock. The document provides guidance on assessing and controlling external bleeding through direct pressure, elevation, hemostatic agents, splinting, and tourniquets. It also discusses special situations involving bleeding from the head, nose, or internally from blunt or penetrating trauma. Throughout, it emphasizes the importance of maintaining ABCs (airway, breathing, circulation) and rapid transport to a medical facility.
This document provides an overview of pathophysiology and discusses the cell, the cardiopulmonary system, and shock. It describes how diseases can affect cellular function and the delicate balance of ventilation and perfusion needed to sustain life. The key systems involved in gas exchange and circulation are outlined, including potential points of dysfunction that can compromise the body's ability to provide oxygen and remove waste from tissues.
This document discusses pediatric emergencies and assessment. It covers developmental characteristics of infants and children, interacting with pediatric patients, and assessing the pediatric patient using the Pediatric Assessment Triangle. The primary assessment of a pediatric patient includes evaluating their mental status, airway, breathing, and circulation. Special considerations are needed for assessing and interacting with pediatric patients compared to adults.
This document summarizes pathophysiology concepts related to ventilation, perfusion, and shock. It discusses the cell, the cardiopulmonary system, and shock. Regarding the cardiopulmonary system, it describes how the respiratory and cardiovascular systems work together to bring oxygen to cells and remove waste. It explains how dysfunction in these systems can disrupt ventilation and perfusion matching, leading to shock.
This document provides an overview of caring for patients with special challenges in emergency situations. It discusses considerations for patients with disabilities, terminal illnesses, obesity, and poverty. It also reviews diseases like autism and conditions requiring advanced medical devices, such as ventilators, tracheostomy tubes, pacemakers, defibrillators, and left ventricular assist devices. The document emphasizes communicating with patients and caregivers, explaining procedures, and following protocols when treating patients with complex needs or advanced medical technology.
This document summarizes key topics from a chapter on medical, legal, and ethical issues in emergency care. It discusses scope of practice, patient consent and refusal, negligence, duty to act, and confidentiality. Special situations like crime scenes, safe haven laws, and reporting requirements are also addressed. The chapter aims to educate EMTs on properly handling legal and ethical issues that may arise when responding to emergency calls.
The document summarizes information from a chapter on airway management from the 13th edition of the textbook Emergency Care. It covers topics such as airway physiology, pathophysiology, assessing the airway, opening the airway using maneuvers like head-tilt and jaw-thrust, using airway adjuncts like oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal airways, and maintaining an open airway. The document provides detailed instructions and diagrams on evaluating and establishing an airway.
This document provides an overview of how to gather and assess vital signs, including pulse, respiration, skin, pupils, and blood pressure. It describes the normal ranges for adults and how to monitor each vital sign by counting rates, evaluating rhythms and qualities, and identifying abnormal findings that may require further attention. Vital signs are important for identifying a patient's condition and monitoring changes over time during emergency medical care.
This document summarizes key points about geriatric emergencies from a chapter in an emergency care textbook. It discusses age-related changes that EMTs should be aware of, such as declining organ function and slower heart rates. When assessing older patients, EMTs should thoroughly communicate with and examine the patient, looking out for common injuries and illnesses like falls, breathing issues, and medication side effects. Special consideration is needed for vulnerabilities older patients face, like abuse or loss of independence.
The document discusses medical terminology and anatomy as it relates to emergency care. It covers the components of medical terms including roots, prefixes, and suffixes. The document also reviews anatomical terms and directional terms used to describe the human body.
The document discusses the secondary assessment of medical patients. It describes taking a history of present illness and past medical history from responsive patients, and performing a focused physical exam tailored to their chief complaint. For unresponsive patients, the initial focus is a full physical exam and vital signs, then obtaining history from bystanders. The secondary assessment involves examining specific body systems and obtaining baseline vital signs.
This document provides an overview of obstetric and gynecologic emergencies from the 13th edition of the textbook Emergency Care. It covers topics such as the anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive system, physiological changes in pregnancy, the stages of labor and delivery, assessing a woman in labor, normal childbirth procedures, and potential complications. The document consists of chapters and slides with descriptions of concepts, diagrams, and procedures for managing obstetric emergencies in the prehospital setting.
The document discusses scene size-up procedures for emergency responders. It describes evaluating scene safety, using standard precautions like protective equipment, determining the mechanism of injury or nature of illness, and assessing the number of patients and needed resources. The key aspects of scene size-up covered are checking for hazards, putting on protective gear, understanding how injuries occurred or illnesses started, and ensuring enough personnel and equipment are available to assist all patients.
