This document provides an overview of bond valuation concepts including:
- How to calculate the value of bonds with maturity using present value formulas
- Features of different types of bonds like bonds with maturity, pure discount bonds, and perpetual bonds
- Key bond valuation metrics like yield to maturity, current yield, and yield to call
- How changes in interest rates impact bond values
- The relationship between bond maturity and interest rate risk
- Bond duration as a measure of interest rate sensitivity
- Theories explaining the typical upward sloping yield curve like the expectation theory and liquidity premium theory
Commercial paper (CP) is an unsecured, short-term debt instrument issued by corporations to meet short-term liabilities. CP was introduced in India in 1990 to provide highly rated corporations an alternative to bank borrowing. Only reputable corporations with good credit ratings can issue CPs to borrow at lower interest rates than banks and save on financing costs. CPs can be issued for periods between 15 days to one year, making them suitable for meeting working capital or current asset needs.
This document discusses primary dealers, who are firms that purchase government securities directly from governments with the goal of reselling them to other parties. It notes that some key governments, like Canada, France, Italy, Spain, the UK, and US use primary dealers. The document provides details on India's primary dealers, including the objectives and roles of primary dealership there as well as facilities provided to primary dealers by the Reserve Bank of India.
A bond is a (written and signed promise) debt investment in which an investor loans money to an entity (typically corporate or governmental) which borrows the funds for a defined period of time at a variable or fixed interest rate (Coupon Rate).
Value at Risk (VaR) is a risk measurement technique used to estimate potential losses that could occur from market risk over a specified time period. The document discusses the need for VaR, how it is defined and calculated using historical simulation, its uses, strengths and weaknesses. It emphasizes that VaR should not be used alone and other risk measures like tail measures and stress testing are also important.
Government securities are debt instruments issued by the government to raise funds. They include treasury bills and bonds. Government securities are considered low-risk as they are backed by the government's taxing power. They are issued to fund government expenditures and control the money supply. Types of government securities include dated securities, zero-coupon bonds, floating rate bonds, and bonds with call/put options. While government securities offer assured returns, their returns are generally lower than other securities and investors may lose value if interest rates rise.
Common stock valuation methods include:
1. Discounting future dividends using the required return rate for the stock. This works best when dividends are constant or grow at a known rate.
2. Using the earnings per share and an industry benchmark PE ratio when dividends are not paid, as the PE ratio captures expected future earnings and dividend growth.
3. Special cases exist when dividends are constant forever or grow at a constant rate, allowing the stock value to be directly calculated using perpetuity or dividend growth models. However, these ideal cases are rare in practice.
The Altman Z-score is a statistical model that uses multiple corporate financial ratios to predict the probability that a company will go bankrupt within 2 years. The Z-score was developed in 1968 by Edward Altman and uses ratios related to profitability, leverage, liquidity, and other factors. A Z-score above 2.99 indicates low risk of bankruptcy, between 1.81-2.99 is in the gray area, and below 1.81 indicates high risk. The model requires data from a company's balance sheet and income statement to calculate ratios and determine the overall Z-score.
The document discusses the Altman Z-score formula, which was published in 1968 and can be used to predict bankruptcy. The formula uses five financial ratios to calculate a score. A score below 1.8 indicates likely bankruptcy, while a score between 1.8-3 means bankruptcy is possible and above 3 means the company is financially stable. The formula is: 1.2A+1.4B+3.3C+0.6D+1.0E. It requires data from a company's balance sheet and income statement. While the Z-score can help determine bankruptcy risk, it does not work for new companies and does not directly consider cash flow.
Commercial paper (CP) is an unsecured, short-term debt instrument issued by corporations to meet short-term liabilities. CP was introduced in India in 1990 to provide highly rated corporations an alternative to bank borrowing. Only reputable corporations with good credit ratings can issue CPs to borrow at lower interest rates than banks and save on financing costs. CPs can be issued for periods between 15 days to one year, making them suitable for meeting working capital or current asset needs.
This document discusses primary dealers, who are firms that purchase government securities directly from governments with the goal of reselling them to other parties. It notes that some key governments, like Canada, France, Italy, Spain, the UK, and US use primary dealers. The document provides details on India's primary dealers, including the objectives and roles of primary dealership there as well as facilities provided to primary dealers by the Reserve Bank of India.
A bond is a (written and signed promise) debt investment in which an investor loans money to an entity (typically corporate or governmental) which borrows the funds for a defined period of time at a variable or fixed interest rate (Coupon Rate).
