The document summarizes key concepts about the hydrosphere, water cycle, oceans, ocean currents, fresh water, ground water, atmosphere, air pressure, layers of the atmosphere, and the greenhouse effect. It explains that water constantly circulates between the atmosphere, geosphere, and hydrosphere through evaporation, condensation, and precipitation in the water cycle. The three main layers of the atmosphere are also defined based on how temperature and pressure change with altitude.
This was my presentation for my grand demonstration teaching. If you want to see my lesson plan for this topic just click the link. http://www.slideshare.net/ubuntu0125/detailed-lesson-plan-earths-atmosphere
Grade- 7 Geography 4. composition and structure of airNavya Rai
Atmosphere: An atmosphere is a layer of air surrounding our planet Earth.
All living beings on this earth depend on the atmosphere for their survival.
It is this mass of air that has made the temperature on the earth livable.
This was my presentation for my grand demonstration teaching. If you want to see my lesson plan for this topic just click the link. http://www.slideshare.net/ubuntu0125/detailed-lesson-plan-earths-atmosphere
Grade- 7 Geography 4. composition and structure of airNavya Rai
Atmosphere: An atmosphere is a layer of air surrounding our planet Earth.
All living beings on this earth depend on the atmosphere for their survival.
It is this mass of air that has made the temperature on the earth livable.
Meteorology-a student's report( a compilation of facts from books,internet,jo...John Allen Marilla
it is a summary of the topic about t6he atmosphere..... all information written are not words of the maker but are compilations only from various book,journal,internet sources... this makes learning about the atmosphere for freshmen easier,,,
ATMOSPHERE ENVIRONMENT
PRESENTORS ::
>> Cuevas, Jennifer
>> Doble, Rogin
>> Gutierrez, Arlene
>> Marasigan, Debie Joy
>> Sibuan, Andrew
The Atmosphere Environment
This chapter discusses:
The significance of the Atmosphere
The composition of the Atmosphere
The layers of the atmosphere
The Atmospheric Circulation
Importance
Atmosphere – a thin layer of air that forms a protective covering around Earth.
It keeps Earth’s temperature in a range that can support life.
It also care for life-forms from some of the Sun’s harmful rays.
The Composition of Atmosphere
The Atmosphere** layer of gas that surrounds Earth more commonly known as “air”.
Atmosphere. How do you know its there
Is this “air” that surrounds us considered matter? Does it weigh anything? How do you know?
Think about it and decide on an answer.
Talk in groups with the person who sits by you
Be ready to tell the class what you decided and why.
Weight of the atmosphere
Gases are in the atmosphere.
They are things we learned about in the periodic table: Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen
It is matter! Sound can travel through it.
Even though you can’t see them, Atoms make up gases.
Are some atoms bigger than others?
Are their atomic weights all the same?
Helium vs. Carbon Dioxide
Do you think of helium as light and floating or heavy and falling?
Do you think about Carbon Dioxide as light and floating or heavy and falling….think about the gas released from dry ice… does it go up or down?
Weight of the atmosphere
Gases are in the atmosphere.
They are things we learned about in the periodic table: Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen
It is matter! Sound can travel through it.
Even though you can’t see them, Atoms make up gases.
Are some atoms bigger than others?
Are their atomic weights all the same?
Helium vs. Carbon Dioxide
Do you think of helium as light and floating or heavy and falling?
Do you think about Carbon Dioxide as light and floating or heavy and falling….think about the gas released from dry ice… does it go up or down?
Weight of the atmosphere
Gases are in the atmosphere.
They are things we learned about in the periodic table: Nitrogen, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen
It is matter! Sound can travel through it.
Even though you can’t see them, Atoms make up gases.
Are some atoms bigger than others?
Are their atomic weights all the same?
Helium vs. Carbon Dioxide
Do you think of helium as light and floating or heavy and falling?
Do you think about Carbon Dioxide as light and floating or heavy and falling….think about the gas released from dry ice… does it go up or down?
