This document discusses various research interview methods used to collect primary data, including unstructured interviews which use open-ended questions to understand perceptions, structured interviews which use standardized questions, and focus groups which gather group discussions. It provides tips for conducting interviews such as establishing rapport, avoiding bias, and using techniques like funneling. The advantages and disadvantages of face-to-face and telephone interviews as well as focus groups and videoconferencing are also outlined.
The document provides information about interviews as a method for collecting qualitative data in research. It discusses different types of interviews including structured, semi-structured, and unstructured interviews. Structured interviews involve asking all participants the same standardized set of closed-ended questions in a specific order. They allow for comparisons across responses but lack detail. Semi-structured interviews use an interview guide but allow flexibility in the order of questions. The document outlines advantages such as control and standardization with structured interviews but notes they lack flexibility.
The document provides information on different types of interviews that can be used for data collection in research. It discusses structured, semi-structured, and unstructured interviews. Structured interviews involve asking all respondents the same closed-ended questions in a standardized order. Semi-structured interviews use an interview guide but allow flexibility in wording and order of questions. Unstructured interviews are open conversations that gather in-depth details on a limited number of topics. The document outlines advantages and disadvantages of each type of interview.
This document discusses different methods for collecting primary data through interviews. It describes personal interviews, telephone interviews, focus group interviews, depth interviews, and projective techniques. For each method, it provides details on how the method works, its advantages and disadvantages. The key methods covered are personal interviews conducted face-to-face, telephone interviews which can be computer-assisted, focus group interviews involving group discussions, and depth interviews which use open-ended questioning to uncover deeper insights.
This document provides an overview of interviewing as a data collection tool for research. It discusses interviews as a systematic way of asking questions and listening to responses. There are different types of interviews including structured, semi-structured, and unstructured interviews. Interviews allow participants to provide rich contextual descriptions and have advantages such as attaining personalized data and opportunities for probing. Preparing properly for interviews and developing an interview guide are important. Questions should be clear, avoid bias and jargon, and maintain the interviewer's control while accounting for their potential biases.
An interview is a qualitative research method that relies on asking questions in order to collect data. Interviews involve two or more people, one of whom is the interviewer asking the questions. There are several types of interviews, often differentiated by their level of structure.
An interview is essentially a structured conversation where one participant asks questions, and the other provides answers. In common parlance, the word "interview" refers to a one-on-one conversation between an interviewer and an interviewee. The interviewer asks questions to which the interviewee responds, usually providing information. That information may be used or provided to other audiences immediately or later. This feature is common to many types of interviews – a job interview or interview with a witness to an event may have no other audience present at the time, but the answers will be later provided to others in the employment or investigative process. An interview may also transfer information in both directions.
This document discusses various data collection methods. It covers primary methods like focus groups and panels. Focus groups involve 8-10 members discussing a topic for 2 hours led by a moderator. Panels meet more than once. Secondary data sources include published materials, databases, and case studies. Common collection methods are interviews, questionnaires, and observation. Interviews can be unstructured or structured. Questionnaires can be administered in-person or via mail. Factors that impact data quality like question wording, question type, and potential biases are also reviewed.
This document provides information on conducting interviews as a method for data collection in research. It discusses interviews as a systematic way to collect data through conversations by asking questions and listening to responses. Different types of interviews are described, including structured, semi-structured, and unstructured interviews. Tips are provided for developing interview guides, preparing for interviews, asking questions, and maintaining control during the interview process while avoiding biases. The goal is to obtain rich, contextual information from participants in an ethical manner.
The document provides information about interviews as a method for collecting qualitative data in research. It discusses different types of interviews including structured, semi-structured, and unstructured interviews. Structured interviews involve asking all participants the same standardized set of closed-ended questions in a specific order. They allow for comparisons across responses but lack detail. Semi-structured interviews use an interview guide but allow flexibility in the order of questions. The document outlines advantages such as control and standardization with structured interviews but notes they lack flexibility.
The document provides information on different types of interviews that can be used for data collection in research. It discusses structured, semi-structured, and unstructured interviews. Structured interviews involve asking all respondents the same closed-ended questions in a standardized order. Semi-structured interviews use an interview guide but allow flexibility in wording and order of questions. Unstructured interviews are open conversations that gather in-depth details on a limited number of topics. The document outlines advantages and disadvantages of each type of interview.