Value at Risk (VaR) is a risk measurement technique used to estimate potential losses that could occur from market risk over a specified time period. The document discusses the need for VaR, how it is defined and calculated using historical simulation, its uses, strengths and weaknesses. It emphasizes that VaR should not be used alone and other risk measures like tail measures and stress testing are also important.
Government securities are debt instruments issued by the government to raise funds. They include treasury bills and bonds. Government securities are considered low-risk as they are backed by the government's taxing power. They are issued to fund government expenditures and control the money supply. Types of government securities include dated securities, zero-coupon bonds, floating rate bonds, and bonds with call/put options. While government securities offer assured returns, their returns are generally lower than other securities and investors may lose value if interest rates rise.
Common stock valuation methods include:
1. Discounting future dividends using the required return rate for the stock. This works best when dividends are constant or grow at a known rate.
2. Using the earnings per share and an industry benchmark PE ratio when dividends are not paid, as the PE ratio captures expected future earnings and dividend growth.
3. Special cases exist when dividends are constant forever or grow at a constant rate, allowing the stock value to be directly calculated using perpetuity or dividend growth models. However, these ideal cases are rare in practice.
The Altman Z-score is a statistical model that uses multiple corporate financial ratios to predict the probability that a company will go bankrupt within 2 years. The Z-score was developed in 1968 by Edward Altman and uses ratios related to profitability, leverage, liquidity, and other factors. A Z-score above 2.99 indicates low risk of bankruptcy, between 1.81-2.99 is in the gray area, and below 1.81 indicates high risk. The model requires data from a company's balance sheet and income statement to calculate ratios and determine the overall Z-score.
The document discusses the Altman Z-score formula, which was published in 1968 and can be used to predict bankruptcy. The formula uses five financial ratios to calculate a score. A score below 1.8 indicates likely bankruptcy, while a score between 1.8-3 means bankruptcy is possible and above 3 means the company is financially stable. The formula is: 1.2A+1.4B+3.3C+0.6D+1.0E. It requires data from a company's balance sheet and income statement. While the Z-score can help determine bankruptcy risk, it does not work for new companies and does not directly consider cash flow.
An informed decision and cautious approach with respect to Company Fixed deposits would ensure safety for one's money as well as lucrative returns. Hence this is an attempt to make an understanding of company Fixed Deposits
1) A bond is a debt instrument that provides periodic interest payments and returns the principal at maturity.
2) Key bond terms include face value, coupon rate, coupon payment, maturity date, and call and put provisions.
3) The document discusses how to calculate the cash flows of a bond and price bonds using present value techniques. It also covers different types of bonds like Treasuries, corporates, municipals, and zero-coupon bonds.
Duration analysis measures the average life of a financial instrument and how sensitive it is to interest rate changes. It involves comparing the duration of individual assets and liabilities, with duration defined as a weighted average lifetime that gives a direct measure of interest rate sensitivity. A bank's duration gap is determined by taking the difference between the duration of its assets and liabilities, using weighted averages of the durations. While duration gap analysis helps assess interest rate risk, it has limitations including difficulty finding assets and liabilities of exactly the same duration and uncertainty around cash flows from some accounts.
Mutual funds have advantages over individual stock picking such as professional management, risk diversification, and lower fees. However, mutual funds also have disadvantages like fees, lack of control, and restrictions on selling. Fixed deposits, bonds, and life insurance also have different risk and return profiles than mutual funds. Overall, mutual funds provide diversification while individual stocks have potential for higher returns but more risk.
This document provides information about a student group project on capital market instruments. It includes the names and roll numbers of the group members, a table of contents for the project, and sections describing different capital market instruments like equity shares, preference shares, debentures, and bonds. It also discusses the differences between equity and debt securities and concludes that the capital market plays an important role in economic development.
The document discusses commercial paper, which are short-term unsecured promissory notes issued by financially strong companies to raise funds for a period of up to one year. It explains what commercial paper is, who issues and invests in it, how it works, and provides an example of a company issuing commercial paper worth 50 crores. Commercial paper provides short-term funding to companies at lower interest rates than bank loans.
The National Stock Exchange of India (NSE) was established in 1992 as a leading stock exchange. It launched electronic screen-based trading in 1994 and operations in derivatives in 2000. Located in Mumbai, the NSE facilitates trading in multiple types of securities and derivatives for over 1,800 listed companies. Its goals include ensuring fair and transparent nationwide access to capital markets in India.