Importance of Atmosphere –
Physical and chemical characteristics of Atmosphere –
Vertical structure of the atmosphere –
Composition of the atmosphere –
Temperature profile of the atmosphere –
Lapse rates –
Temperature inversion –
Effects of inversion on pollution dispersion.
Atmospheric stability
Earth’s atmosphere is a thin blanket of gases and tiny particles — together called air.
Atmosphere is the air surrounding the earth.
The Earth’s atmosphere is a mixture of gases and water vapour, and also of some amount of aerosols (dust, smoke, condensation products of vapor)
It contains life-giving gases like Oxygen for humans and animals and carbon dioxide for plants.
It envelops the earth all round and is held in place by the gravity of the earth.
It helps in stopping the ultraviolet rays harmful to the life and maintains the suitable temperature necessary for life.
Chapter 4THE ATMOSPHERE14.1 THE ATMOSPHERE4.1.1 .docxchristinemaritza
Chapter 4
THE ATMOSPHERE
1
4.1 THE ATMOSPHERE
4.1.1 INTRODUCTION
The atmosphere, the gaseous layer that surrounds the earth, formed over four billion years ago. During
the evolution of the solid earth, volcanic eruptions released gases into the developing atmosphere. Assuming
the outgasing was similar to that of modern volcanoes, the gases released included: water vapor (H2O),
carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrochloric acid (HCl), methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3),
nitrogen (N2) and sulfur gases. The atmosphere was reducing because there was no free oxygen. Most of
the hydrogen and helium that outgassed would have eventually escaped into outer space due to the inability
of the earth's gravity to hold on to their small masses. There may have also been signi�cant contributions
of volatiles from the massive meteoritic bombardments known to have occurred early in the earth's history.
Water vapor in the atmosphere condensed and rained down, eventually forming lakes and oceans. The
oceans provided homes for the earliest organisms which were probably similar to cyanobacteria. Oxygen
was released into the atmosphere by these early organisms, and carbon became sequestered in sedimentary
rocks. This led to our current oxidizing atmosphere, which is mostly comprised of nitrogen (roughly 71
percent) and oxygen (roughly 28 percent). Water vapor, argon and carbon dioxide together comprise a
much smaller fraction (roughly 1 percent). The atmosphere also contains several gases in trace amounts,
such as helium, neon, methane and nitrous oxide. One very important trace gas is ozone, which absorbs
harmful UV radiation from the sun.
4.1.2 ATMOSPHERIC STRUCTURE
The earth's atmosphere extends outward to about 1,000 kilometers where it transitions to interplanetary
space. However, most of the mass of the atmosphere (greater than 99 percent) is located within the �rst
40 kilometers. The sun and the earth are the main sources of radiant energy in the atmosphere. The
sun's radiation spans the infrared, visible and ultraviolet light regions, while the earth's radiation is mostly
infrared.
The vertical temperature pro�le of the atmosphere is variable and depends upon the types of radiation
that a�ect each atmospheric layer. This, in turn, depends upon the chemical composition of that layer
(mostly involving trace gases). Based on these factors, the atmosphere can be divided into four distinct
layers: the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere.
The troposphere is the atmospheric layer closest to the earth's surface. It extends about 8 - 16 kilometers
from the earth's surface. The thickness of the layer varies a few km according to latitude and the season of
the year. It is thicker near the equator and during the summer, and thinner near the poles and during the
1This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m16687/1.2/>.
Available for free at Connexions <http://cnx.org/content/col10548/1.2>
15
16 CHAPTER 4. THE ATMOS ...
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
2. The Earth Is A System Everything on the planet is integrated. There are 4 main parts: Geosphere (Rock) Atmosphere (Air) Hydrosphere (Water) Biosphere (Living Things) Each of these parts overlaps the other!
3.
4. The Hydrosphere Extends from the bottom of the Ocean to the tops of the clouds in the Atmosphere. The Hydrosphere is 29km tall! Covers ¾ of the planet! The water in the Hydrosphere is constantly moving between the Atmosphere, the Geosphere, and back to the Hydrosphere.