This document discusses different methods for collecting primary data through interviews. It describes personal interviews, telephone interviews, focus group interviews, depth interviews, and projective techniques. For each method, it provides details on how the method works, its advantages and disadvantages. The key methods covered are personal interviews conducted face-to-face, telephone interviews which can be computer-assisted, focus group interviews involving group discussions, and depth interviews which use open-ended questioning to uncover deeper insights.
This document provides an overview of interviewing as a data collection tool for research. It discusses interviews as a systematic way of asking questions and listening to responses. There are different types of interviews including structured, semi-structured, and unstructured interviews. Interviews allow participants to provide rich contextual descriptions and have advantages such as attaining personalized data and opportunities for probing. Preparing properly for interviews and developing an interview guide are important. Questions should be clear, avoid bias and jargon, and maintain the interviewer's control while accounting for their potential biases.
An interview is a qualitative research method that relies on asking questions in order to collect data. Interviews involve two or more people, one of whom is the interviewer asking the questions. There are several types of interviews, often differentiated by their level of structure.
An interview is essentially a structured conversation where one participant asks questions, and the other provides answers. In common parlance, the word "interview" refers to a one-on-one conversation between an interviewer and an interviewee. The interviewer asks questions to which the interviewee responds, usually providing information. That information may be used or provided to other audiences immediately or later. This feature is common to many types of interviews – a job interview or interview with a witness to an event may have no other audience present at the time, but the answers will be later provided to others in the employment or investigative process. An interview may also transfer information in both directions.
This document discusses various data collection methods. It covers primary methods like focus groups and panels. Focus groups involve 8-10 members discussing a topic for 2 hours led by a moderator. Panels meet more than once. Secondary data sources include published materials, databases, and case studies. Common collection methods are interviews, questionnaires, and observation. Interviews can be unstructured or structured. Questionnaires can be administered in-person or via mail. Factors that impact data quality like question wording, question type, and potential biases are also reviewed.
This document provides information on conducting interviews as a method for data collection in research. It discusses interviews as a systematic way to collect data through conversations by asking questions and listening to responses. Different types of interviews are described, including structured, semi-structured, and unstructured interviews. Tips are provided for developing interview guides, preparing for interviews, asking questions, and maintaining control during the interview process while avoiding biases. The goal is to obtain rich, contextual information from participants in an ethical manner.
The document discusses different types of interviews used in research, including structured, unstructured, individual, and focus group interviews. It describes the key characteristics of focus group interviews such as including 6-8 participants, asking open-ended questions, and training the interviewer. The document also outlines techniques for properly conducting interviews such as preparing questions in advance, actively listening without bias, and maintaining rapport with the interviewee.
Questionnaire, interview, observation and rating scale zunaira rafiq
In writing about your research when you have completed the project you need an explanation of your methodology so that others can understand the significance of what you have done and make sense of how it all worked. The methodology piece says why you did what you did. It also enables you to write about what you did not do and why, and about the weaknesses or limitations of your project as well as its strengths. Every research has a limitation of some sort and it is perfectly acceptable to identify the weaknesses of your own study.
Interviewing techniques for research by jayadeva de silvaSelf-employed
Structured interviews have a set list of questions asked in the same order to all respondents. This allows for standardized, quantifiable responses but limits flexibility. Semi-structured interviews follow a general outline but allow elaboration. Unstructured interviews are open conversations that generate rich qualitative data but are difficult to analyze systematically. The type of interview chosen depends on the goal of obtaining standardized or customized responses within the needed time and resources.
The document discusses different types of interviews used in psychology: structured, semi-structured, and unstructured. A structured interview involves asking all candidates the same predetermined questions in the same order to allow for objective comparison. A semi-structured interview involves both predetermined and spontaneous questions to provide a more personalized approach. An unstructured interview has no predetermined questions and follows a free-flowing conversation format to explore topics in depth. The document outlines the key characteristics, steps, advantages, and disadvantages of each interview type.
