A small research carried out as a part of one of my MSc modules, focused on analysing the impact of these "polemic"
devices over the aerodynamic performance of the rear wing and general stability of a F1 racing car.
This is Part 3 of a 10 Part Series in Automotive Dynamics and Design, with an emphasis on Mass Properties. This series was intended to constitute the basis of a semester long course on the subject.
Longitudinal static stability of boeing 737 max 8Lahiru Dilshan
Recently there were two aircraft crashes, Lion Air and Ethiopian airline crash with 346 people with the flight crew. Ethiopian aircraft incident is currently under investigation and the final report will be published in near future and the Lion Air incident report was published.
Both these aircrafts were in the same type aircraft, Boeing 737 MAX 8, brand new aircraft that introduced very recently for commercial use. There several design modifications and several new systems were included for that aircraft by the designers and manufacturers.
Aircraft Finite Element Modelling for structure analysis using Altair ProductsAltair
The Airbus airframe design process has considerably evolved since 20 years with the constant improvement of numerical simulation capability and the computational means capacity. Today the size of Finite Element Models for aircraft structural behaviour study is exceeding the boundary of airframe components (fuselage section, wing); for the A350, a very large scale non-linear model of more than 60 million degrees of freedom has been developed to secure the static test campaign. This communication will illustrate the partnership with Altair and the use of Altair products for the creation and verification of very large models at Airbus. It will deal with: - Geometry preparation - Meshing - Property assignment - Assembly - Checking More generally, numerical simulation will play more and more a major role in the aircraft process, from the development of new concepts / derivatives to the support of the in-service fleet. Then, this presentation will also state the coming needs regarding model creation tools to cope with Airbus strategy.
Speakers
Marion Touboul, Ingénieur en Simulation Numérique - Calcul Structure, Airbus Opérations SAS
This project report analyzes the strength and stability of a composite diving board modeled with ANSYS. The aim of this report is to find if a composite diving board has comparable mechanical characteristics with that of an Olympic diving board.
It is obvious that vehicle weight has a linear relationship
with the energy to be dissipated (stored) and the change
in velocity required has a exponential relationship.
• Deceleration times and stopping distances vary
somewhat for all vehicles on a given road surface.
• It should then be obvious that sizing the brake system
components has critical importance with respect to the
potential vehicle velocity and the mass of the vehicle.
• Note that heavy trucks generally have greater stopping
distances as compared to typical passenger cars.
This is Part 3 of a 10 Part Series in Automotive Dynamics and Design, with an emphasis on Mass Properties. This series was intended to constitute the basis of a semester long course on the subject.
Longitudinal static stability of boeing 737 max 8Lahiru Dilshan
Recently there were two aircraft crashes, Lion Air and Ethiopian airline crash with 346 people with the flight crew. Ethiopian aircraft incident is currently under investigation and the final report will be published in near future and the Lion Air incident report was published.
Both these aircrafts were in the same type aircraft, Boeing 737 MAX 8, brand new aircraft that introduced very recently for commercial use. There several design modifications and several new systems were included for that aircraft by the designers and manufacturers.
Aircraft Finite Element Modelling for structure analysis using Altair ProductsAltair
The Airbus airframe design process has considerably evolved since 20 years with the constant improvement of numerical simulation capability and the computational means capacity. Today the size of Finite Element Models for aircraft structural behaviour study is exceeding the boundary of airframe components (fuselage section, wing); for the A350, a very large scale non-linear model of more than 60 million degrees of freedom has been developed to secure the static test campaign. This communication will illustrate the partnership with Altair and the use of Altair products for the creation and verification of very large models at Airbus. It will deal with: - Geometry preparation - Meshing - Property assignment - Assembly - Checking More generally, numerical simulation will play more and more a major role in the aircraft process, from the development of new concepts / derivatives to the support of the in-service fleet. Then, this presentation will also state the coming needs regarding model creation tools to cope with Airbus strategy.