5. The Water Cycle There are 3 ways water can move: Evaporation= Liquid water is heated by the sun until it turns to water vapor and rises into the Atmosphere. Condensation = Water vapor cools around dust particles and collects in groups. Precipitation= Falling water drops enter the Geosphere or Hydrosphere.
6.
7. Oceans Each Ocean is connected to the other Oceans of the planet. Ocean water has Sodium and Chlorine that make it salty. Salinity = concentration of dissolved mineral salt. The oceans have a range of temperatures! All oceans have currents of warm or cold water moving through them.
8. Ocean Temperatures The surface of the ocean is warmed by the sun. the sun cannot reach all the way to the bottom! As you travel down, the water reaches the freezing point. There are 3 layers based on temperature: Surface Zone/Mixed Layer= Top 100-200m. Warm! Thermocline= A band 50-100m wide of decreasing temperature. Deep Zone= 500m down. Water is just above freezing!
9.
10. Temperature Regulation The most important job of the Ocean is to regulate the Earth’s temperature! The Ocean absorbs heat energy and slowly releases it. The Ocean can absorb half of the energy coming from the sun every day. Ocean water that is heated up always starts to move……
12. Ocean Currents Water moves in 2 ways in the Ocean: 1. Wind Driven= Surface Currents. These currents can be hot or cold water. They always change the climate of the land they pass! They transport hot or cold water thousands of miles. 2. Temperature Driven= Deep Currents. These currents are always COLD. They move slowly along the ocean floor. Their movement down and away, allows warm water to continue circulating.
15. Fresh Water 3% of the water on Earth is Fresh Water. 2% is locked up in Glaciers and Ice Caps. The remaining 1% is in: Lakes /Rivers The Atmosphere Ground Water Most Fresh Water moves around in River Systems.
16. Ground Water Less than 1% of the water on Earth is Ground Water. All water that falls as precipitation has a chance of becoming trapped in the Ground Water. Aquifers = Rock layers that store water. Recharge Zone= Surface area above an Aquifer where water collects and enters the Aquifer. Greene County has it’s own Aquifer!
25. The Atmosphere! The Atmosphere is made of: 78% Nitrogen 21% Oxygen 1% Everything else! The Atmosphere is constantly changing. Gasses are being added and taken away. The Atmosphere serves as a “safety blanket” for the Earth.
26. The Atmosphere! The Atmosphere is made of: __________________ __________________ 1% Everything else! The Atmosphere is ___________________. Gasses are being added and taken away. The Atmosphere serves as a “_____________” for the Earth.
27. Composition Nitrogen enters the atmosphere when: Volcanoes erupt. Organic material decays. Oxygen enters the atmosphere when: Produced by plants! Other gasses include: Argon, Methane, Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor. Atmospheric Dust is an essential part. It is made of dirt, ash, smoke, aerosols, ect.
28. Composition _________ enters the atmosphere when: _____________erupt. Organic material _____________. ___________ enters the atmosphere when: Produced by ________! Other gasses include: ___________________________________________. ____________________is an essential part. It is made of ______, ash, smoke, aerosols, ect.
30. Air Pressure The atmosphere is constantly being pulled towards the Earth’s surface by gravity. This means there are more molecules near the ground. Because there are more molecules, there is more pressure from them Most of the mass of the atmosphere is located within 30km of the ground. Air pressure is highest at the Earth’s surface. If you climb a mountain, air pressure goes down because there are less molecules.
31. Air Pressure The atmosphere is constantly being pulled ____________the Earth’s surface by _________. This means there are more molecules near the ____________. Because there are more molecules, there is more ___________ from them Most of the ______of the atmosphere is located within 30km of the ground. Air pressure is ________ at the Earth’s surface. If you climb a mountain, air pressure goes down because there are ____________.
33. Layers of the Atmosphere The Atmosphere has 4 layers. Each is divided based on a combination of: Temperature Pressure Distance from the Earth’s surface.