The document discusses different types of interviews used in psychology: structured, semi-structured, and unstructured. A structured interview involves asking all candidates the same predetermined questions in the same order to allow for objective comparison. A semi-structured interview involves both predetermined and spontaneous questions to provide a more personalized approach. An unstructured interview has no predetermined questions and follows a free-flowing conversation format to gather personal details from candidates. The document outlines the key characteristics, steps, advantages, and disadvantages of each interview type.
This document discusses different types of interviews. It begins by defining an interview as a conversation where questions are asked and answers are given. It then describes formal interviews as highly structured with predetermined questions asked in a set order. Informal interviews are described as unstructured without predetermined questions or order. Semi-structured interviews use a flexible framework of topics rather than strict questions. The document provides details on each type of interview.
Seminar in research practicum ,in depth-interviewKKU
The document discusses in-depth interviews, which involve open-ended questions to deeply explore a respondent's perspective. Key features include semi-structured questioning that allows the conversation to flow naturally, seeking to understand responses through interpretation and clarification, and recording responses, observations, and reflections. The seven stages of in-depth interviews are: 1) determining the purpose and key information, 2) designing an interview guide, 3) conducting the interview, 4) transcribing responses, 5) analyzing themes in the information, 6) verifying the information through methods like triangulation, and 7) reporting findings to stakeholders. A skilled interviewer is a good listener who can notice nonverbal cues and remain flexible and open-minded throughout the
This document discusses different types of interviews used in research including structured and unstructured interviews. It describes the key characteristics of each type of interview and their advantages and disadvantages. Structured interviews involve standardized questions while unstructured interviews are more like conversations. Preparing for interviews, qualifying interviewers, constructing question types and stages of interviews are also outlined.
This document provides information about conducting interviews for research purposes. It begins by stating the objectives of understanding what interviews are, their significance for research studies, ethics around conducting interviews, types of interview questions, and how to analyze interview data. It then defines interviews as a method of data collection involving questions and answers between two or more people. Further notes specify that interviews are useful for gathering detailed information on complex topics. The document outlines ethics around inclusiveness, withdrawing consent, minimizing harm, permission, honesty, acceptance, anonymization, and data confidentiality. It describes three main types of interviews: structured, unstructured, and semi-structured. It concludes by explaining inductive and deductive approaches to qualitative analysis of interview data through the
The document discusses different types of interview methods used in psychology: structured interviews, semi-structured interviews, and unstructured interviews. Structured interviews involve asking all candidates the same predetermined questions. Semi-structured interviews involve asking some predetermined questions but also allowing new questions to arise spontaneously. Unstructured interviews have no predetermined questions and arise organically from a free-flowing conversation. Each method has advantages like objectivity or flexibility and disadvantages like lack of structure or difficulty in analysis.
This document outlines the process of conducting interviews and focus groups for research purposes. It begins with definitions of interviews and their purposes. There are several types of interviews described, including structured, semi-structured, unstructured, and focus groups. The planning and conducting of interviews is explained in a 10 stage process: 1) thematizing, 2) designing, 3) constructing a schedule, 4) question format, 5) response mode, 6) conducting, 7) transcribing, 8) analyzing, 9) verifying, and 10) reporting. Focus groups are defined as involving a small group of participants who discuss a topic led by a moderator. The analysis of interview data can involve thematic analysis, narrative analysis, or
ReseQuantitative RESEARCH INSTRUMENT FOR DATA COLLECTIONarch ppIqra Shah
Structured questionnaires and interviews are quantitative research instruments used to collect data. Structured questionnaires contain closed-ended questions with limited response options to standardize responses. They allow researchers to collect large amounts of data efficiently but don't explore complex issues well. Structured interviews follow a standardized set of questions but allow researchers to clarify understanding and obtain more detailed responses than questionnaires. Both methods produce reliable and comparable quantitative data but have limitations regarding response bias and depth of responses.
Presentation at a meeting of Health Policy, System and Management Research Group,
Department of Community Medicine, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria on 28/06/28
This document discusses interview as a method for research. It defines interviews and describes three main types: structured, unstructured, and semi-structured. It outlines advantages like feedback and probing answers, and disadvantages like costs and lack of anonymity. Characteristics of interviewing covered include preparation, sampling techniques, structuring questions, and controlling the interview process. Qualities of a good interviewer and ensuring reliability and validity are also discussed. The document concludes with considerations for recording interviews like equipment and transcription, as well as record keeping.