Stock market indices are useful tools for understanding market trends and performance. The BSE SENSEX tracks 30 major companies on the Bombay Stock Exchange, with its base value set at 100 in 1978-1979. It is calculated using each company's free float market capitalization. Similarly, the NIFTY index tracks 50 major National Stock Exchange companies, with its base year being 1995 and base value at 1000. Both indices are weighted averages and act as benchmarks for measuring portfolio and economic performance in India.
This document discusses different types of mutual funds. It begins with an introduction to mutual funds, explaining that they allow investors to pool money for investment in a basket of assets managed by professionals at low cost. The document then outlines the main types of mutual funds:
On the basis of lock-in period, funds are either open-ended, allowing entry and exit at any time, or closed-ended, with a minimum three-year lock-in.
Based on investment, the main types are equity funds (investing in stocks), ELSS funds (for tax benefits), debt funds, balanced funds (mixing equity and debt), and sectoral funds (focusing on a single industry). Equity funds include large
The document analyzes India's corporate bond market and suggests reforms. It notes that the corporate bond market is underdeveloped compared to the government bond market. Some key points:
- Corporate bonds make up a very small portion of India's domestic financial assets compared to other countries.
- Most corporate bond issuances are private placements rather than public issues. Trading is also over-the-counter rather than exchange-based.
- Reforms like removing taxes on corporate bonds, giving more flexibility to investors, and allowing corporate bonds to be used as collateral could help develop the market. Expanding securitization could also encourage retail investment.
The document discusses various bond valuation concepts like coupon rate, current yield, spot interest rate, yield to maturity, yield to call, and realized yield. It provides examples to calculate these measures and explains how bond prices are determined based on factors like interest rates, time to maturity, and cash flows. Bond duration is introduced as a measure of interest rate risk exposure, and bond risks from default and changes in interest rates are explained.
This chapter discusses different hedging strategies using futures. It explains that a perfect hedge fully eliminates price uncertainty while an imperfect hedge only reduces it. A long hedge is used when prices are expected to rise, while a short hedge hedges against falling prices. Basis risk exists when the asset and futures contract do not match in terms of underlying asset, timing or quantity. The hedge ratio determines the optimal number of futures contracts to use based on the volatility of the asset and futures contract prices.
Presentation On Mutual funds and its typesGurmeet Virk
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on mutual funds and their types. It defines a mutual fund as a trust that pools investor savings and invests in stocks, bonds, and other securities. It outlines the history of mutual funds in India in four phases from 1964 to the present. It also describes the different types of mutual funds based on maturity period (open-ended or closed-ended) and investment objectives (growth, income, balanced, money market, gilt, and index funds). Finally, it lists some major Indian mutual fund companies and the advantages of investing in mutual funds.
The document provides an overview of the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) in India, including its history, corporate structure, vision, trading sessions, key index (SENSEX), and services offered. BSE is the oldest and largest stock exchange in India, established in 1875, and provides various investor services and trading platforms. It calculates the SENSEX index based on the free-floating market capitalization of 30 component stocks relative to a base period.
This document discusses sources of finance for businesses. It describes short term and long term financial instruments. Long term financing is for capital requirements over 5-20 years and is used to fund fixed assets. Common long term sources include equity shares, preference shares, debentures, loans from banks and financial institutions, public deposits, bonds, mortgages, and venture funding. Short term financing is for less than 1 year and is used for working capital needs, with sources including loans, bills of exchange, treasury bills, commercial bills, overdrafts, certificates of deposit, and call money.
The document discusses the US mortgage market. It covers what mortgages are, common types of residential mortgages, institutions that provide and service loans, and the growth of the secondary mortgage market. Key developments include the creation of mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations, which helped securitize mortgages and spread risk across many homeowners.
An easy to understand guide to investing in securities like stocks, bonds and mutual funds for your financial future. This is material taken from chapter two of my book, "Figuring Out Wall Street".
This chapter discusses the valuation of bonds and shares. It explains the characteristics of different types of bonds and shares and how to value them using present value concepts. The chapter focuses on the linkage between share values, earnings, and dividends. It also covers bond valuation, including the impact of interest rate changes on bond prices. Credit ratings help assess the default risk of different bonds.
This chapter discusses the valuation of bonds and shares. It explains the characteristics of ordinary shares, preference shares, and bonds. It shows how present value concepts are used to value these securities. The chapter focuses on the price-earnings ratio and its proper and improper uses in valuation. It also covers the determinants of bond values such as maturity, yield to maturity, current yield, and sensitivity to interest rate changes.
The document discusses bond valuation and the impact of interest rate changes. It defines key bond valuation concepts like face value, yield to maturity, current yield, and pure discount bonds. It explains how to calculate the value of different bond types using present value formulas and discount rates. Finally, it shows that longer-term bonds have higher interest rate risk than shorter-term bonds, as their values fluctuate more with changes in market rates.