Speakers
Marion Touboul, Ingénieur en Simulation Numérique - Calcul Structure, Airbus Opérations SAS
This project report analyzes the strength and stability of a composite diving board modeled with ANSYS. The aim of this report is to find if a composite diving board has comparable mechanical characteristics with that of an Olympic diving board.
It is obvious that vehicle weight has a linear relationship
with the energy to be dissipated (stored) and the change
in velocity required has a exponential relationship.
• Deceleration times and stopping distances vary
somewhat for all vehicles on a given road surface.
• It should then be obvious that sizing the brake system
components has critical importance with respect to the
potential vehicle velocity and the mass of the vehicle.
• Note that heavy trucks generally have greater stopping
distances as compared to typical passenger cars.
Nomenclature and classification of controls in an airplane (slide # 3-4).
Which are the aerodynamic forces acting on airplane (slide # 5).
Working principle of an airplane (slide # 6).
How an airplane flies (basic motions of an airplane) (slide # 7).
How controls play their roles in these motions (slide # 8-22).
Simulate a flight in Cessna Skyhawk (slide # 23-28).
References and Questions & answers (slide # 30).
Solution Manual for Finite Element Analysis 3rd edition– Saeed MoaveniHenningEnoksen
https://www.book4me.xyz/solution-manual-finite-element-analysis-moaveni/
Solution Manual for Finite Element Analysis: Theory and Application with ANSYS - 3rd Edition
Author(s): Saeed Moaveni
Solution manual for 3rd Edition include all problems of textbook (chapters 1 to 13). this solution manual is handwritten.
This presentation aims to design and analysis of the structure of Hyperloop chassis, which was designed for Hyperloop Pod Building Competition organized by SpaceX 2019.
Stress analysis and fatigue life prediction of wing fuselage lug joint attac...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Nomenclature and classification of controls in an airplane (slide # 3-4).
Which are the aerodynamic forces acting on airplane (slide # 5).
Working principle of an airplane (slide # 6).
How an airplane flies (basic motions of an airplane) (slide # 7).
How controls play their roles in these motions (slide # 8-22).
Simulate a flight in Cessna Skyhawk (slide # 23-28).
References and Questions & answers (slide # 30).
Solution Manual for Finite Element Analysis 3rd edition– Saeed MoaveniHenningEnoksen
https://www.book4me.xyz/solution-manual-finite-element-analysis-moaveni/
Solution Manual for Finite Element Analysis: Theory and Application with ANSYS - 3rd Edition
Author(s): Saeed Moaveni
Solution manual for 3rd Edition include all problems of textbook (chapters 1 to 13). this solution manual is handwritten.
This presentation aims to design and analysis of the structure of Hyperloop chassis, which was designed for Hyperloop Pod Building Competition organized by SpaceX 2019.
Stress analysis and fatigue life prediction of wing fuselage lug joint attac...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Car’s Aerodynamic Characteristics at High Speed Influenced by Rear SpoilerIJRES Journal
The factors affect the rear spoiler’s aerodynamics characteristics are cross-sectional shape, chord length and angle of attack. By changing the three factors that can change the state of the car flow field. Determine the main body size, build models by Solidworks . Use Hypermesh to mesh, increase the number of grid near the body especially at the rear spoiler. Use Fluent for fluid analysis to get the values of aerodynamic lift coefficient CL (at 120km / h) based on orthogonal experiments. After calculating, obtain significance order of factors can obtain the best rear spoiler shape, helping to optimize the automotive styling quickly, improve the car's power and economy, ease the new car quickly seize the market.
Case study on shape optimization for fast backVamsi Kovalam
way to study the flow over the car and the airplane surfaces are the CFD flow simulation over the car 3d models. This way is way cheaper than the wind tunnel because this involves the designing part and then CFD flow simulation which saves lots of times and the effort.
Modification of airflow around a FSAE Race car using sidepods to increase the...EditorIJAERD
Aerodynamics pertaining to vehicles focuses on improving the drive-ability of the vehicle while also reducing
losses due to air drag. This paper focuses on maximizing the cornering performance of the formula student race car with
slight modifications to the airflow around the vehicle and meagre addition of weight. The undertray produces downloads
by altering the velocity of air flowing underneath it. The sidepods act to reduce flow velocity above the undertray, thus
increasing the pressure above it. This leads to an increased pressure difference over the surface of the undertray which
translates to increase in downforce. The car is able to have a 10% decrease in lap times on a 500m racetrack.