This document provides an overview of interviews as a method for data collection in educational research. It defines interviews, discusses different types of interviews including structured, unstructured, personal, phone, focus group, and online. It also provides tips for effective interviews such as having clear questions and purpose, using open-ended questions, and summarizing responses. The document outlines merits like flexibility and quick responses, as well as limitations such as potential bias and lower anonymity compared to other methods. Overall, the document serves as a guide to planning, conducting, and analyzing interviews for research purposes.
The document discusses interview methods for research. Interviews involve direct face-to-face interaction between the interviewer and interviewee. They allow for collection of in-depth data through open-ended questions and discussion. There are different types of interviews - structured interviews follow a rigid standardized format; semi-structured interviews have some flexibility in question order; single interviews involve one interviewer and interviewee; group interviews have multiple interviewees. Interviews have advantages like depth of information, insights from experts, and flexibility, but are also time consuming to analyze and can be affected by the interviewer.
The document discusses different types of interviews. It begins by defining an interview as a formal meeting where a person is asked questions, typically to assess suitability for a job or course. Interviews can be structured, unstructured, or semi-structured. They are also classified based on purpose (e.g. stress, appraisal), content (e.g. situational, behavioral), and administration (e.g. one-on-one, panel). Common types include phone screens, group interviews, and video interviews. The document provides tips for interview preparation, etiquette during the interview, and follow up after the interview.
The document discusses different types of interviews. It begins by defining an interview as a formal meeting where a person is asked questions, typically for a job or educational program. There are then several classifications of interviews discussed: by structure (structured, unstructured, semi-structured); by purpose (stress, appraisal, exit); by administration (one-on-one, sequential, group, panel); and by content (situational, job-related, behavioral, psychological). Common interview styles like telephone and video conferencing are also noted. The document provides tips for interviewees on preparation, etiquette during the interview, and following up after.
The document discusses different types of interviews used in research, including structured, unstructured, individual, and focus group interviews. It describes the key characteristics of focus group interviews such as including 6-8 participants, asking open-ended questions, and training the interviewer. The document also outlines techniques for properly conducting interviews such as preparing questions in advance, actively listening without bias, and maintaining rapport with the interviewee.
Questionnaire, interview, observation and rating scale zunaira rafiq
In writing about your research when you have completed the project you need an explanation of your methodology so that others can understand the significance of what you have done and make sense of how it all worked. The methodology piece says why you did what you did. It also enables you to write about what you did not do and why, and about the weaknesses or limitations of your project as well as its strengths. Every research has a limitation of some sort and it is perfectly acceptable to identify the weaknesses of your own study.
Interviewing techniques for research by jayadeva de silvaSelf-employed
Structured interviews have a set list of questions asked in the same order to all respondents. This allows for standardized, quantifiable responses but limits flexibility. Semi-structured interviews follow a general outline but allow elaboration. Unstructured interviews are open conversations that generate rich qualitative data but are difficult to analyze systematically. The type of interview chosen depends on the goal of obtaining standardized or customized responses within the needed time and resources.
The document discusses different types of interviews used in psychology: structured, semi-structured, and unstructured. A structured interview involves asking all candidates the same predetermined questions in the same order to allow for objective comparison. A semi-structured interview involves both predetermined and spontaneous questions to provide a more personalized approach. An unstructured interview has no predetermined questions and follows a free-flowing conversation format to explore topics in depth. The document outlines the key characteristics, steps, advantages, and disadvantages of each interview type.
The document discusses different types of interviews used in psychology: structured, semi-structured, and unstructured. A structured interview involves asking all candidates the same predetermined questions in the same order to allow for objective comparison. A semi-structured interview involves both predetermined and spontaneous questions to provide a more personalized approach. An unstructured interview has no predetermined questions and follows a free-flowing conversation format to gather personal details from candidates. The document outlines the key characteristics, steps, advantages, and disadvantages of each interview type.