An informed decision and cautious approach with respect to Company Fixed deposits would ensure safety for one's money as well as lucrative returns. Hence this is an attempt to make an understanding of company Fixed Deposits
1) A bond is a debt instrument that provides periodic interest payments and returns the principal at maturity.
2) Key bond terms include face value, coupon rate, coupon payment, maturity date, and call and put provisions.
3) The document discusses how to calculate the cash flows of a bond and price bonds using present value techniques. It also covers different types of bonds like Treasuries, corporates, municipals, and zero-coupon bonds.
Duration analysis measures the average life of a financial instrument and how sensitive it is to interest rate changes. It involves comparing the duration of individual assets and liabilities, with duration defined as a weighted average lifetime that gives a direct measure of interest rate sensitivity. A bank's duration gap is determined by taking the difference between the duration of its assets and liabilities, using weighted averages of the durations. While duration gap analysis helps assess interest rate risk, it has limitations including difficulty finding assets and liabilities of exactly the same duration and uncertainty around cash flows from some accounts.
Mutual funds have advantages over individual stock picking such as professional management, risk diversification, and lower fees. However, mutual funds also have disadvantages like fees, lack of control, and restrictions on selling. Fixed deposits, bonds, and life insurance also have different risk and return profiles than mutual funds. Overall, mutual funds provide diversification while individual stocks have potential for higher returns but more risk.
This document provides information about a student group project on capital market instruments. It includes the names and roll numbers of the group members, a table of contents for the project, and sections describing different capital market instruments like equity shares, preference shares, debentures, and bonds. It also discusses the differences between equity and debt securities and concludes that the capital market plays an important role in economic development.
The document discusses commercial paper, which are short-term unsecured promissory notes issued by financially strong companies to raise funds for a period of up to one year. It explains what commercial paper is, who issues and invests in it, how it works, and provides an example of a company issuing commercial paper worth 50 crores. Commercial paper provides short-term funding to companies at lower interest rates than bank loans.
The National Stock Exchange of India (NSE) was established in 1992 as a leading stock exchange. It launched electronic screen-based trading in 1994 and operations in derivatives in 2000. Located in Mumbai, the NSE facilitates trading in multiple types of securities and derivatives for over 1,800 listed companies. Its goals include ensuring fair and transparent nationwide access to capital markets in India.
Stock market indices are useful tools for understanding market trends and performance. The BSE SENSEX tracks 30 major companies on the Bombay Stock Exchange, with its base value set at 100 in 1978-1979. It is calculated using each company's free float market capitalization. Similarly, the NIFTY index tracks 50 major National Stock Exchange companies, with its base year being 1995 and base value at 1000. Both indices are weighted averages and act as benchmarks for measuring portfolio and economic performance in India.
This document discusses different types of mutual funds. It begins with an introduction to mutual funds, explaining that they allow investors to pool money for investment in a basket of assets managed by professionals at low cost. The document then outlines the main types of mutual funds:
On the basis of lock-in period, funds are either open-ended, allowing entry and exit at any time, or closed-ended, with a minimum three-year lock-in.
Based on investment, the main types are equity funds (investing in stocks), ELSS funds (for tax benefits), debt funds, balanced funds (mixing equity and debt), and sectoral funds (focusing on a single industry). Equity funds include large
The document analyzes India's corporate bond market and suggests reforms. It notes that the corporate bond market is underdeveloped compared to the government bond market. Some key points:
- Corporate bonds make up a very small portion of India's domestic financial assets compared to other countries.
- Most corporate bond issuances are private placements rather than public issues. Trading is also over-the-counter rather than exchange-based.
- Reforms like removing taxes on corporate bonds, giving more flexibility to investors, and allowing corporate bonds to be used as collateral could help develop the market. Expanding securitization could also encourage retail investment.
The document discusses various bond valuation concepts like coupon rate, current yield, spot interest rate, yield to maturity, yield to call, and realized yield. It provides examples to calculate these measures and explains how bond prices are determined based on factors like interest rates, time to maturity, and cash flows. Bond duration is introduced as a measure of interest rate risk exposure, and bond risks from default and changes in interest rates are explained.
This chapter discusses different hedging strategies using futures. It explains that a perfect hedge fully eliminates price uncertainty while an imperfect hedge only reduces it. A long hedge is used when prices are expected to rise, while a short hedge hedges against falling prices. Basis risk exists when the asset and futures contract do not match in terms of underlying asset, timing or quantity. The hedge ratio determines the optimal number of futures contracts to use based on the volatility of the asset and futures contract prices.