This document discusses communication and documentation in emergency medical services. It covers various topics including radio communication systems, verbal reporting, interpersonal communication techniques, prehospital care reports, and special documentation issues. The key points are that EMS relies on radios, cell phones and other communication methods; effective communication is important for patient care, legal documentation and quality improvement; and prehospital care reports must document all assessments, treatments and other details of a call for various administrative and legal purposes.
This document discusses medications that EMTs can administer in emergency situations. It covers common medications like aspirin, oral glucose, oxygen, and activated charcoal that EMTs carry and may give to patients. It also discusses assisting patients with prescribed inhalers, nitroglycerin, and epinephrine auto-injectors. The document provides general information on medication safety, the five rights of medication administration, routes of administration, and maintaining IV lines. It emphasizes the importance of EMTs understanding the medications that patients commonly take.
This document discusses environmental emergencies such as exposure to cold and heat, water-related emergencies, and bites and stings. It covers topics like hypothermia, frostbite, heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heat stroke, and drowning. For cold emergencies, it describes mechanisms of heat loss from the body and emphasizes rapid rewarming. For heat emergencies, it explains how the body is affected by excess heat and appropriate patient care. Drowning is discussed as a process that often leads to aspiration and hypoxia. Care for potential spinal injuries in aquatic environments is also reviewed.
This document provides an overview of cardiac emergencies, including cardiac anatomy and physiology, acute coronary syndrome, causes of cardiac conditions, and cardiac arrest. It discusses the cardiovascular system and blood flow through the heart. It describes acute coronary syndrome symptoms and management. It outlines various cardiac conditions including coronary artery disease, aneurysms, electrical malfunctions, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, and congestive heart failure. It also discusses the chain of survival for cardiac arrest.
This document discusses the importance of emergency medical technicians maintaining their well-being to properly care for patients. It covers how EMTs should protect themselves from diseases, including following standard precautions like wearing personal protective equipment. Specific diseases that pose risks are identified, such as hepatitis, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS. Guidelines from OSHA are outlined for protecting EMTs from bloodborne pathogens and other infectious diseases.
This document summarizes a chapter from an emergency care textbook about trauma to the head, neck, and spine. It begins by outlining the topics to be covered, including injuries to the skull, brain, neck, and spine. It then provides information on the anatomy of the nervous system, head, and spine. It describes different types of injuries that can occur to these areas, such as scalp wounds, skull fractures, brain injuries, and spinal injuries. It provides guidance on patient care and assessment for these various types of traumatic injuries.
This document discusses allergic reactions and anaphylaxis. It describes how the immune system responds to allergens, causing the release of histamine and other chemicals. This can result in mild symptoms like hives or a life-threatening reaction called anaphylaxis. It outlines the signs and symptoms of allergic reactions and how to assess and treat patients, including administering epinephrine via an auto-injector for severe reactions.
This document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology, covering several body systems including:
- The musculoskeletal system, describing the bones, joints, and muscles that provide movement and structure.
- The respiratory system, detailing the organs involved in breathing and gas exchange.
- The cardiovascular system, including the anatomy of the heart, circulation of blood through arteries and veins, and other related topics like blood pressure.
- Other brief sections cover the lymphatic system, interactions between respiration and circulation, and comparing child and adult respiratory anatomy. Diagrams and illustrations supplement the textual descriptions.
This document provides an overview of poisoning and overdose emergencies. It discusses different types of poisons including those ingested, inhaled, absorbed, and injected. It describes patient assessment for poisoning cases and treatments such as activated charcoal, dilution, and antidotes. Specific poisons like carbon monoxide, smoke inhalation, and detergent suicides are also covered.
This document discusses bleeding and shock. It begins by describing the components of the circulatory system, including the heart, blood vessels, blood, arteries, capillaries, and veins. It then covers topics such as bleeding, both external and internal, and the signs and symptoms of shock. The document provides guidance on assessing and controlling external bleeding through direct pressure, elevation, hemostatic agents, splinting, and tourniquets. It also discusses special situations involving bleeding from the head, nose, or internally from blunt or penetrating trauma. Throughout, it emphasizes the importance of maintaining ABCs (airway, breathing, circulation) and rapid transport to a medical facility.
This document provides an overview of pathophysiology and discusses the cell, the cardiopulmonary system, and shock. It describes how diseases can affect cellular function and the delicate balance of ventilation and perfusion needed to sustain life. The key systems involved in gas exchange and circulation are outlined, including potential points of dysfunction that can compromise the body's ability to provide oxygen and remove waste from tissues.