Aerodynamic Study about an Automotive Vehicle with Capacity for Only One Occu...IJERA Editor
The presented study describes the aerodynamic behavior of a compact, single occupant, automotive vehicle. To
optimize the aerodynamic characteristics of this vehicle, a flow dynamics study was conducted using a virtual
model. The outer surfaces of the vehicle body were designed using Computer Aided Design (CAD) tools and its
aerodynamic performance simulated virtually using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software. Parameters
such as pressure coefficient (Cp), coefficient of friction (Cf) and graphical analysis of the streamlines were used
to understand the flow dynamics and propose recommendations aimed at improving the coefficient of drag (Cd).
The identification of interaction points between the fluid and the flow structure was the primary focus of study to
develop these propositions. The study of phenomena linked to the characteristics of the model presented here,
allowed the identification of design features that should be avoided to generate improved aerodynamic
performance.
Wind-induced Stress Analysis of Front Bumpertheijes
At high velocities, such as on highways, the relative velocity between the oncoming wind and side winds is very high. The high velocity winds that act on the bumper induce certain stresses on it. These stresses may cause deformation of the bumper; if this deformation exceeds a predesigned value, the functionality of the bumper may be hampered. This may result in safety issues and other design issues. In this paper, the effect and nature of these stresses have been quantified by conducting a wind-induced stress analysis on a model of the bumper. The bumper selected is that of Jeep Wrangler and the modelling is done on Creo 2.2. The CFD simulation and structural analysis is conducted on Ansys Workbench 15. The structural analysis and fluid flow data is summarized alongwith the deformation and induced stress values.
The Effect of Orientation of Vortex Generators on Aerodynamic Drag Reduction ...irjes
One of the main reasons for the aerodynamic drag in automotive vehicles is the flow separation
near the vehicle’s rear end. To delay this flow separation, vortex generators are used in recent vehicles. The
vortex generators are commonly used in aircrafts to prevent flow separation. Even though vortex generators
themselves create drag, but they also reduce drag by delaying flow separation at downstream. The overall effect
of vortex generators is more beneficial and proved by experimentation. The effect depends on the shape,size and
orientation of vortex generators. Hence optimized shape with proper orientation is essential for getting better
results.This paper presents the effect of vortex generators at different orientation to the flow field and the
mechanism by which these effects takes place.
Performance Study of Wind Friction Reduction Attachments for Van Using Comput...IJERA Editor
Road transport is the key factor as it is the major method to connect places through land. Along with wide use of internal combustion engines for this purpose comes the massive consumption of fossil fuels by vehicles. Most of the research today is toward making efficient machines. This paper mainly deals with providing attachments to existing models of vehicle to make it more efficient. An assessment of the impact of aerodynamic drag and its relationship to energy consumption presented. A few models are designed and analysed for reducing drag with the help of Attachments. Solid works is used to model and ANSYS Fluent is used for CFD analysis. The results of Cd of various configuration is analysed, 0.427 being the Cd for conventional Van is reduced to 0.234 for van with front and rear attachment
Performance Study of Wind Friction Reduction Attachments for Van Using Comput...IJERA Editor
Road transport is the key factor as it is the major method to connect places through land. Along with wide use of internal combustion engines for this purpose comes the massive consumption of fossil fuels by vehicles. Most of the research today is toward making efficient machines. This paper mainly deals with providing attachments to existing models of vehicle to make it more efficient. An assessment of the impact of aerodynamic drag and its relationship to energy consumption presented. A few models are designed and analysed for reducing drag with the help of Attachments. Solid works is used to model and ANSYS Fluent is used for CFD analysis. The results of Cd of various configuration is analysed, 0.427 being the Cd for conventional Van is reduced to 0.234 for van with front and rear attachment.