This document discusses different types of interviews. It begins by defining an interview as a conversation where questions are asked and answers are given. It then describes formal interviews as highly structured with predetermined questions asked in a set order. Informal interviews are described as unstructured without predetermined questions or order. Semi-structured interviews use a flexible framework of topics rather than strict questions. The document provides details on each type of interview.
Seminar in research practicum ,in depth-interviewKKU
The document discusses in-depth interviews, which involve open-ended questions to deeply explore a respondent's perspective. Key features include semi-structured questioning that allows the conversation to flow naturally, seeking to understand responses through interpretation and clarification, and recording responses, observations, and reflections. The seven stages of in-depth interviews are: 1) determining the purpose and key information, 2) designing an interview guide, 3) conducting the interview, 4) transcribing responses, 5) analyzing themes in the information, 6) verifying the information through methods like triangulation, and 7) reporting findings to stakeholders. A skilled interviewer is a good listener who can notice nonverbal cues and remain flexible and open-minded throughout the
This document discusses different types of interviews used in research including structured and unstructured interviews. It describes the key characteristics of each type of interview and their advantages and disadvantages. Structured interviews involve standardized questions while unstructured interviews are more like conversations. Preparing for interviews, qualifying interviewers, constructing question types and stages of interviews are also outlined.
This document provides information about conducting interviews for research purposes. It begins by stating the objectives of understanding what interviews are, their significance for research studies, ethics around conducting interviews, types of interview questions, and how to analyze interview data. It then defines interviews as a method of data collection involving questions and answers between two or more people. Further notes specify that interviews are useful for gathering detailed information on complex topics. The document outlines ethics around inclusiveness, withdrawing consent, minimizing harm, permission, honesty, acceptance, anonymization, and data confidentiality. It describes three main types of interviews: structured, unstructured, and semi-structured. It concludes by explaining inductive and deductive approaches to qualitative analysis of interview data through the
The document discusses different types of interview methods used in psychology: structured interviews, semi-structured interviews, and unstructured interviews. Structured interviews involve asking all candidates the same predetermined questions. Semi-structured interviews involve asking some predetermined questions but also allowing new questions to arise spontaneously. Unstructured interviews have no predetermined questions and arise organically from a free-flowing conversation. Each method has advantages like objectivity or flexibility and disadvantages like lack of structure or difficulty in analysis.
This document outlines the process of conducting interviews and focus groups for research purposes. It begins with definitions of interviews and their purposes. There are several types of interviews described, including structured, semi-structured, unstructured, and focus groups. The planning and conducting of interviews is explained in a 10 stage process: 1) thematizing, 2) designing, 3) constructing a schedule, 4) question format, 5) response mode, 6) conducting, 7) transcribing, 8) analyzing, 9) verifying, and 10) reporting. Focus groups are defined as involving a small group of participants who discuss a topic led by a moderator. The analysis of interview data can involve thematic analysis, narrative analysis, or
ReseQuantitative RESEARCH INSTRUMENT FOR DATA COLLECTIONarch ppIqra Shah
Structured questionnaires and interviews are quantitative research instruments used to collect data. Structured questionnaires contain closed-ended questions with limited response options to standardize responses. They allow researchers to collect large amounts of data efficiently but don't explore complex issues well. Structured interviews follow a standardized set of questions but allow researchers to clarify understanding and obtain more detailed responses than questionnaires. Both methods produce reliable and comparable quantitative data but have limitations regarding response bias and depth of responses.
Presentation at a meeting of Health Policy, System and Management Research Group,
Department of Community Medicine, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Nigeria on 28/06/28
This document discusses interview as a method for research. It defines interviews and describes three main types: structured, unstructured, and semi-structured. It outlines advantages like feedback and probing answers, and disadvantages like costs and lack of anonymity. Characteristics of interviewing covered include preparation, sampling techniques, structuring questions, and controlling the interview process. Qualities of a good interviewer and ensuring reliability and validity are also discussed. The document concludes with considerations for recording interviews like equipment and transcription, as well as record keeping.
This document provides an overview of interviews as a method for data collection in educational research. It defines interviews, discusses different types of interviews including structured, unstructured, personal, phone, focus group, and online. It also provides tips for effective interviews such as having clear questions and purpose, using open-ended questions, and summarizing responses. The document outlines merits like flexibility and quick responses, as well as limitations such as potential bias and lower anonymity compared to other methods. Overall, the document serves as a guide to planning, conducting, and analyzing interviews for research purposes.