This document discusses pediatric emergencies and assessment. It covers developmental characteristics of infants and children, interacting with pediatric patients, and assessing the pediatric patient using the Pediatric Assessment Triangle. The primary assessment of a pediatric patient includes evaluating their mental status, airway, breathing, and circulation. Special considerations are needed for assessing and interacting with pediatric patients compared to adults.
This document summarizes pathophysiology concepts related to ventilation, perfusion, and shock. It discusses the cell, the cardiopulmonary system, and shock. Regarding the cardiopulmonary system, it describes how the respiratory and cardiovascular systems work together to bring oxygen to cells and remove waste. It explains how dysfunction in these systems can disrupt ventilation and perfusion matching, leading to shock.
This document provides an overview of caring for patients with special challenges in emergency situations. It discusses considerations for patients with disabilities, terminal illnesses, obesity, and poverty. It also reviews diseases like autism and conditions requiring advanced medical devices, such as ventilators, tracheostomy tubes, pacemakers, defibrillators, and left ventricular assist devices. The document emphasizes communicating with patients and caregivers, explaining procedures, and following protocols when treating patients with complex needs or advanced medical technology.
This document summarizes key topics from a chapter on medical, legal, and ethical issues in emergency care. It discusses scope of practice, patient consent and refusal, negligence, duty to act, and confidentiality. Special situations like crime scenes, safe haven laws, and reporting requirements are also addressed. The chapter aims to educate EMTs on properly handling legal and ethical issues that may arise when responding to emergency calls.
The document summarizes information from a chapter on airway management from the 13th edition of the textbook Emergency Care. It covers topics such as airway physiology, pathophysiology, assessing the airway, opening the airway using maneuvers like head-tilt and jaw-thrust, using airway adjuncts like oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal airways, and maintaining an open airway. The document provides detailed instructions and diagrams on evaluating and establishing an airway.
This document provides an overview of how to gather and assess vital signs, including pulse, respiration, skin, pupils, and blood pressure. It describes the normal ranges for adults and how to monitor each vital sign by counting rates, evaluating rhythms and qualities, and identifying abnormal findings that may require further attention. Vital signs are important for identifying a patient's condition and monitoring changes over time during emergency medical care.
This document summarizes key points about geriatric emergencies from a chapter in an emergency care textbook. It discusses age-related changes that EMTs should be aware of, such as declining organ function and slower heart rates. When assessing older patients, EMTs should thoroughly communicate with and examine the patient, looking out for common injuries and illnesses like falls, breathing issues, and medication side effects. Special consideration is needed for vulnerabilities older patients face, like abuse or loss of independence.
The document discusses medical terminology and anatomy as it relates to emergency care. It covers the components of medical terms including roots, prefixes, and suffixes. The document also reviews anatomical terms and directional terms used to describe the human body.
The document discusses the secondary assessment of medical patients. It describes taking a history of present illness and past medical history from responsive patients, and performing a focused physical exam tailored to their chief complaint. For unresponsive patients, the initial focus is a full physical exam and vital signs, then obtaining history from bystanders. The secondary assessment involves examining specific body systems and obtaining baseline vital signs.
This document provides an overview of obstetric and gynecologic emergencies from the 13th edition of the textbook Emergency Care. It covers topics such as the anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive system, physiological changes in pregnancy, the stages of labor and delivery, assessing a woman in labor, normal childbirth procedures, and potential complications. The document consists of chapters and slides with descriptions of concepts, diagrams, and procedures for managing obstetric emergencies in the prehospital setting.
The document discusses scene size-up procedures for emergency responders. It describes evaluating scene safety, using standard precautions like protective equipment, determining the mechanism of injury or nature of illness, and assessing the number of patients and needed resources. The key aspects of scene size-up covered are checking for hazards, putting on protective gear, understanding how injuries occurred or illnesses started, and ensuring enough personnel and equipment are available to assist all patients.
This document discusses communication and documentation in emergency medical services. It covers various topics including radio communication systems, verbal reporting, interpersonal communication techniques, prehospital care reports, and special documentation issues. The key points are that EMS relies on radios, cell phones and other communication methods; effective communication is important for patient care, legal documentation and quality improvement; and prehospital care reports must document all assessments, treatments and other details of a call for various administrative and legal purposes.
