A cerebral hemorrhage, or intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), is a type of stroke caused by bleeding within the brain tissue. It can be caused by trauma or occur spontaneously due to conditions like high blood pressure. Symptoms include severe headache, vomiting, and loss of consciousness. Treatment depends on the cause and severity but may involve lowering blood pressure, surgery to remove blood clots, or other measures to reduce pressure on the brain. Prognosis depends on the location and size of the bleed, with mortality rates around 30-50% within the first 30 days.
An intracerebral hemorrhage, or cerebral hemorrhage, is a type of stroke caused by bleeding within the brain tissue. It can occur spontaneously due to conditions like high blood pressure, or from head trauma. The bleeding increases intracranial pressure which can lead to coma or death if not treated. Treatment depends on the size and location of the bleed, and may involve lowering blood pressure, surgery to remove the blood clot, or other measures to reduce pressure on the brain. Prognosis depends on the severity of the bleed, with mortality rates around 40-50% within the first month.
An intracerebral hemorrhage occurs when a blood vessel ruptures within the brain tissue, causing blood to accumulate and form a hematoma. The most common causes are hypertension, brain aneurysms, and head trauma. Symptoms include sudden severe headache, vomiting, weakness, and loss of consciousness. Diagnosis is typically made through CT scan or MRI, which show the location and size of the hemorrhage. Treatment aims to control blood pressure, reduce swelling, and in some cases surgically remove the blood clot. Complications can include neurological deficits, seizures, and death, with mortality rates around 50% within one month.
Stroke is a major cause of death and disability globally. Diagnosis depends on clinical features and brain imaging to differentiate between ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage. Management of ischemic stroke has advanced with therapies like intravenous thrombolysis and endovascular thrombectomy shown to reduce disability if applied rapidly. Both hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes require identifying risk factors and mechanisms to target prevention interventions, while lifestyle changes are common to reducing risk for all stroke subtypes.
Stroke is defined as a neurological deficit persisting beyond 24 hours caused by occlusion or hemorrhage of brain arteries. The main types are ischemic (85%) caused by clot or embolism, and hemorrhagic (15%) caused by ruptured blood vessels. Risk factors include age, gender, race, family history, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, smoking, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Diagnosis involves tests like CT, MRI, Doppler, and echocardiogram. Treatment goals are to reduce injury, prevent complications, and recurrence with approaches like thrombolytics, antiplatelets, anticoagulants, statins, and blood pressure control.
Stroke is a medical emergency caused by interrupted or reduced blood flow to the brain. The main types are ischemic (caused by blockage) and hemorrhagic (caused by bleeding). Risk factors include high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, diabetes, and smoking. Symptoms depend on the affected brain region and may include paralysis, confusion, and speech problems. Diagnosis involves brain imaging and blood tests. Treatment focuses on restoring blood flow and preventing complications and recurrence through medication and lifestyle changes. Outcomes vary depending on the severity and location of brain damage.
Enoxaparin is used to treat strokes. Strokes are caused by interrupted blood flow to the brain and can be ischemic (caused by clots) or hemorrhagic (caused by bleeding). Timely treatment is important to reduce brain damage. Patients may experience symptoms like weakness or speech problems. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and ruling out other causes. Treatment focuses on rapidly restoring blood flow through thrombolysis or thrombectomy and preventing further issues.
The document discusses head injuries, including injuries to the scalp, skull, and brain. Over 1 million people in the US receive treatment for head injuries annually, with 230,000 hospitalized, 80,000 suffering permanent disabilities, and 50,000 dying. Head injuries can cause damage through primary injury at impact and secondary injury from brain swelling or bleeding in the following hours and days. Treatment depends on the severity and type of injury, and may include surgery, monitoring of intracranial pressure, and supportive care measures. The most effective prevention is through safety measures like wearing seatbelts and helmets.
An intracerebral hemorrhage, or cerebral hemorrhage, is a type of stroke caused by bleeding within the brain tissue. It can occur spontaneously due to conditions like high blood pressure, or from head trauma. The bleeding increases intracranial pressure which can lead to coma or death if not treated. Treatment depends on the size and location of the bleed, and may involve lowering blood pressure, surgery to remove the blood clot, or other measures to reduce pressure on the brain. Prognosis depends on the severity of the bleed, with mortality rates around 40-50% within the first month.