The document discusses interview methods for research. Interviews involve direct face-to-face interaction between the interviewer and interviewee. They allow for collection of in-depth data through open-ended questions and discussion. There are different types of interviews - structured interviews follow a rigid standardized format; semi-structured interviews have some flexibility in question order; single interviews involve one interviewer and interviewee; group interviews have multiple interviewees. Interviews have advantages like depth of information, insights from experts, and flexibility, but are also time consuming to analyze and can be affected by the interviewer.
The document discusses different types of interviews. It begins by defining an interview as a formal meeting where a person is asked questions, typically to assess suitability for a job or course. Interviews can be structured, unstructured, or semi-structured. They are also classified based on purpose (e.g. stress, appraisal), content (e.g. situational, behavioral), and administration (e.g. one-on-one, panel). Common types include phone screens, group interviews, and video interviews. The document provides tips for interview preparation, etiquette during the interview, and follow up after the interview.
The document discusses different types of interviews. It begins by defining an interview as a formal meeting where a person is asked questions, typically for a job or educational program. There are then several classifications of interviews discussed: by structure (structured, unstructured, semi-structured); by purpose (stress, appraisal, exit); by administration (one-on-one, sequential, group, panel); and by content (situational, job-related, behavioral, psychological). Common interview styles like telephone and video conferencing are also noted. The document provides tips for interviewees on preparation, etiquette during the interview, and following up after.
How MJ Global Leads the Packaging Industry.pdfMJ Global
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Navigating the world of forex trading can be challenging, especially for beginners. To help you make an informed decision, we have comprehensively compared the best forex brokers in India for 2024. This article, reviewed by Top Forex Brokers Review, will cover featured award winners, the best forex brokers, featured offers, the best copy trading platforms, the best forex brokers for beginners, the best MetaTrader brokers, and recently updated reviews. We will focus on FP Markets, Black Bull, EightCap, IC Markets, and Octa.
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Building Your Employer Brand with Social MediaLuanWise
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The Evolution and Impact of OTT Platforms: A Deep Dive into the Future of Ent...ABHILASH DUTTA
This presentation provides a thorough examination of Over-the-Top (OTT) platforms, focusing on their development and substantial influence on the entertainment industry, with a particular emphasis on the Indian market.We begin with an introduction to OTT platforms, defining them as streaming services that deliver content directly over the internet, bypassing traditional broadcast channels. These platforms offer a variety of content, including movies, TV shows, and original productions, allowing users to access content on-demand across multiple devices.The historical context covers the early days of streaming, starting with Netflix's inception in 1997 as a DVD rental service and its transition to streaming in 2007. The presentation also highlights India's television journey, from the launch of Doordarshan in 1959 to the introduction of Direct-to-Home (DTH) satellite television in 2000, which expanded viewing choices and set the stage for the rise of OTT platforms like Big Flix, Ditto TV, Sony LIV, Hotstar, and Netflix. The business models of OTT platforms are explored in detail. Subscription Video on Demand (SVOD) models, exemplified by Netflix and Amazon Prime Video, offer unlimited content access for a monthly fee. Transactional Video on Demand (TVOD) models, like iTunes and Sky Box Office, allow users to pay for individual pieces of content. Advertising-Based Video on Demand (AVOD) models, such as YouTube and Facebook Watch, provide free content supported by advertisements. Hybrid models combine elements of SVOD and AVOD, offering flexibility to cater to diverse audience preferences.
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The impact of OTT platforms on the Bollywood film industry is significant. The competition for viewers has led to a decrease in cinema ticket sales, affecting the revenue of Bollywood films that traditionally rely on theatrical releases. Additionally, OTT platforms now pay less for film rights due to the uncertain success of films in cinemas.
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https://www.productmanagementtoday.com/frs/26903918/understanding-user-needs-and-satisfying-them
We know we want to create products which our customers find to be valuable. Whether we label it as customer-centric or product-led depends on how long we've been doing product management. There are three challenges we face when doing this. The obvious challenge is figuring out what our users need; the non-obvious challenges are in creating a shared understanding of those needs and in sensing if what we're doing is meeting those needs.