Presentation On Mutual funds and its typesGurmeet Virk
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on mutual funds and their types. It defines a mutual fund as a trust that pools investor savings and invests in stocks, bonds, and other securities. It outlines the history of mutual funds in India in four phases from 1964 to the present. It also describes the different types of mutual funds based on maturity period (open-ended or closed-ended) and investment objectives (growth, income, balanced, money market, gilt, and index funds). Finally, it lists some major Indian mutual fund companies and the advantages of investing in mutual funds.
The document provides an overview of the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) in India, including its history, corporate structure, vision, trading sessions, key index (SENSEX), and services offered. BSE is the oldest and largest stock exchange in India, established in 1875, and provides various investor services and trading platforms. It calculates the SENSEX index based on the free-floating market capitalization of 30 component stocks relative to a base period.
This document discusses sources of finance for businesses. It describes short term and long term financial instruments. Long term financing is for capital requirements over 5-20 years and is used to fund fixed assets. Common long term sources include equity shares, preference shares, debentures, loans from banks and financial institutions, public deposits, bonds, mortgages, and venture funding. Short term financing is for less than 1 year and is used for working capital needs, with sources including loans, bills of exchange, treasury bills, commercial bills, overdrafts, certificates of deposit, and call money.
The document discusses the US mortgage market. It covers what mortgages are, common types of residential mortgages, institutions that provide and service loans, and the growth of the secondary mortgage market. Key developments include the creation of mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations, which helped securitize mortgages and spread risk across many homeowners.
An easy to understand guide to investing in securities like stocks, bonds and mutual funds for your financial future. This is material taken from chapter two of my book, "Figuring Out Wall Street".
This chapter discusses the valuation of bonds and shares. It explains the characteristics of different types of bonds and shares and how to value them using present value concepts. The chapter focuses on the linkage between share values, earnings, and dividends. It also covers bond valuation, including the impact of interest rate changes on bond prices. Credit ratings help assess the default risk of different bonds.
This chapter discusses the valuation of bonds and shares. It explains the characteristics of ordinary shares, preference shares, and bonds. It shows how present value concepts are used to value these securities. The chapter focuses on the price-earnings ratio and its proper and improper uses in valuation. It also covers the determinants of bond values such as maturity, yield to maturity, current yield, and sensitivity to interest rate changes.
The document discusses bond valuation and the impact of interest rate changes. It defines key bond valuation concepts like face value, yield to maturity, current yield, and pure discount bonds. It explains how to calculate the value of different bond types using present value formulas and discount rates. Finally, it shows that longer-term bonds have higher interest rate risk than shorter-term bonds, as their values fluctuate more with changes in market rates.
This document discusses the valuation of bonds and shares. It covers the fundamental characteristics of different types of shares and bonds, and how to value them using present value concepts. Key valuation methods discussed include yield to maturity, current yield, yield to call, and duration. The document also examines how bond values are affected by changes in interest rates and the term structure of interest rates. Different theories for the typical upward sloping yield curve are presented, including the expectation theory and liquidity premium theory.
Bonds and shares can be valued using various approaches such as book value, replacement value, liquidation value, and market value. Bond values are determined by factors like face value, interest rate, maturity, redemption value, and market yield. The yield to maturity considers interest payments and capital gains/losses, while current yield only considers annual interest. Duration measures a bond's price sensitivity to interest rate changes. The term structure of interest rates, as shown by the yield curve, can be normal upward sloping or inverted. The expectation, liquidity premium, and segmented markets theories seek to explain the typical upward sloping yield curve. Credit ratings factor in default risk.
BONDS, FEATURES OF BONDS, BOND VALUATION, MEASURING YIELD, ASSESSING RISK, TYPES OF LONG- TERM DEBT INSTRUMENTS, SERIAL BONDS, TYPES OF RISK, SEMI- ANNUAL BONDS, YIELD TO CALL, YIELD TO MATURITY, DEFAULT RISK & FACTORS AFFECTING DEFAULT RISK & BOND RATINGS, etc.
This document discusses various methods for measuring and managing interest rate risk, including interest rate sensitivity gap analysis and duration gap analysis. It defines interest rate sensitivity gap as the difference between interest rate sensitive assets and liabilities, and explains how a positive, negative, or zero gap impacts changes in net interest income from interest rate movements. It also introduces duration as a weighted measure of maturity that considers the timing of cash flows from assets and liabilities. The document provides examples of calculating weighted duration gaps for asset and liability portfolios, and the change in net worth from an interest rate increase. It notes limitations in using duration gap analysis for interest rate risk management.