34. Layers of the Atmosphere The Atmosphere has _______layers. Each is divided based on a combination of: __________________ ________________ _________________ from the Earth’s surface.
37. The Troposphere Closest to the Earth’s surface. 18km tall. As altitude increases: Temperature decreases. Pressure decreases. All weather happens in this layer. Has the highest air pressure. Densest layer.
38. The Troposphere Closest to the Earth’s surface. __________ tall. As altitude increases: __________ decreases. __________ decreases. All _________ happens in this layer. Has the highest air pressure. __________ layer.
40. The Stratosphere Extends from 18km to 50km. As altitude increases temperature rises. Contains the Ozone layer! Ozone absorbs UV rays from the sun. This causes the temperature rise. If the Ozone was not protecting us, we would quickly be damaged by the UV radiation.
41. The Stratosphere Extends from _____km to ___km. As altitude increases ______________ rises. Contains the _________ layer! Ozone absorbs __________from the sun. This causes the temperature ________. If the Ozone was not protecting us, we would quickly be ______ by the _______________.
43. The Mesosphere The coldest layer of the atmosphere! As altitude increases, temperature decreases. Meteorites burn up in this layer. We actually know very little about the Mesosphere! Planes cannot fly this high. Rockets cannot fly this low. There are ‘waves’ of atmosphere that travel through this layer.
44. The Mesosphere The _________ layer of the atmosphere! As altitude increases, temperature _________. __________ burn up in this layer. We actually know ___________about the Mesosphere! Planes cannot fly this high. Rockets cannot fly this low. There are ‘_______’ of atmosphere that travel through this layer.
45. The Thermosphere The lowest section is called the Ionosphere. Full of electrically charged ions! These ions usually radiate light in the form of our Northern Lights. As altitude increases, temperature increases. Nitrogen and Oxygen atoms absorb solar radiation. The temperature is 2,000C Because the density is so low, the air doesn’t feel hot!
46. The Thermosphere The lowest section is called the ___________. Full of ___________________ions! These ions usually radiate __________ in the form of our Northern Lights. As altitude increases, ____________________. _______ and ______ atoms absorb solar radiation. The temperature is __________ Because the density is so _______, the air doesn’t ____________!
47. Energy Movement There are 3 ways energy can move: Radiation: transfer of energy across space. Conduction: transfer of energy through direct physical contact. Convection: transfer of energy by air currents. When solar radiation hits the atmosphere, any of the 3 movements can happen.
48. Energy Movement There are 3 ways energy can move: _________: transfer of energy across ________. _________: transfer of energy through _________________________ ________: transfer of energy by _____________. When solar radiation hits the atmosphere, any of the 3 movements can happen.
49. What happens to solar radiation? 20% absorbed by ozone, clouds, and atmospheric gasses. 5% reflected by Earth’s surface. 25% Scattered and reflected by clouds and air. 50% absorbed by Earth’s surface.
50. Weather Air is constantly moving up, down, and sideways. Less dense air gets warmed by the sun and rises. Dense cool air sinks towards the ground. Eventually, they create a circular current called a Convection Current. Clouds form when warm moist air rises and suddenly cools.
51. Weather Air is constantly moving __________________ _____________. ______ dense air gets warmed by the sun and ______. _________air sinks towards the ground. Eventually, they create a circular current called a ____________________. Clouds form when warm moist air __________________________________
52. The Greenhouse Effect The Ozone layer acts exactly like a glass window. Unlimited energy can come in. No energy can go out! If The Greenhouse effect did not exist, Earth could not support life. If the Greenhouse effect becomes too strong, the Earth won’t be able to keep supporting life!
53. The Greenhouse Effect The Ozone layer acts exactly like a ________________. ___________________can come in. ________ energy can go out! If The Greenhouse effect did not exist, Earth could not ____________. If the Greenhouse effect becomes ________, the Earth won’t be able to ____________ ____________________.