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6
Lesson 6.1: Overview of the Nervous System
Lesson 6.2: Transmission of Nerve Impulses
Lesson 6.3: Functional Anatomy of the Central
Nervous System
Lesson 6.4: Functional Anatomy of the Peripheral
Nervous System
Lesson 6.5: Injuries and Disorders of the
Nervous System
The Nervous
System
Lesson 6.1
Overview of the
Nervous System
Chapter 6: The Nervous System
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
• organization of the nervous system
– two major divisions
– the efferent nerves
• nervous tissues
– neuroglia
– neurons
Nervous System Overview
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
• two major divisions
– central nervous system (CNS)
– peripheral nervous system (PNS)
• sensory receptors
• afferent (sensory) nerves
• efferent (motor) nerves
Organization of the Nervous System
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Two Major Divisions
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
• somatic nervous system
– voluntary
• autonomic nervous system
– involuntary
– sympathetic
– parasympathetic
The Efferent Nerves
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
• neuroglia
– also known as glial cells
– support the neurons
– protect the neurons
• neurons
– transmit nerve impulses
Nervous Tissues
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
• central nervous system
– astrocytes
– microglia
– ependymal
– oligodendrocytes
Neuroglia
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
• peripheral nervous system
– Schwann cells
– satellite cells
Neuroglia
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
• dendrites
– send information to cell body
• cell bodies
• axons
– send information away from cell body
Neurons
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
• sensory neurons
– send impulses toward CNS
• motor neurons
– send impulses away from CNS
• interneurons
– bridges between neurons
Neuron Types by Function
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
• bipolar
– one axon
and one
dendrite
Neuron Structures
• multipolar
– one axon
and many
dendrites
• unipolar
– one axon
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Match these words with 1–4 below: sympathetic
nervous system, myelin, synapse, axon.
1. high alert
2. transmits impulses away from cell body
3. fatty insulating material
4. gap between neurons
Review and Assessment
Lesson 6.2
Transmission of
Nerve Impulses
Chapter 6: The Nervous System
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
• action potentials
– change in cell membrane charge
• impulse transmission
– charge change travels along axon
• reflexes
– involuntary response to stimulus
Transmission of Nerve Impulses
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
• polarized
• depolarized
• repolarized
• refractory period
Action Potentials
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
• saltatory conduction
• transmission at synapses
– gap junctions
– neurotransmitter
– excitatory effect
– inhibitory effect
Impulse Transmission
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
• saltatory conduction
• transmission at synapses
– gap junctions
– neurotransmitter
– excitatory effect
– inhibitory effect
Impulse Transmission
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
• somatic
– stimulate skeletal muscles
• autonomic
– stimulate involuntary muscles
Reflexes
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Fill in the blanks with: reflexes, saltatory conduction,
neurotransmitter, or action potential.
1. A(n) _______________ is an all or none
response.
2. _______________ occurs only in myelinated
axons.
3. _______________ are rapid, involuntary
responses.
4. The axon terminal has tiny vesicles filled with
_______________.
Review and Assessment
Lesson 6.3
Functional Anatomy of the
Central Nervous System
Chapter 6: The Nervous System
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
• cerebrum
• diencephalon
• brain stem
• cerebellum
• meninges
• blood-brain barrier
The Brain
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
• cerebral cortex
– gyrus
– sulcus
– fissure
• lobes
– frontal
– parietal
– occipital
– temporal
• primary motor cortex
• primary somatic sensory cortex
Cerebrum
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Cerebrum
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Cerebrum
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Cerebrum
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
• thalamus
• hypothalamus
• epithalamus
Diencephalon
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
• midbrain
• pons
• medulla oblongata
Brain Stem
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
• cerebellum
• blood-brain
barrier
The Brain
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
• cerebellum
• blood-brain barrier
The Brain
• meninges
– dura mater
– arachnoid mater
– pia mater
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Spinal Cord
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
True or False?