INTEGRATED INERTER DESIGN AND APPLICATION TO OPTIMAL VEHICLE SUSPENSION SYSTEMijcax
The formula cars need high tire grip on racing challenge by reducing rolling displacement at corner or double change lands. In this case study, the paper clarifies some issues related to suspension system with inerter to reduce displacement and rolling angle under impact from road disturbance on Formula SAE Car. We propose some new designs, which have an advance for suspension system by improving dynamics.
We optimize design of model based on the minimization of cost functions for roll dynamics, by reducing the displacement transfer and the energy consumed by the inerter. Base on a passive suspension model that we carried out quarter-car and half-car model for different parameters which show the benefit of the inerter. The important advantage of the proposed solution is its integration a new mechanism, the inerter, this system can increase advance in development and have effects on the vehicle dynamics in stability vehicle.
INTEGRATED INERTER DESIGN AND APPLICATION TO OPTIMAL VEHICLE SUSPENSION SYSTEMijcax
The formula cars need high tire grip on racing challenge by reducing rolling displacement at corner or double change lands. In this case study, the paper clarifies some issues related to suspension system with inerter to reduce displacement and rolling angle under impact from road disturbance on Formula SAE Car. We propose some new designs, which have an advance for suspension system by improving dynamics.
We optimize design of model based on the minimization of cost functions for roll dynamics, by reducing the displacement transfer and the energy consumed by the inerter. Base on a passive suspension model that we carried out quarter-car and half-car model for different parameters which show the benefit of the inerter. The important advantage of the proposed solution is its integration a new mechanism, the inerter, this system can increase advance in development and have effects on the vehicle dynamics in stability vehicle.
Design of Rear wing for high performance cars and Simulation using Computatio...IJTET Journal
The performance of a sports car is not only limited to its engine power but also to aerodynamic properties of the car. By decreasing the drag force it is possible to reduce the engine power required to achieve same top speed thus decreasing the fuel requirement. The stability of a sports car is considerably important at high speed. The provision of a rear wing increases the downforce thus reducing the rear axle lift and provides increased traction. In this study an optimum rear wing is designed for the high performance car so as to decrease drag and increase downforce. The CAD designed baseline model with or without rear wing is being analyzed in computational fluid dynamics software. The lift and drag coefficient are calculated for all the design thus an optimum rear wing is designed for the considered baseline model.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptx
Cfd study of formula 1 shark fins effect on the aerodynamic performance and yaw stability
1. CFD study of Formula 1 Shark fins: Effect on the aerodynamic
performance and yaw stability
ABSTRACT
This year, Formula 1 has brought back to life an
aerodynamic device which disappeared a couple of
years ago: The shark fin over the engine cover. It is clear
that this element has a big impact on the aesthetics of
the car. In this research, a CFD study of the effect of
different shark fins has been undertaken in order to
establish a quantitative analysis of the effects on car
stability and rear wing performance that the device
produces. A baseline Formula 1 car was designed and
imported to CFD software Star CCM+. Two different fins
were added to a baseline car without the element. All
three geometries were tested in three different positions
related to the air flow: 0º, 4º and 8º of yaw angle. Forces
and coefficients of the rear wing were extracted in order
to make a comparison of each car at a certain yaw
condition. Pressure distribution and shear stress on the
wing surfaces, as well as wake vorticity were analyzed
with the aim of build a clear picture of how the
introduction of shark fin devices impact on aerodynamic
performance at the rear end of the car. Lateral forces
and yaw moment coefficients generated by the shark fin
were extracted from the simulations and results of the
three cars were again compared at each yaw scenario.
Results shown a loss of downforce generated by the
rear wing on straight line performance when the element
is introduced. However, as yaw angle is increased,
losses are reduced and flow tends to be uniform towards
the rear end. Moreover, the stability is highly improved
as a consequence of shark fin introduction.
INTRODUCTION
A racing car changes continuously as it is moving along
the track. How would aerodynamics change around it?
Yawed flows tend to change the balance of the car and
can lead to a loss in lateral stability and poor handling.