The document discusses various topics related to bond valuation including:
1) Types of bonds and bond risks.
2) Methods of calculating bond yields like current yield, coupon yield, and yield to maturity.
3) Bond valuation techniques like calculating present value of future cash flows.
4) Factors that impact bond prices like coupon rate, maturity, and yield.
W E B E X T E N S I O N 5CA Closer Look at Bond RiskDurat.docxdickonsondorris
W E B E X T E N S I O N 5C
A Closer Look at Bond Risk:
Duration
T his extension explains how to manage the risk of a bond portfolio using the con-cept of duration.
5.1 BOND RISK
In our discussion of bond valuation in Chapter 5, we discussed interest rate and rein-
vestment rate risk. Interest rate (price) risk is the risk that the price of a debt secu-
rity will fall as a result of increases in interest rates, and reinvestment rate risk is the
risk of earning a less than expected return when debt principal or interest payments
are reinvested at rates that are lower than the original yield to maturity.
To illustrate how to reduce interest rate and reinvestment rate risks, we will consider
a firm that is obligated to pay a worker a lump-sum retirement benefit of $10,000 at the
end of 10 years. Assume that the yield curve is horizontal, the current interest rate on all
Treasury securities is 9%, and the type of security used to fund the retirement benefit is
Treasury bonds. The present value of $10,000, discounted back 10 years at 9%, is
$10,000(0.4224) = $4,224. Therefore, the firm could invest $4,224 in Treasury bonds
and expect to be able to meet its obligation 10 years hence.1
Suppose, however, that interest rates change from the current 9% rate immedi-
ately after the firm has bought the Treasury bonds. How will this affect the situation?
The answer is, “It all depends.” If rates fall, then the value of the bonds in the port-
folio will rise, but this benefit will be offset to a greater or lesser degree by a decline
in the rate at which the coupon payment of 0.09($4,224) = $380.16 can be reinvested.
The reverse would hold if interest rates rose above 9%. Here are some examples (for
simplicity, we assume annual coupons).
1. The firm buys $4,224 of 9%, 10-year maturity bonds; rates fall to 7% immediately
after the purchase and remain at that level:
Portfolio value at
the end of 10 years
¼
Future value of
10 interest payments
of $380:16 each
compounded at 7%
þ Maturity
value
¼ $5; 252 þ $4; 224
¼ $9; 476
Therefore, the firm cannot meet its $10,000 obligation, and it must contribute
additional funds.
1For the sake of simplicity, we assume that the firm can buy a fraction of a bond.
1
2. The firm buys $4,224 of 9%, 40-year bonds; rates fall to 7% immediately after the
purchase and remain at that level:
Portfolio value at
the end of 10 years
¼ $5; 252 þ
Value of
30-year
9% bonds
when rd ¼ 7%
¼ $5; 252 þ $5; 272
¼ $10; 524
In this situation, the firm has excess capital at the end of the 10-year period.
3. The firm buys $4,224 of 9%, 10-year bonds; rates rise to 12% immediately after the
purchase and remain at that level:
Portfolio value at
the end of 10 years
¼
Future value of
10 interest payments
of $380:16 each
compounded at 12%
þ Maturity
value
¼ $6; 671 þ $4; 224
¼ $10; 895
This situation also produces a funding surplus.
4. The firm buys $4,224 of 9%, 40-year bonds; rates rise to 12% immediately after the
purchase a ...
This document provides an overview and learning goals for a lecture on interest rates and bonds. It discusses key concepts like the term structure of interest rates, bond yields, prices, and types. It also covers bond valuation basics, factors that influence interest rates, and theories of the term structure. Examples are provided to illustrate expectations theory and the impact of inflation on interest rates. The document reviews corporate bond features, costs, and ratings. Tables present bond characteristics, issuer risks, and rating scales.
This chapter discusses bond valuation and investment strategies. It covers how to calculate the value of a bond using present value calculations. It also discusses yield calculations, interest rate risk measured by duration and convexity, and the characteristics of different types of bonds. The chapter concludes with various bond investment strategies such as laddering bonds of different maturities or using a barbell approach of both short and long term bonds.
Chapter 03_What Do Interest Rates Mean and What Is Their Role in Valuation?Rusman Mukhlis
This chapter discusses interest rates and their role in valuation. It defines key terms like yield to maturity, which is the most accurate measure of interest rates. It examines how to measure and understand different interest rates, the distinction between real and nominal rates, and the relationship between interest rates and returns. It also covers how the concept of present value is used to evaluate debt instruments and how duration is used to measure interest rate risk.