1. The gyri divide the brain into 4 regions.
2. The hypothalamus regulates blood pressure.
3. The meninges has 3 layers.
4. The cerebellum coordinates balance.
5. The pons is also called the interbrain.
Review and Assessment
Lesson 6.4
Functional Anatomy
of the Peripheral
Nervous System
Chapter 6: The Nervous System
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
• nerve structure
• cranial nerves
• spinal nerves and nerve plexuses
• autonomic nervous system
Functional Anatomy of the Peripheral
Nervous System
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
• endoneurium
– covers axons
• perineurium
– bundles fascicles
• epineurium
– wraps nerves
Nerve Structure
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Cranial Nerves
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Cranial Nerves
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
• 31 pairs
• dorsal root
• ventral root
• dorsal ramus
• ventral ramus
• plexuses
Spinal Nerves and Nerve Plexuses
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
• preganglionic and postganglionic neurons
• sympathetic nerves
– fight-or-flight action
• parasympathetic nerves
– resting or digesting action
Autonomic Nervous System
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Autonomic Nervous System
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Match these words with 1–4 below: efferent,
ganglion, optic, perineurium.
1. wraps fascicles
2. motor
3. a cranial nerve
4. enlarged junction
Review and Assessment
Lesson 6.5
Injuries and Disorders of
the Nervous System
Chapter 6: The Nervous System
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
• traumatic brain injury
• cerebral palsy
• spinal cord injury
Injuries to the Brain and Spinal Cord
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
• violent impact to head
– mild
– moderate
– severe
Traumatic Brain Injury
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
• damage to brain
– before birth
– during birth
– during infancy
• motor function impairment
Cerebral Palsy
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
• C1–C3: usually fatal
• C1–C4: quadriplegia
• C5–C7: paralysis of lower extremities
• T1–L5: paraplegia
Spinal Cord Injuries
Corepics/Shutterstock.com
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
• meningitis
• multiple sclerosis
• epilepsy
• Parkinson’s disease
• dementia and Alzheimer’s disease
Common Diseases and Disorders of the
CNS
Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.
© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.
Match these words with 1–4 below: quadriplegia,
multiple sclerosis, dementia, cerebral palsy.
1. inflammation destroys myelin sheath
2. loss of memory and thinking
3. loss of function below the neck
4. may begin before birth
Review and Assessment

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Ch 06 PPT student presentation.pdf

  • 1. 6 Lesson 6.1: Overview of the Nervous System Lesson 6.2: Transmission of Nerve Impulses Lesson 6.3: Functional Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Lesson 6.4: Functional Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System Lesson 6.5: Injuries and Disorders of the Nervous System The Nervous System
  • 2. Lesson 6.1 Overview of the Nervous System Chapter 6: The Nervous System
  • 3. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. • organization of the nervous system – two major divisions – the efferent nerves • nervous tissues – neuroglia – neurons Nervous System Overview
  • 4. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. • two major divisions – central nervous system (CNS) – peripheral nervous system (PNS) • sensory receptors • afferent (sensory) nerves • efferent (motor) nerves Organization of the Nervous System
  • 5. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Two Major Divisions
  • 6. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. • somatic nervous system – voluntary • autonomic nervous system – involuntary – sympathetic – parasympathetic The Efferent Nerves
  • 7. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. • neuroglia – also known as glial cells – support the neurons – protect the neurons • neurons – transmit nerve impulses Nervous Tissues
  • 8. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. • central nervous system – astrocytes – microglia – ependymal – oligodendrocytes Neuroglia
  • 9. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. • peripheral nervous system – Schwann cells – satellite cells Neuroglia
  • 10. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. • dendrites – send information to cell body • cell bodies • axons – send information away from cell body Neurons
  • 11. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. • sensory neurons – send impulses toward CNS • motor neurons – send impulses away from CNS • interneurons – bridges between neurons Neuron Types by Function
  • 12. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. • bipolar – one axon and one dendrite Neuron Structures • multipolar – one axon and many dendrites • unipolar – one axon
  • 13. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Match these words with 1–4 below: sympathetic nervous system, myelin, synapse, axon. 1. high alert 2. transmits impulses away from cell body 3. fatty insulating material 4. gap between neurons Review and Assessment
  • 14. Lesson 6.2 Transmission of Nerve Impulses Chapter 6: The Nervous System