Many researchers studied the performance changes
produced when the car is cornering. (Milliken, Dell'Amico
and Rice, 1976) carried out a steady-state analysis of
car lateral stability. Nevertheless, all of them focused
their work on passenger cars. (Howell, 2015) performed
a wing tunnel test in order to determine how drag
coefficient varies with changes in yaw. Other effects of
cornering, such as side forces, are taken into account by
Okada et al. (2016) to determine Drag variations using
CFD analysis. But cornering is not the only reason why
the stability of a racing car can be compromised.
(Theissen et al., 2011) pointed out that a deep
knowledge of car’s behaviour under crosswinds is
essential in order to evaluate car performance. (Broadley
and Garry, 2000) studied the instability derived from the
braking manoeuvre.
This year, Formula 1 cars have introduced a new
element close to the rear end, with the aim of improving
yaw stability: An aerodynamic element called “Shark fin”.
(Dahlberg, 1999) found that the front end of the car
experiences a higher lateral force than the rear one
under yawed flows. The main aim of this research is to
assess through CFD simulation the real effect over the
aerodynamic forces generated as a consequence of the
introduction of different shaped shark fins, as well as to
define the role that the device plays in the lateral stability
of the vehicle. The introduction of the shark fin should
improve significantly car stability under yaw conditions.
Will the “Shark fins” stay in formula 1 longer? With the
purpose of answer this question, this research was
undertaken.
CFD MODEL
GEOMETRY
A Formula 1 car body and wing were designed using
Solidworks according to the dimensions within the 2017
Formula 1 technical regulations. Two different shark fin
models were added to the baseline geometry for a total
of three cars to test (Figure 1).
Figure 1: No fin, Spine fin and Square fin geometries
2. CAD models were imported into Star CCM+. All the
geometries were combined into different groups
according to its relevance in the final results (e.g., Wing
was divided into upper and lower surfaces, whereas the
body of the car was one single part).
MESH VALUES
Since the geometry had to be tested in different
positions, surface wrapper technique was applied to the
model. Another chosen model was Trimmer. The
combination of both models was translated into a
reduction of computational time spent as expecting
regarding results obtained by Pachpund et al. (2012). In
terms of mesh size, three different volumes were added
to the main geometry with the aim of gently reduce mesh
size towards the rear end of the car. Wing and fin mesh
sizes were refined since they are goal parts of the
research. An example of the refined mesh can be seen
in figure 2. Moreover, a contact prevention set was
applied to wing planes, in order to avoid the gap to be
closed.
Figure 2: Example of mesh refined at rear wing
BOUNDARY AND PHYSICS CONDITIONS
Inlet boundary was given a velocity of 60m/s and outlet
was defined as a flow-split boundary type. The flow is
considered turbulent. The k-epsilon model was chosen
as a turbulence model for all simulations. (Shetty and
Patil, 2013) implemented this model in a CFD analysis of
the external aerodynamics of a car with positive results.
CONVERGENCE
Results had been considered as full converged when all
residuals were below 1E-03. Results converged after
4000 iterations.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
0º YAW CASE
Forces in the rear wing
Forces and force coefficients were extracted from the
simulation and can be found in Tables 1 and 2. Results
revealed downforce loss of 3.7% in the spine fin case,
and about 7.3% whit the use of the Square fin.
Furthermore, drag force slightly decreased in both
cases. Since downforce reduction is considerable,
analysis of the flow was undertaken in order to
understand the reason.
No fin Spine fin Square fin
Yaw CL CD CL CD CL CD
0º 4.610 0.509 4.441 0.471 4.297 0.472
4º 3.675 0.482 3.416 0.465 3.585 0.451
8º 2.736 0.522 2.673 0.482 3.040 0.458
Table 1: Rear wing force coefficients
No fin Spine fin Square fin
Yaw DF Drag DF Drag DF Drag
0º 1392.2 153.7 1340.7 169.7 1297.3 142.4
4º 1341.3 175.8 1246.4 169.7 1308.2 164.7
8º 1167.1 222.5 1140.2 205.5 1295.6 195.2
Table 2: Rear wing aerodynamic forces (Newtons)
Flow structure
With the aim of understand the phenomena of force
reduction, wake vorticity was measured close to the rear
wing. Results can be seen in Figure 3. No fin and Spine
fin cases presented similar results, though slightly higher
vorticity values can be noticed in the region below the
main plane. However, a weak but perceivable vortex
structure appeared in the center of the wing, above the
flap plane.