This document discusses medications that EMTs can administer in emergency situations. It covers common medications like aspirin, oral glucose, oxygen, and activated charcoal that EMTs carry and may give to patients. It also discusses assisting patients with prescribed inhalers, nitroglycerin, and epinephrine auto-injectors. The document provides general information on medication safety, the five rights of medication administration, routes of administration, and maintaining IV lines. It emphasizes the importance of EMTs understanding the medications that patients commonly take.
This document discusses environmental emergencies such as exposure to cold and heat, water-related emergencies, and bites and stings. It covers topics like hypothermia, frostbite, heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heat stroke, and drowning. For cold emergencies, it describes mechanisms of heat loss from the body and emphasizes rapid rewarming. For heat emergencies, it explains how the body is affected by excess heat and appropriate patient care. Drowning is discussed as a process that often leads to aspiration and hypoxia. Care for potential spinal injuries in aquatic environments is also reviewed.
This document provides an overview of cardiac emergencies, including cardiac anatomy and physiology, acute coronary syndrome, causes of cardiac conditions, and cardiac arrest. It discusses the cardiovascular system and blood flow through the heart. It describes acute coronary syndrome symptoms and management. It outlines various cardiac conditions including coronary artery disease, aneurysms, electrical malfunctions, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, and congestive heart failure. It also discusses the chain of survival for cardiac arrest.
This document discusses medications that EMTs can administer in emergency situations. It covers general topics like the medications EMTs are authorized to give, general pharmacology principles, medications patients commonly take, and assisting with IV therapy. Specific medications that EMTs can administer include aspirin, oral glucose, oxygen, activated charcoal, and nitroglycerin. Prescribed inhalers, nitroglycerin, and epinephrine auto-injectors are other medications EMTs may assist with. The document emphasizes the importance of medication safety and following the five rights of administration.
This document discusses hazardous materials incidents, multiple casualty incidents, and incident management. It covers topics such as hazardous materials, the responsibilities of EMTs in hazardous material incidents including recognizing incidents, controlling the scene, identifying substances, and establishing treatment areas. It also discusses multiple casualty incidents, the incident command system, and triage. The goal is to provide high-level information on responding to hazardous materials situations and mass casualty events in a concise manner.
This document discusses cardiac emergencies and is from a textbook on emergency care. It covers topics such as cardiac anatomy and physiology, acute coronary syndrome, causes of cardiac conditions, and cardiac arrest. Specifically, it provides details on the cardiovascular system, conditions that can restrict blood flow to the heart like coronary artery disease, electrical issues in the heart, mechanical problems of the heart like heart attacks, and the importance of the chain of survival in responding to cardiac arrest.
The document provides information about assessing and treating patients experiencing abdominal pain or discomfort. It discusses performing a thorough secondary assessment to identify any serious or life-threatening conditions such as appendicitis, cholecystitis, pancreatitis, gastrointestinal bleeding, abdominal aortic aneurysm, hernia, or renal colic. The role of EMTs is to provide treatment and transport rather than make a specific diagnosis. Assessment involves obtaining a detailed history of the present illness and performing a physical exam of the abdomen.
This chapter discusses diabetic emergencies and altered mental status. It describes how diabetes affects glucose levels in the body and how hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia can cause altered mental status. It provides guidelines for assessing and treating patients with possible diabetic emergencies, including checking blood glucose levels if protocols allow and administering oral glucose or other treatment depending on the results and patient's condition. The chapter emphasizes performing a thorough primary and secondary assessment to identify potential causes of altered mental status.
This document summarizes key information from Chapter 24 of the 13th edition of the textbook "Emergency Care" by Daniel Limmer and Michael F. O'Keefe. The chapter covers hematologic and renal emergencies. It describes the functions of the hematologic and renal systems, diseases that can affect each system like sickle cell anemia and renal failure, and treatments for related medical emergencies like dialysis. Special considerations are discussed for patients on dialysis or who have received kidney transplants.
This document discusses life span development across eight age groups: infancy, toddler phase, preschool age, school age, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood. For each age group, it covers key physiological and psychosocial characteristics and how they relate to emergency care needs. Overall, the document emphasizes how understanding developmental stages can help emergency personnel tailor their communication and medical approaches for patients of different ages.