An intracerebral hemorrhage occurs when a blood vessel ruptures within the brain tissue, causing blood to accumulate and form a hematoma. The most common causes are hypertension, brain aneurysms, and head trauma. Symptoms include sudden severe headache, vomiting, weakness, and loss of consciousness. Diagnosis is typically made through CT scan or MRI, which show the location and size of the hemorrhage. Treatment aims to control blood pressure, reduce swelling, and in some cases surgically remove the blood clot. Complications can include neurological deficits, seizures, and death, with mortality rates around 50% within one month.
Stroke is a major cause of death and disability globally. Diagnosis depends on clinical features and brain imaging to differentiate between ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage. Management of ischemic stroke has advanced with therapies like intravenous thrombolysis and endovascular thrombectomy shown to reduce disability if applied rapidly. Both hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes require identifying risk factors and mechanisms to target prevention interventions, while lifestyle changes are common to reducing risk for all stroke subtypes.
Stroke is defined as a neurological deficit persisting beyond 24 hours caused by occlusion or hemorrhage of brain arteries. The main types are ischemic (85%) caused by clot or embolism, and hemorrhagic (15%) caused by ruptured blood vessels. Risk factors include age, gender, race, family history, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, smoking, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Diagnosis involves tests like CT, MRI, Doppler, and echocardiogram. Treatment goals are to reduce injury, prevent complications, and recurrence with approaches like thrombolytics, antiplatelets, anticoagulants, statins, and blood pressure control.
Stroke is a medical emergency caused by interrupted or reduced blood flow to the brain. The main types are ischemic (caused by blockage) and hemorrhagic (caused by bleeding). Risk factors include high blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, diabetes, and smoking. Symptoms depend on the affected brain region and may include paralysis, confusion, and speech problems. Diagnosis involves brain imaging and blood tests. Treatment focuses on restoring blood flow and preventing complications and recurrence through medication and lifestyle changes. Outcomes vary depending on the severity and location of brain damage.
Enoxaparin is used to treat strokes. Strokes are caused by interrupted blood flow to the brain and can be ischemic (caused by clots) or hemorrhagic (caused by bleeding). Timely treatment is important to reduce brain damage. Patients may experience symptoms like weakness or speech problems. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and ruling out other causes. Treatment focuses on rapidly restoring blood flow through thrombolysis or thrombectomy and preventing further issues.
The document discusses head injuries, including injuries to the scalp, skull, and brain. Over 1 million people in the US receive treatment for head injuries annually, with 230,000 hospitalized, 80,000 suffering permanent disabilities, and 50,000 dying. Head injuries can cause damage through primary injury at impact and secondary injury from brain swelling or bleeding in the following hours and days. Treatment depends on the severity and type of injury, and may include surgery, monitoring of intracranial pressure, and supportive care measures. The most effective prevention is through safety measures like wearing seatbelts and helmets.
The document discusses stroke, including its causes, risk factors, types, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. A stroke occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, either by a blockage (ischemic stroke) or bleeding (hemorrhagic stroke). Risk factors include age, gender, family history, hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, and lifestyle factors like smoking. Diagnostic tests identify the location and size of damage, while treatment focuses on prevention, medications, surgery, rehabilitation, and managing symptoms.
- Head injuries are common presentations to the emergency department, representing up to 10% of visits. Common causes include road traffic accidents, falls, assaults, and sports injuries.
- CT head is the primary investigation to identify traumatic brain injuries and skull fractures. History should focus on mechanism of injury, time since injury, medications, and risk factors.
- Most head injuries are minor and can be safely discharged, but some serious underlying injuries can be missed if not properly evaluated. Patients require close monitoring for neurological changes that indicate deterioration.
Spontaneous Extradural Hematoma: A Rare Neurological Crisis in Sickle Cell Di...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Stroke : Introduction, types and treatment.Obed Adams
Stroke is defined as the rapid loss of brain function due to disturbance in blood flow and supply to the brain.
OR
An acute episode of focal dysfunction of the brain, retina, or spinal cord.
It is clinically defined as the rapid onset of cerebral deficit lasting more than 24hours and is caused by acute vascular injury to parts of the brain. Presented by Obed Adams.
Management Of Head Injury PK anesthesia.pptxAnaes6
1) Head injuries are a major cause of death and disability worldwide, especially in young men and children, due to falls, traffic accidents, and assaults.