3. Figure 3: Vortex structures at the wake for 0º yaw case (No fin, Spine
fin, Square fin.)
Studying this vortex in depth was observed that is
generated in the square fin and continues towards the
rear wing. Vortex structure impacts against the main
plane, generating the previously mentioned downforce
and drag loss. Evolution of this vortex as it moves
through the wing can be seen in Figure 4.
Figure 4: Vortex evolution through wing main plane
Wing pressure distribution
Static pressure distribution along the wingspan was
extracted from a surrounding area of the leading edge of
the main plane (Figure 5) and the flap (Figure 6).
Pressure distributions are symmetric as expected. In the
main plane, no fin and Spine fin cases show similar
distributions except from the two light curves on the
upper surface in the Spine fin case. Vortices coming
from the fin diverge producing a decrease in pressure,
thus decreasing downforce. Nevertheless, those vortices
are weak.
Figure 5: Static pressure distribution on the main plane
The main difference appears in the Square fin case. The
vortex created mentioned in the previous sub-section hit
the main plane, reducing the pressure in the upper face
4. and increasing it in the lower face. Thus, being the
cause of the decrease in downforce found when shark
fins were introduced.
Figure 6: Static pressure distribution over the flap (0º yaw)
Pressure distribution in the flap showed the same
results. The fluctuant pressure that appeared on the
main plane tips became low pressure zones on the flap
as a consequence of vorticity. The inverted peak created
by the square fin vortex was also noticed in the upper
face of the Shark fin case.
4º YAW CASE
Forces in the rear wing
All results are shown in Tables 1 and 2. As a result of
the yawed flow, a diminution of 3.65% in downforce was
noticed with no shark fin in the car compared to the
straight line case. Drag force suffered an increase of
14.43%. The introduction of the spine fin did not reported
any benefit in terms of drag or downforce at a yaw angle
of 4 degrees, showing an important reduction in
downforce compared to the car with no fin incorporated
drag forces are similar. As expected, the “Square fin” did
not show a massive difference over both previous
scenarios. However, a lower value of the drag force
allows the wing to be more efficient.
Flow structure
Vorticity in the wake (Figure 7) revealed some of the
reasons governing the wing performance. Windward
vortices were found to be weaker and leeward ones
stronger in all three cases as expected. The structure
generated by introducing the spine fin is indicative of the
downforce loss in the wing, since vortices are weaker.
Introducing the squared fin, vortices tend to be similar to
those found in absence of fin and a rise in the central
vortex generated by the fin was noted.
Figure 7: Wake vorticity for No fin, Spine fin and Square fin.
Since this last vortex seemed to be stronger that in the
0º of yaw case, vorticity in the trailing edge location of
the shark fin was measured in order to find out its effects
over the rear wing. Results in figure 8 show that the
structure moved upwards before hitting the rear wing,
and as a consequence of that downforce will be higher.
5. Figure 8: Square fin tip vortex
Wing pressure distribution
The vortex produced by the squared fin has migrated
upwards and the inverted peak of the lower main plane
surface disappeared. However, small effects of this
vortex can still be perceived in the upper surface, with a
small pressure decrease towards the center of the wing.
Hence, downforce loss between no fin and square fin
cases is less. The spine fin case showed a decreased
pressure gradient close to the right end plate. That
agrees with the weak vortex structured depicted in the
previous section, being the reason of performance loss
in this case. Peak pressure gradients were displaced
right as a consequence of the yawed flow. As expected,
the squared fin led the flow slightly straighter towards the
rear wing and therefore, the minimum value is closer to
the middle plane. In terms of the flap, the flow followed
the same pattern showing the decreased pressure
gradient in the right zone of the spine fin case. In the
windward side of the square fin case a bigger pressure
gradient was noticed, due to better flow alignment.