This document summarizes key topics in emergency care for behavioral and psychiatric emergencies from a textbook. It discusses types of behavioral emergencies, potential causes, conditions like psychosis and situational stress, suicide risks, and guidelines for assessing and treating patients respectfully while maintaining safety. Assessment involves screening for medical causes and gathering history, while care focuses on de-escalation, monitoring for safety issues, and determining need for transport.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of emergency medical services (EMS). It discusses how EMS began with volunteer ambulance corps during wars, and nonmilitary ambulance services operating in the early 1900s with no standards. It then outlines key developments like the 1966 establishment of EMS standards, 1970 founding of EMT certification, and 1973 National EMS Act. The document also describes the components of modern EMS systems, such as emergency dispatchers, responders, hospitals, and specialty care centers. It provides details on NHTSA standards, levels of EMS training, and the roles of EMTs.
This document provides an overview of musculoskeletal trauma and emergency care guidelines. It discusses the anatomy of the musculoskeletal system including bones, joints, muscles, cartilage, ligaments and tendons. Common types of musculoskeletal injuries like fractures, dislocations, sprains and strains are described. Guidelines for assessing and splinting musculoskeletal injuries are provided, including the importance of immobilizing the injury, ensuring circulation is maintained, and handling injuries without causing further damage. Splinting techniques for long bone fractures and injuries to joints are outlined.
This document provides an overview and policies for an EMT course. It includes:
- An introduction to the course facilities and staff.
- An outline of the key skills and topics EMTs will be trained in, such as CPR, splinting, and medication administration.
- Requirements around immunizations, drug screens, physicals, and licenses that must be submitted.
- Details of the clinical and ambulance ride along requirements.
- Policies around attendance, uniforms, cellphone use, grading, and available tutoring support.
This document discusses emergency medical services responses to terrorism. It defines terrorism and different types, including domestic and international terrorism. It describes how emergency medical responders may be targets of terrorist attacks. It outlines strategies for identifying threats posed by potential terrorist incidents, such as considering the occupancy, type of event, timing, and on-scene warning signs. It discusses tactics for responding to different types of terrorist incidents involving chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear or explosive agents. This includes considerations for minimizing time, distance and shielding from hazards, and appropriate personal protective equipment.
This document discusses guidelines for emergency response to vehicle collisions on highways. It emphasizes the importance of safely blocking lanes of traffic to create a protected work area for rescue personnel. Responders should use protective gear and position their vehicles to direct traffic away from the incident. The document then covers steps for assessing vehicle damage and hazards, stabilizing the vehicle, accessing patients, and properly extricating them while safeguarding their medical needs. Proper traffic control using warning lights, flares and cones is also discussed.
The document discusses ambulance operations, including preparing ambulances for calls, receiving and responding to calls, and transporting patients. It covers inspecting and stocking ambulances, the role of dispatchers, legal issues for ambulance drivers, and safely operating ambulances under emergency conditions using lights and sirens. The goal is to ensure ambulances and crews are ready to respond to calls promptly and transport patients safely while complying with relevant laws.
Based on the mechanism of injury described, intrusion into the patient's seating area during a motor vehicle collision, this patient meets trauma triage criteria for transport to a level 1 or 2 trauma center despite stable vital signs. The mechanism alone, intrusion during an MVC, is concerning for potential internal injuries that may not be evident on initial exam. It is prudent to transport this patient to the higher level of care available at a trauma center for further evaluation and management.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Planning Your Time: Plan 120 minutes for this chapter.
Airway Physiology (20 minutes)
Airway Pathophysiology (20 minutes)
Opening the Airway (20 minutes)
Airway Adjuncts (15 minutes)
Suctioning (15 minutes)
Keeping an Airway Open: Definitive Care (15 minutes)
Special Considerations (15 minutes)
Core concepts:
Physiology of the airway
Pathophysiology of the airway
How to recognize an adequate or an inadequate airway
How to open an airway
How to use airway adjuncts
Principles and techniques of suctioning
Note: The total teaching time recommended is only a guideline.
Teaching Time: 20 minutes
Teaching Tips: This lesson lends itself well to multimedia presentations. Anatomical models and web graphics will enhance your presentation on physiology and pathophysiology. Build upon previous lessons from Chapter 6. Use take-home lessons/online assignments to enhance understanding of anatomy and to help prioritize classroom time.
Covers Objective: 9.2
Point to Emphasize: The airway begins at the mouth and nose and terminates at the alveoli.
Knowledge Application: Assign a take-home/online assignment. Have students label a blank illustration of airway structures.
Covers Objective: 9.3
Knowledge Application: Discuss the flow of air. Anticipate your discussion of pathophysiology by asking the class to discuss how airflow might be interrupted. Ask for specific examples.