  • 15. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. • action potentials – change in cell membrane charge • impulse transmission – charge change travels along axon • reflexes – involuntary response to stimulus Transmission of Nerve Impulses
  • 16. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. • polarized • depolarized • repolarized • refractory period Action Potentials
  • 17. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. • saltatory conduction • transmission at synapses – gap junctions – neurotransmitter – excitatory effect – inhibitory effect Impulse Transmission
  • 18. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. • saltatory conduction • transmission at synapses – gap junctions – neurotransmitter – excitatory effect – inhibitory effect Impulse Transmission
  • 19. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. • somatic – stimulate skeletal muscles • autonomic – stimulate involuntary muscles Reflexes
  • 20. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Fill in the blanks with: reflexes, saltatory conduction, neurotransmitter, or action potential. 1. A(n) _______________ is an all or none response. 2. _______________ occurs only in myelinated axons. 3. _______________ are rapid, involuntary responses. 4. The axon terminal has tiny vesicles filled with _______________. Review and Assessment
  • 21. Lesson 6.3 Functional Anatomy of the Central Nervous System Chapter 6: The Nervous System
  • 22. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. • cerebrum • diencephalon • brain stem • cerebellum • meninges • blood-brain barrier The Brain
  • 23. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. • cerebral cortex – gyrus – sulcus – fissure • lobes – frontal – parietal – occipital – temporal • primary motor cortex • primary somatic sensory cortex Cerebrum
  • 24. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Cerebrum
  • 25. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Cerebrum
  • 26. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Cerebrum
  • 27. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. • thalamus • hypothalamus • epithalamus Diencephalon
  • 28. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. • midbrain • pons • medulla oblongata Brain Stem
  • 29. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. • cerebellum • blood-brain barrier The Brain
  • 30. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. • cerebellum • blood-brain barrier The Brain • meninges – dura mater – arachnoid mater – pia mater
  • 31. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Spinal Cord
  • 32. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. True or False? 1. The gyri divide the brain into 4 regions. 2. The hypothalamus regulates blood pressure. 3. The meninges has 3 layers. 4. The cerebellum coordinates balance. 5. The pons is also called the interbrain. Review and Assessment
  • 33. Lesson 6.4 Functional Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System Chapter 6: The Nervous System
  • 34. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. • nerve structure • cranial nerves • spinal nerves and nerve plexuses • autonomic nervous system Functional Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System
  • 35. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. • endoneurium – covers axons • perineurium – bundles fascicles • epineurium – wraps nerves Nerve Structure
  • 36. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Cranial Nerves
  • 37. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Cranial Nerves
  • 38. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. • 31 pairs • dorsal root • ventral root • dorsal ramus • ventral ramus • plexuses Spinal Nerves and Nerve Plexuses
  • 39. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. • preganglionic and postganglionic neurons • sympathetic nerves – fight-or-flight action • parasympathetic nerves – resting or digesting action Autonomic Nervous System
  • 40. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Autonomic Nervous System
  • 41. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Match these words with 1–4 below: efferent, ganglion, optic, perineurium. 1. wraps fascicles 2. motor 3. a cranial nerve 4. enlarged junction Review and Assessment
  • 42. Lesson 6.5 Injuries and Disorders of the Nervous System Chapter 6: The Nervous System
  • 43. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. • traumatic brain injury • cerebral palsy • spinal cord injury Injuries to the Brain and Spinal Cord
  • 44. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. • violent impact to head – mild – moderate – severe Traumatic Brain Injury
  • 45. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. • damage to brain – before birth – during birth – during infancy • motor function impairment Cerebral Palsy
  • 46. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. • C1–C3: usually fatal • C1–C4: quadriplegia • C5–C7: paralysis of lower extremities • T1–L5: paraplegia Spinal Cord Injuries Corepics/Shutterstock.com
  • 47. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. • meningitis • multiple sclerosis • epilepsy • Parkinson’s disease • dementia and Alzheimer’s disease Common Diseases and Disorders of the CNS
  • 48. Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Match these words with 1–4 below: quadriplegia, multiple sclerosis, dementia, cerebral palsy. 1. inflammation destroys myelin sheath 2. loss of memory and thinking 3. loss of function below the neck 4. may begin before birth Review and Assessment