The document discusses bond valuation and interest rates. It defines key bond concepts like yield to maturity and explains how spot and forward rates are used to value pure discount bonds. The document also explores yield curves and theories for why they take different shapes. Additional topics covered include credit risk, bond ratings, junk bonds, and embedded options in bonds like calls, conversions, and their impact on convertible bond valuation.
The document discusses various methods for valuing bonds and stocks.
For bond valuation, it describes methods such as liquidation value, going concern value, book value, market value, and intrinsic value. It also provides formulas for calculating bond prices based on coupon rate, principal, time to maturity, and required yield.
For stock valuation, it outlines the constant growth model and two-stage growth model. It gives examples of calculating intrinsic stock prices based on expected future dividends, required rates of return, and long-term growth rates.
The document provides exercises calculating bond prices, yields to maturity, and stock prices using the various valuation methods and formulas presented.
A bond is a tradable debt instrument that represents a loan made by an investor to an issuer. Bonds pay periodic interest payments and return the principal at maturity. Bonds offer safety, reliable income, potential for capital gains, and tax advantages compared to stocks. Adding bonds to a stock portfolio can lower risk through diversification while lowering expected returns. The value of a bond is determined by its coupon rate, face value, time to maturity, and required yield.
This document provides an overview of bonds and bond valuation. It defines bonds as debt instruments issued by corporations or governments to borrow money. An example is provided of a corporate bond issued by Coca-Cola, including details of the coupon rate, face value, and coupon payments. The document discusses how to value bonds using present value techniques and discounting at the yield to maturity. It also covers bond features such as call provisions and bond ratings. Bond markets, inflation, and interest rates are discussed as well, including the relationship between nominal and real interest rates as defined by the Fisher effect.
EDITED chapter 6 interest rates and bond valuation.pptMei Miraflor
This document provides an overview of key concepts related to interest rates, bond valuation, and corporate bonds. It includes definitions of important terms like nominal interest rate, yield curve, bond features, and bond valuation. Learning goals are outlined for understanding interest rate fundamentals, bond legal aspects, bond pricing, and valuation models. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like expectations theory of the yield curve and calculating bond yields.
This document discusses various concepts related to bond valuation including:
- Bonds provide periodic interest payments and repayment of face value at maturity as cash flows for valuation.
- Key bond features that impact valuation are coupon rate, maturity date, par/face value, current yield.
- Bond prices are sensitive to changes in market interest rates, with prices falling when rates rise.
- Bond valuation involves discounting the coupon payments and face value repayment to their present value using the required rate of return.
The document provides examples of calculating bond prices and yields using time value of money concepts. It also briefly discusses common stock valuation based on dividend payments and expected future sale price.
The document discusses various methods for valuing bonds and stocks, including using the time value of money to calculate bond prices based on coupon rates, maturity dates, and yield curves, as well as dividend models and comparable firm multiples to estimate the value of common stock based on factors like earnings, dividends, growth rates, and risk. It also provides examples of applying these valuation techniques and defines related terms.
Asset liability management (ALM) is a process for managing a bank's assets and liabilities to maintain liquidity and net interest income. It aims to stabilize profits and the bank's financial position over time by managing factors like interest rate risk from differences between rate-sensitive assets and liabilities. Regulators require banks to analyze gaps between asset and liability maturity profiles and interest rate sensitivities to manage these risks. Liquidity risk, from insufficient funds to meet withdrawals, is also a key risk managed under ALM.
The valuation of bonds ppt @ bec doms financeBabasab Patil
The document discusses the valuation and characteristics of bonds. It covers the basis of bond valuation using present value of expected cash flows. It also discusses bond terminology like maturity, coupon rate, and yield. Bond valuation considers factors like interest rates, time to maturity, coupon payments, and principal repayment. The price of a bond moves in the opposite direction of interest rates.
Similar to Ch_03 - Valuation of Bonds and Sahres.ppt (20)
This document discusses options and their valuation. It begins by defining options as contracts that give the holder the right to buy or sell an asset at an agreed price by a specified date. The main types of options are calls, which are rights to buy assets, and puts, which are rights to sell assets. The document then discusses factors that determine an option's value such as the exercise price, underlying asset price, volatility, time to expiration and interest rates. It also introduces the binomial tree approach and Black-Scholes model for valuing options.