Covers objective: 9.2
Point to Emphasize: The upper airway and lower airway are divided at the glottic opening.
Discussion Topic: Describe how the airway is protected. Specifically discuss the role of cartilage.
Covers Objective: 9.3
Knowledge Application: Using an anatomical model, have students or groups of students point out specific airway structures.
Covers Objective: 9.2
Discussion Topic: Describe the path that air takes as it moves from the mouth and nose to the alveoli.
Critical Thinking: Review your knowledge of airway anatomy. Which structures are most vulnerable to outside trauma, and why?
Covers Objective: 9.2
Teaching Time: 20 minutes
Teaching Tips: This lesson lends itself well to multimedia presentations. Very good web-based pathophysiology graphics exist. Consider using these types of examples to underscore your lecture. Use real-world examples and "war stories" to illustrate pathophysiology.
Covers Objective: 9.4
Point to Emphasize: Airway obstructions can be caused by foreign bodies, loss of muscle tone, or swelling in the airway.
Discussion Topic: Describe the causes of airway obstruction. Discuss specific examples.
Covers Objective: 9.4
Discussion Topic: Define the term patent airway.
Covers Objective: 9.4
Covers Objective: 9.4
Discussion Topic: Explain how bronchoconstriction causes airway obstruction.
Knowledge Application: Use anatomical models and manikins. Assign specific airway scenarios and have students discuss the findings of their assessment.
Critical Thinking: What types of infectious diseases might present a threat to the airway? Give specific examples.
Covers Objective: 9.5
Teaching Tip: Airway assessment is a key point. Spend time on this topic to assure comprehension before moving on to airway skills.
Point to Emphasize: Assessment of the airway must consider both immediate and long-term patency.
Talking Points: Airway assessment is a high priority for, without the ability to move air, the patient will die. In most cases, airway is the first area checked during the primary assessment.
Covers Objective: 9.6
Covers Objective: 9.7
Covers Objective: 9.8
Discussion Topic: Describe the signs of an inadequate airway.
Covers Objectives: 9.7 and 9.8
Discussion Topic: Describe the signs of an inadequate airway.
Knowledge Application: Use programmed patients. Have the patients present signs of both adequate and inadequate airways. Have groups of students practice assessment and decision making
Teaching Time: 20 minutes
Teaching Tips: Attempt to keep this lesson grounded in reality. Use programmed patients and not just manikins to teach key techniques. Link psychomotor skills to assessment. Demonstrate that the use of skills is guided by assessment and critical decision making. Assure proper supervision in practical skill stations. Imprint correct techniques early.
Covers Objective: 9.8
Point to Emphasize: In many patients, the ability to speak implies an open airway.
Discussion Topic: Describe how evaluating airway patency might be different for a conscious person from what it would be for an unconscious person.
Covers Objective: 9.9
Point to Emphasize: EMTs must evaluate the potential for spinal injury in order to choose the most appropriate method for opening an airway.
Covers Objective: 9.9
Point to Emphasize: EMTs must evaluate the potential for spinal injury in order to choose the most appropriate method for opening an airway.
Covers Objective: 9.9
Point to Emphasize: The head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver is used to open the airway of a patient who does not have a spinal injury.
Covers Objective: 9.9
Talking Points: Do not apply pressure to the soft tissue of the lower jaw and do not allow the mouth to close.
Discussion Topic: Describe the technique for opening an airway using a head-tilt, chin-lift technique.
Covers Objective: 9.9
Point to Emphasize: The jaw-thrust maneuver is used to open the airway of a patient who has a potential spinal cord injury.
Covers Objective: 9.9
Talking Points: You may need to retract the patient's lower lip with your thumb to keep the mouth open.
Discussion Topics: Explain when it might be appropriate to employ a jaw-thrust maneuver instead of a head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver. Describe the technique for opening an airway using a jaw-thrust technique.
Class Activity: Have students identify hand position for a jaw-thrust maneuver on the student seated next to them. Do not actually move the jaw, but have instructors confirm correct finger position.
Critical Thinking: Consider a patient with a broken lower jaw. Given that he likely has a traumatic mechanism of injury, discuss how you might open his airway.
Covers Objective: 9.9
Covers Objective: 9.11
Knowledge Application: Have students describe various patient scenarios requiring airway management. In each case, have students decide on an appropriate method for opening the airway. Discuss.