2) CT scans and MRI are used to classify head injuries as mild, moderate, or severe based on Glasgow Coma Scale scores and to identify intracranial hemorrhages.
3) Immediate management focuses on maintaining oxygenation, circulation, and preventing rises in intracranial pressure through ventilation, fluids, osmotherapy and other measures to reduce secondary brain injury.
This document discusses strokes, including definitions, types, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. A stroke is defined as a neurological deficit lasting over 24 hours caused by a focal vascular issue. There are two main types: ischemic (caused by clot or embolism) and hemorrhagic (caused by bleeding). Risk factors include hypertension, atrial fibrillation, diabetes, and smoking. Treatment focuses on supporting vital functions, reversing damage with thrombolysis if given early, and rehabilitation.
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA), also known as stroke, occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, depriving brain cells of oxygen and nutrients. There are two main types of strokes: ischemic, caused by a blood clot blocking an artery, and hemorrhagic, caused by a ruptured blood vessel. Strokes can cause symptoms such as paralysis, speech problems, and vision issues depending on the affected brain region. Risk factors include hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes, and smoking. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and physical exams, while treatment differs based on stroke type but may include clot-dissolving drugs or surgery.
This document provides an overview of the management of acute stroke. It defines stroke and transient ischemic attack, and discusses the epidemiology, classification, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, complications and prognosis of stroke. The management involves resuscitation, reperfusion therapies like thrombolysis and thrombectomy, treating complications, secondary prevention including blood pressure and diabetes control, and rehabilitation. The document emphasizes the importance of specialized stroke units and timely management to improve outcomes for patients with acute stroke.
1) Head injuries can cause primary brain injury at impact or secondary brain injury afterwards from factors like hypoxia or swelling.
2) Head injuries are classified by Glasgow Coma Scale from minor to severe. CT scans are used to identify fractures or bleeds in the brain.
3) Common brain injuries include extradural hematomas requiring urgent surgery, acute subdural hematomas also often needing surgery, and cerebral contusions monitored for swelling.
This document provides information about stroke, including:
1. Stroke is a major cause of death and disability in adults and is caused by problems in the brain's blood vessels.
2. Strokes are classified as either ischemic (caused by blockage of blood vessels) or hemorrhagic (caused by bleeding). Ischemic strokes are more common.
3. New treatments for stroke rehabilitation are available, including stem cell transplantation, which can activate reserve cells and help recovery.
Stroke is the 5th leading cause of death in the US. There are three main types of stroke: ischemic, hemorrhagic, and transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). Ischemic strokes, which account for 85% of cases, occur when a blood clot blocks an artery supplying blood to the brain. Hemorrhagic strokes occur when a brain artery ruptures due to conditions like hypertension. TIAs are temporary and cause no permanent damage but indicate risk for future strokes. Symptoms of stroke appear suddenly and include face drooping, arm weakness, speech difficulties, and severe headache. Diagnostic tests help determine the type and location of stroke. Lifestyle changes and medical treatment can help prevent strokes.
transient ischemic attacks- advances in diagnosis & mxdrwaque
This document discusses advances in the diagnosis and management of transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) in the emergency department. Some key points:
- The definition of a TIA has evolved to be "transient episode of neurologic dysfunction caused by focal brain, spinal cord, or retinal ischemia, without acute infarction."
- MRI is more sensitive than CT for detecting early signs of infarction and should be used within 24 hours. Up to 30% of previous TIAs may have actually caused small brain infarcts.
- Risk of stroke is highest in the first 90 days after a TIA, so rapid diagnosis and treatment are important. Treatment involves antiplatelet therapy, anticoagulants for atrial fib
Stroke occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. It is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. In Bangladesh, stroke accounts for 10% of medical admissions. The most common type is ischemic stroke, caused by blockage of an artery supplying the brain. Symptoms depend on the affected area but may include weakness, speech problems, visual issues, and headaches. Risk factors include hypertension, smoking, diabetes, and high cholesterol. Rapid diagnosis and treatment are important to reduce long-term effects.
A stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures and bleeds, or when there’s a blockage in the blood supply to the brain. The rupture or blockage prevents blood and oxygen from reaching the brain’s tissues.
Without oxygen, brain cells and tissue become damaged and begin to die within minutes. Check out exactly how stroke effects the body.
Strokes fall into three main categories: transient ischemic attack (TIA), ischemic stroke, and hemorrhagic stroke.