Ch_06 - Beta Estimation and The Cost of Equity.pptkemboies
This document discusses beta estimation and the cost of equity. It defines beta using the market model and direct method. It explains how beta is estimated in practice using regression analysis. Factors that influence beta are also examined, including operating leverage, financial leverage, and the nature of a company's business. The relationship between asset beta and equity beta is explained for levered firms. Finally, the document shows how the capital asset pricing model uses beta to determine the cost of equity.
Ch_05 - Risk and Return Valuation Theory.pptkemboies
This chapter discusses portfolio theory and asset pricing models. It introduces concepts such as portfolio risk and return, systematic and unsystematic risk, the efficient frontier, and the capital asset pricing model (CAPM). CAPM holds that the expected return of an asset is determined by its sensitivity to non-diversifiable market risk (beta) and the expected market return. The chapter also covers the arbitrage pricing theory, which attributes an asset's return to multiple systematic factors rather than just one market factor.
This document discusses key concepts related to risk and return in capital markets including:
- Defining average and expected rates of return as well as measuring risk through variance and standard deviation.
- Calculating historical average returns for different securities and comparing their risks and returns.
- Explaining how expected return incorporates probabilities and how risk preferences impact investment decisions.
- Introducing the normal distribution and how it relates to modeling returns.
This chapter discusses key concepts related to the time value of money including present value, future value, compounding, discounting, and internal rate of return. It defines time preference for money and explains how to calculate future and present values for lump sums, annuities, perpetuities, and uneven cash flows using compound interest formulas. The chapter also introduces the net present value method and defines internal rate of return.
Ch_01 - Nature of Financial Management.pptkemboies
The document discusses the key functions and goals of financial management. It explains that the main functions include investment, financing, dividend, and liquidity decisions. The primary goal is typically viewed as maximizing shareholder wealth by maximizing the net present value of the firm's projects. However, objections to profit maximization include that it is vague, ignores timing and risk, and assumes perfect competition. Instead, shareholder wealth maximization accounts for timing, risk, and measures benefits in terms of cash flows.
Ch_05 - Risk and Return Valuation Theory.pptkemboies
This chapter discusses portfolio theory and asset pricing models. It introduces concepts such as portfolio risk and return, systematic and unsystematic risk, the efficient frontier, and the capital asset pricing model (CAPM). The chapter objectives are to discuss portfolio risk and return, examine the logic of portfolio theory, show how CAPM is used to value securities, and explain the arbitrage pricing theory (APT). Key models covered include the minimum variance portfolio, capital market line, security market line, and the arbitrage pricing theory as an alternative to CAPM.
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L'indice de performance des ports à conteneurs de l'année 2023SPATPortToamasina
Une évaluation comparable de la performance basée sur le temps d'escale des navires
L'objectif de l'ICPP est d'identifier les domaines d'amélioration qui peuvent en fin de compte bénéficier à toutes les parties concernées, des compagnies maritimes aux gouvernements nationaux en passant par les consommateurs. Il est conçu pour servir de point de référence aux principaux acteurs de l'économie mondiale, notamment les autorités et les opérateurs portuaires, les gouvernements nationaux, les organisations supranationales, les agences de développement, les divers intérêts maritimes et d'autres acteurs publics et privés du commerce, de la logistique et des services de la chaîne d'approvisionnement.
Le développement de l'ICPP repose sur le temps total passé par les porte-conteneurs dans les ports, de la manière expliquée dans les sections suivantes du rapport, et comme dans les itérations précédentes de l'ICPP. Cette quatrième itération utilise des données pour l'année civile complète 2023. Elle poursuit le changement introduit l'année dernière en n'incluant que les ports qui ont eu un minimum de 24 escales valides au cours de la période de 12 mois de l'étude. Le nombre de ports inclus dans l'ICPP 2023 est de 405.
Comme dans les éditions précédentes de l'ICPP, la production du classement fait appel à deux approches méthodologiques différentes : une approche administrative, ou technique, une méthodologie pragmatique reflétant les connaissances et le jugement des experts ; et une approche statistique, utilisant l'analyse factorielle (AF), ou plus précisément la factorisation matricielle. L'utilisation de ces deux approches vise à garantir que le classement des performances des ports à conteneurs reflète le plus fidèlement possible les performances réelles des ports, tout en étant statistiquement robuste.
NIMA2024 | De toegevoegde waarde van DEI en ESG in campagnes | Nathalie Lam |...BBPMedia1
Nathalie zal delen hoe DEI en ESG een fundamentele rol kunnen spelen in je merkstrategie en je de juiste aansluiting kan creëren met je doelgroep. Door middel van voorbeelden en simpele handvatten toont ze hoe dit in jouw organisatie toegepast kan worden.
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