Teaching Time: 15 minutes
Teaching Tips: This lesson is more than just practical skills. Teach the value of airway adjunct use. Assure proper supervision in practical skill stations. Imprint correct techniques early. Utilize the whole-part-whole technique of demonstrating practical skills. First, demonstrate the skill in its entirety. Next, break down the skill, discussing each step. Finally, demonstrate the skill in its entirety again.
Covers Objective: 9.10
Point to Emphasize: Airway adjuncts may be used to assist initially in the opening of an airway and then used continually to help keep an airway open.
Discussion Topic: Discuss when it might be appropriate to use an airway adjunct.
Covers Objective: 9.10
Point to Emphasize: In adults, rotate the oral airway while inserting the airway adjunct so as to move the tongue out of the path of the adjunct.
Covers Objective: 9.10
Covers Objective: 9.10
Knowledge Application: Present a variety of airway scenarios. Ask students if they would utilize an adjunct and, if so, what type they would use. Discuss their choices.
Covers Objective: 9.10
Covers Objective: 9.10
Covers Objective: 9.10
Point to Emphasize: Sizing of airway adjuncts is important. The principles are important, but so is the value of sizing adjuncts.
Discussion Topic: Describe the technique for sizing an oropharyngeal airway.
Knowledge Application: Ask students why sizing an airway adjunct is important. Discuss their answers.
Covers Objective: 9.10
Point to Emphasize: Sizing of airway adjuncts is important. The principles are important, but so is the value of sizing adjuncts.
Discussion Topic: Describe the technique for sizing an oropharyngeal airway.
Knowledge Application: Ask students why sizing an airway adjunct is important. Discuss their answers.
Covers Objective: 9.10
Covers Objective: 9.10
Covers Objective: 9.10
Covers Objective: 9.10
Covers Objective: 9.10
Covers Objective: 9.10
Covers Objective: 9.10
Covers Objective: 9.10
Critical Thinking: What are the limitations of airway adjuncts? Describe a scenario in which the adjuncts might not protect the airway enough.
Covers Objective: 9.10
Covers Objective: 9.10
Critical Thinking: What are the limitations of airway adjuncts? Describe a scenario in which the adjuncts might not protect the airway enough.
Covers Objective: 9.10
Covers Objective: 9.10
Discussion Topic: Describe the procedure for inserting a nasopharyngeal airway.
Class Activity: Using an airway manikin, demonstrate the proper sizing and insertion technique for both an oropharyngeal and a nasopharyngeal airway.
Covers Objective: 9.10
Discussion Topic: Describe the procedure for inserting a nasopharyngeal airway.
Class Activity: Using an airway manikin, demonstrate the proper sizing and insertion technique for both an oropharyngeal and a nasopharyngeal airway.
Teaching Time: 15 minutes
Teaching Tips: Link the decision to suction to assessment findings. Attempt to create reality-based decisions. Assure proper supervision in practical skill stations. Imprint correct techniques early.
Covers Objective: 9.11
Point to Emphasize: Suctioning is the use of a vacuum device to remove foreign substances from the airway.
Covers Objective: 9.13
Point to Emphasize: Both portable and mounted suction devices exist. Various types of tips and catheters enable suctioning under different circumstances.
Discussion Topic: Compare and contrast the capabilities and limitations of portable suction devices compared to wall-mounted units.
Knowledge Application: Tour an ambulance or a hospital. Identify the various types of suction devices.
Covers Objective: 9.13
Point to Emphasize: Both portable and mounted suction devices exist. Various types of tips and catheters enable suctioning under different circumstances.
Discussion Topic: Compare and contrast the capabilities and limitations of portable suction devices compared to wall-mounted units.
Knowledge Application: Tour an ambulance or a hospital. Identify the various types of suction devices.
Covers Objective: 9.13
Covers Objective: 9.13
Point to Emphasize: Both portable and mounted suction devices exist. Various types of tips and catheters enable suctioning under different circumstances.
Discussion Topic: Compare and contrast the capabilities and limitations of portable suction devices compared to wall-mounted units.
Knowledge Application: Tour an ambulance or a hospital. Identify the various types of suction devices.
Covers Objective: 9.13
Covers Objective: 9.13
Covers Objective: 9.12
Covers Objective: 9.13
Covers Objective: 9.13
Covers Objective: 9.12
Covers Objective: 9.13
Discussion Topic: Discuss the rules for suctioning. What are the key elements?
Covers Objective: 9.13
Covers Objective: 9.13
Covers Objective: 9.13
Covers Objective: 9.13
Point to Emphasize: Always use appropriate infection control practices while suctioning, and try to limit suctioning to no longer than ten seconds at a time.