Figure 9: Pressure distributions in the rear wing at 4º of yaw
8 DEGREES OF YAW
Forces in the rear wing
As expected, the biggest difference was seen with a yaw
angle of 8 degrees. In the car with no fin the flow
detaches from the lower surface of the main plane,
causing a notable loss of downforce. Since the “Spine
fin” is not long enough to drive the flow straight towards
the rear wing, flow detachment was seen, although the
drag force is reduced in 7.6%. The “Square fin” had the
biggest impact over wing performance. A more
symmetric pressure distribution is translated into a less
flow detachment over the wing. Hence a substantial
increase in downforce and a slightly lower drag force
generated enhances the efficiency of the wing.
Flow structure
Windward tip vortices were stronger than the other 2
cases. At high yaw conditions, the fin aligns the flow with
the rear wing and generates more suction, enhancing
downforce.
6. Figure 10: Wake vorticity for No fin, Spine fin and Square fin at 8º yaw
In this case, wall shear stress (Figure 11) helped to
understand the effect of the fin. The flow in the lower
surface of the windward side detached and generated a
vortex close to the endplate. The effect disappeared with
the introduction of the spine fin and square fin increased
the stress on that zone, revealing that flow alignment is
better. Separation and downforce loss in the no fin case
was expected regarding the results obtained in (Gogel
and Sakurai, 2006).
Figure 11: Wall shear stress. Left to right: No fin, Spine fin and Square
fin
This separation and downforce loss in the no fin case
was expected regarding the results obtained in (
Wing pressure distribution
Figure 12 shows static pressure in the wing. In the main
plane a decrease in pressure in the square fin case was
perceived. That leads to an increment in rear downforce.
The minimum pressure peak was also displaced to the
center of the main plane, since flow hit the rear wing
straighter.
Figure 12: Wing pressure distribution at 8º yaw
In terms of the flap, the windward side showed higher
pressure in the no fin case as a consequence of the flow
separation produced. Improvements can be seen with
the introduction of the fins, being the square fin case the
most favorable.
EFFECT ON PERFORMANCE AND STABILITY
From a cornering point of view, the introduction of a
massive plate at the rear end of the car would surely
produce an important handling change. With the purpose
of measure the impact of the shark fin, yaw moment
coefficients were extracted from the model.
7. Figure 13: Yaw moment coefficient variation
Figure 13 displays the yaw moment coefficient for each
car at the different tested yaw angles. As can be
perceived straightforward, both square and spine fins
increase the yaw moment in the opposite direction of the
steering angle. However, curves corresponding to the no
fin and spine fin cases followed a similar tendency when
yaw angle becomes more extreme, whereas the shark
fin still increases until a value of -0.7076, which almost
doubles the value found in the no fin case.
Static pressure distribution over both sides of the shark
fin showed a notable differential pressure between left
and right surfaces producing a net side force. This lateral
force improves the stability of the car in potential
oversteering situations. Lateral forces generated also
allow the car to drive faster through corners. In addition
to these effects, downforce increase helps making the
car stable. (Howell and Le Good, 1999) stated the effect
of lift in yaw stability.
CONCLUSION
A CFD analysis of how the introduction of shark fins
affects the performance and stability of a F1 car has
been carried out. In terms of performance, downforce
loss is experienced in straight line with the presence of
the square shark fin. The longer the element, the greater
the decrease in downforce experienced. However, the
curve of performance loss is less pronounced when yaw
angle is increased. Regarding stability, results confirm
that for big side areas in the rear, stability is largely
improved. The square fin improves stability in cornering
and crosswind conditions. Results show that the benefits
obtained in yawed conditions using the square fin are
larger than the loss of wing performance experienced in
straight line. It is also clear as well that the spine fin does
not report the benefits of the square fin at yaw, stating
that intermediate solutions are not convenient.
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