In this webinar, we won't focus on the research methods for discovering user-needs. We will focus on synthesis of the needs we discover, communication and alignment tools, and how we operationalize addressing those needs.
Industry expert Scott Sehlhorst will:
• Introduce a taxonomy for user goals with real world examples
• Present the Onion Diagram, a tool for contextualizing task-level goals
• Illustrate how customer journey maps capture activity-level and task-level goals
• Demonstrate the best approach to selection and prioritization of user-goals to address
• Highlight the crucial benchmarks, observable changes, in ensuring fulfillment of customer needs
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3. Topics
Introduction
Primary Data Collection Methods
Unobtrusive Methods
Interviews
Unstructured and Structured Interviews
Training Interviewers
Some Tips to Follow When Interviewing
4. Topics…
Face-to-Face and Telephone Interviews
CATI and CAPI
Focus Groups
Videoconferencing
Advantages and Disadvantages of Interviews
5. Introduction
A widely used method of collecting data in business
research is to interview respondents to obtain
information on an issue of interest.
6. Interviews
An interview is a guided, purposeful conversation
between two or more people.
There are many different types of interviews.
Individual or group interviews may be unstructured
or structured, and
conducted face to face, by telephone, or online.
7. Unstructured Interviews
Unstructured interviews are so labeled because the
interviewer does not enter the interview setting with
a planned sequence of questions to be asked of the
respondent.
A possible objective of an unstructured interview is to
bring some preliminary issues to the surface so that
the researcher can determine what factors need
further in‐depth investigation.
8. Unstructured Interviews…
Suppose that a manager is interested in solving a problem in
the work setting. In order to understand the situation in its
totality, the researcher may interview employees at several
levels. In the initial stages, only broad, open‐ended questions
should be asked, and the replies to them should inform the
researcher of the perceptions of the individuals.
9. Unstructured Interviews…
Tell me something about your unit and department,
and perhaps even the organization as a whole, in
terms of work, employees, and whatever else you
think is important.
I would like to know something about your job.
Please describe to me in detail the things you do in
your job on a typical day, from eight in the morning
to four in the afternoon.
10. Structured Interviews
Structured interviews are those conducted when it is
known at the outset what information is needed.
The content of a structured interview can be
prepared in advance
12. Structured Interviews…
As the respondents express their views, the researcher notes
them down. The same questions will be asked of everybody in
the same manner.
Visual aids such as pictures, line drawings, cards, and other
materials are also sometimes used in conducting interviews.
When a sufficient number of structured interviews has been
conducted and adequate information obtained to understand
and describe the important factors operating in the situation,
the researcher stops the interviews.
13. Some Tips to Follow When Interviewing
The information obtained during the interviews
should be as free as possible of bias.
Bias refers to errors or inaccuracies in the data
collected.
Bias could be introduced by the interviewer, the
interviewee, or the situation.
14. Some Tips to Follow When Interviewing..
Listening attentively to the interviewee, evincing keen interest
in what the respondent has to say, exercising tact in
questioning, repeating and/or clarifying the questions posed,
and paraphrasing some of the answers. Recording the
responses accurately is equally important.
Interviewees can bias the data when they do not come out
with their true opinions but provide information that they
think is what the interviewer expects of them or would like to
hear.
15. Some Tips to Follow When Interviewing..
Some interviewees may be turned off because of personal
likes and dislikes, or the dress of the interviewer, or the
manner in which the questions are put.
Some respondents may also answer questions in a socially
acceptable manner rather than indicating their true
sentiments.
16. Some Tips to Follow When Interviewing..
Biases could be situational as well, in terms of
(1) Nonparticipants,
(2) Trust levels and rapport established, and
(3) The physical setting of the interview.
17. Some Tips to Follow When Interviewing..
How to Reduce Bias
Establishing Credibility and Rapport, and
Motivating Individuals to Respond
The Questioning Technique
18. Establishing Credibility and Rapport, and
Motivating Individuals to Respond
Researchers must establish rapport with, and gain the
confidence and approval of, before they can even start their
work in the organization.
the researcher should state the purpose of the interview and
assure complete confidentiality about the source of the
responses.