Critical Thinking: Your patient has a severe bleed in his throat. After ten seconds of suctioning, his airway is still filled with blood. What should you do?
Covers Objective: 9.13
Discussion Topic: Describe the proper procedure for suctioning the airway.
Class Activity: Using an airway manikin and appropriate, functioning suction equipment, demonstrate the proper technique for suctioning the airway.
Video Clip
Suctioning—Oral Pharyngeal
Why is it necessary to test the equipment prior to using it?
How far should the catheter be inserted?
When should an EMT apply suction to the catheter?
What should an EMT do after suctioning is complete?
Discuss the necessity of maintaining a clear airway.
Teaching Time: 15 minutes
Teaching Tips: This section teaches humility. Encourage providers to recognize when they need help. Use a scenario-based approach. Keep this decision making process steeped in reality.
Covers Objective: 9.7
Point to Emphasize: An EMT must understand his limitations, constantly evaluate for the need of further intervention, and know the availability of advanced resources.
Discussion Topic: Describe airway-related circumstances in which advanced intervention is necessary.
Covers Objective: 9.7
Discussion Topic: Considering the situations for which definitive care is needed, discuss the types of local resources that would be available to provide advanced intervention.
Knowledge Application: To put it all together, divide the class into small groups. Assign each group a scenario that includes assessing, opening, and clearing an airway. Ask each group to evaluate the need for advanced intervention. Discuss.
Critical Thinking: The closest paramedic intercept is 18 minutes away. The closest hospital is 18 minutes away. Which would be the more appropriate source of advanced care, and why?
Talking Points: Many airways will need more advanced intervention. Advanced care could come in the form of an ALS intercept or could be obtained by transporting to the nearest hospital.
Teaching Time: 15 minutes
Teaching Tips: Multimedia graphics of facial injuries may enhance comprehension of special ventilatory circumstances. Have pediatric anatomy models on hand to describe differences. Demonstrate pediatric-specific airway equipment.
Covers Objective: 9.14
Point to Emphasize: Facial injuries may impair breathing and alter the procedure for opening the airway.
Discussion Topic: Explain how a facial injury or airway obstruction might alter the traditional methods of airway management.
Knowledge Application: Provide examples of facial injuries (and/or show graphics) and discuss methods to properly assess and manage the airway. Specifically highlight how such injuries might alter normal procedures.
Covers Objective: 9.14
Point to Emphasize: Airway obstructions require immediate procedures to clear the airway.
Covers Objective: 9.14
Point to Emphasize: Dental appliances should be left in place, but they potentially can threaten airway management. If they interfere with the airway, they should be removed.
Covers Objective: 9.14
Point to Emphasize: Pediatric patients often are anatomically different from adults; thus, they may require specialized equipment and different airway management techniques.
Discussion Topic: Describe examples of pediatric airway anatomy (or pediatric anatomy in general) that might require pediatric-specific management techniques.
Covers Objective: 9.14
Covers Objective: 9.14
Knowledge Application: Divide the class into small groups. Assign each group a "special consideration" such as a facial injury, a pediatric patient, dentures, and the like. Have the group discuss the potential challenges, improvise a solution, and present its findings to the class.
Critical Thinking: You are caring for a child who needs an airway adjunct and suctioning. You have only adult-sized equipment. Discuss the steps that you would take to care for this child's airway. How might you adapt?
Talking Points: The airway begins at the nose and mouth, continues through the oropharynx, nasopharynx, and hypopharynx, and then enters the lower airway via the glottic opening and travels through the lungs through the right and left bronchi and bronchiole tubes. The airway terminates at the alveoli.
The airway is the first priority of care because without oxygen, death is assured.
Signs of an inadequate airway include inability to speak, stridor, no air movement, and gurgling.
Talking Points: The head-tilt, chin-lift causes the neck and c-spine to move. The jaw-thrust minimizes neck movement.
Adjuncts help create a channel for air into the lungs. They help direct air to the proper place. Suctioning clears liquids out of the path of air and prevents aspiration of those liquids into the lungs.
Talking Points: Gurgling indicates suctioning. Other necessary treatments include position, insertion of an airway adjunct, and positive pressure ventilation.
Talking Points: Stridor indicates a partially obstructed airway. Immediate concerns include the fact that this airway is threatened and could become completely obstructed.
Talking Points: Snoring indicates at a minimum, airway impedance, and at its worst, poor muscle control of the airway. Typically better positioning and/or insertion of an airway adjunct will resolve this problem.