20. The Questioning Technique
Funneling: At the beginning of an unstructured interview, it is
advisable to ask open‐ended questions to get a broad idea
and form some impressions about the situation.
For example a question that could be asked would be:
What are some of your feelings about working for this
organization?
21. The Questioning Technique
From the responses to this broad question, further questions
that are progressively more focused may be asked as the
researcher processes the interviewees’ responses and notes
some possible key issues relevant to the situation.
This transition from broad to narrow themes is called the
funneling technique.
22. Face-to-Face and Telephone Interviews
Interviews can be conducted either face to face or
over the telephone.
Although most unstructured interviews in business
research are conducted face to face, structured
interviews may be either face to face or through the
medium of the telephone, depending on
23. Face-to-Face and Telephone Interviews…
the level of complexity of the issues involved,
the likely duration of the interview,
the convenience of both parties, and
The geographical area covered by the survey.
24. Face-to-Face/Personal Interviews:
Advantages and Disadvantages
The main advantage of face‐to‐face or direct interviews is that
the researcher can adapt the questions as necessary,
clarify doubts, and
ensure that the responses are properly understood, by
repeating or rephrasing the questions.
25. Face-to-Face/Personal Interviews:
Advantages and Disadvantages
The researcher can also pick up nonverbal cues from the
respondent.
Any discomfort, stress, or problem that the respondent
experiences can be detected through frowns, nervous
tapping, and other body language unconsciously exhibited by
her.
26. Face-to-Face/Personal Interviews:
Advantages and Disadvantages
The main disadvantages of face‐to‐face interviews are
the geographical limitations they may impose on the surveys
and
the vast resources needed if such surveys need to be done
nationally or internationally.
27. Face-to-Face/Personal Interviews:
Advantages and Disadvantages
The costs of training interviewers to minimize interviewer bias
are also high.
Respondents might feel uneasy about the anonymity of their
responses when they interact face to face with the interviewer.
28. Telephone Interviews: Advantages and
Disadvantages
The main advantage of telephone interviewing, from
the researcher’s point of view, is that a number of
different people can be reached in a relatively short
period of time.
From the respondents’ standpoint it eliminates any
discomfort that some of them might feel in facing
the interviewer.
29. Telephone Interviews: Advantages and
Disadvantages…
A main disadvantage of telephone interviewing is that the
respondent could unilaterally terminate the interview without
warning or explanation, by hanging up the phone.
Caller ID might further aggravate the situation. This is
understandable, given the numerous telemarketing calls
people are bombarded with on a daily basis.
As mentioned earlier, another disadvantage of the telephone
interview is that the researcher will not be able to see the
respondent to read the nonverbal communication.
30.
31. Focus Group
Focus groups consist typically of eight to ten members with a
moderator leading the discussions on a particular topic,
concept, or product.
Members are generally chosen on the basis of their familiarity
with the topic on which information is sought.
For example, women with children may compose a focus
group to identify how organizations can help working
mothers.
32. Focus Group…
Large organizations such as Coca‐Cola, Unilever, and Nike
regularly convene
young men and women from around the world to tap them
for ideas for a new product.
33. Focus Group…
The focus sessions are aimed at obtaining respondents’
impressions, interpretations, and opinions, as the members
talk about the event, concept, product, or service.
The moderator plays a vital role in steering the discussions in
a manner that draws out the information sought, and keeps
the members on track.
34. Focus Group…
Focus group discussions on a specific topic at a particular
location and at a specified time provide the opportunity for a
flexible, free‐flowing format for the members.
The unstructured and spontaneous responses are expected to
reflect the genuine opinions, ideas, and feelings of the
members about the topic under discussion.
Focus groups are relatively inexpensive and can provide fairly
dependable data within a short time frame.
35. Videoconferencing
If regional variations in responses are expected, several focus groups could
be formed, including trained moderators, at different locations.
This process is easily facilitated through videoconferencing.
By zooming in on a particular member, the nonverbal cues and gestures of
that individual can be captured, as and when desired.
With the great strides that have been made in technological advancement,
videoconferencing as a means of gathering information from different
groups in distant locations has become rather common these days.