The MRI will help see if any brain tissue or brain cells have been damaged. A CT scan will provide a detailed and clear picture of your brain that shows any bleeding or damage in the brain. It may also show other brain conditions that could be causing your symptoms.
Cerebrovascular Accident or stroke is defined as an abrupt onset of neurological deficit caused by a focal vascular issue. Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide. The clinical manifestations of stroke can vary widely due to the complex anatomy of the brain and vasculature. Imaging such as CT and MRI are used to determine if the cause is ischemia or hemorrhage. Treatment focuses on rapid evaluation, managing risk factors, IV thrombolysis if appropriate, and rehabilitation to prevent complications and encourage recovery.
This document discusses the approach to patients presenting with neurosurgical emergencies. It begins by outlining the important components of the history and physical examination for these patients. Key aspects include a detailed history of presenting events, past medical history, medications, and focused neurological examination including vital signs, mental status, cranial nerves, and motor function. Common neurosurgical emergency presentations like altered mental status, headache, and pituitary apoplexy are then reviewed in terms of typical history, exam findings, important diagnostic tests, and initial management steps. Overall it provides guidance on evaluating and initially stabilizing patients with potential acute neurological conditions.
This document discusses the approach to patients presenting with neurosurgical emergencies. It begins by outlining the important components of the history and physical examination for these patients. Key aspects include a detailed history of presenting events, past medical history, medications, and focused neurological examination including vital signs, mental status, cranial nerves, and motor function. Common neurosurgical emergency presentations like altered mental status, headache, and pituitary apoplexy are then reviewed in terms of typical history, exam findings, important diagnostic tests, and initial management steps. Overall it provides guidance on evaluating and initially stabilizing patients with time-sensitive neurological conditions.
The document provides 10 tips for maintaining a healthy lifestyle and body, as outlined by Dr. Mwebaza Victor. The tips include measuring weight, limiting unhealthy foods and eating healthy meals, taking multivitamin supplements, drinking water and limiting sugary beverages, exercising regularly, reducing sitting time, getting enough sleep, limiting alcohol, managing emotions, and using apps to track health metrics. Maintaining positive relationships, minimizing stress through activities like meditation and laughter, are also recommended for overall well-being.
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The document discusses stroke, including its causes, risk factors, types, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. A stroke occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, either by a blockage (ischemic stroke) or bleeding (hemorrhagic stroke). Risk factors include age, gender, family history, hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, and lifestyle factors like smoking. Diagnostic tests identify the location and size of damage, while treatment focuses on prevention, medications, surgery, rehabilitation, and managing symptoms.
- Head injuries are common presentations to the emergency department, representing up to 10% of visits. Common causes include road traffic accidents, falls, assaults, and sports injuries.
- CT head is the primary investigation to identify traumatic brain injuries and skull fractures. History should focus on mechanism of injury, time since injury, medications, and risk factors.
- Most head injuries are minor and can be safely discharged, but some serious underlying injuries can be missed if not properly evaluated. Patients require close monitoring for neurological changes that indicate deterioration.
Spontaneous Extradural Hematoma: A Rare Neurological Crisis in Sickle Cell Di...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Stroke : Introduction, types and treatment.Obed Adams
Stroke is defined as the rapid loss of brain function due to disturbance in blood flow and supply to the brain.
OR
An acute episode of focal dysfunction of the brain, retina, or spinal cord.
It is clinically defined as the rapid onset of cerebral deficit lasting more than 24hours and is caused by acute vascular injury to parts of the brain. Presented by Obed Adams.
Management Of Head Injury PK anesthesia.pptxAnaes6
1) Head injuries are a major cause of death and disability worldwide, especially in young men and children, due to falls, traffic accidents, and assaults.
2) CT scans and MRI are used to classify head injuries as mild, moderate, or severe based on Glasgow Coma Scale scores and to identify intracranial hemorrhages.
3) Immediate management focuses on maintaining oxygenation, circulation, and preventing rises in intracranial pressure through ventilation, fluids, osmotherapy and other measures to reduce secondary brain injury.
This document discusses strokes, including definitions, types, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. A stroke is defined as a neurological deficit lasting over 24 hours caused by a focal vascular issue. There are two main types: ischemic (caused by clot or embolism) and hemorrhagic (caused by bleeding). Risk factors include hypertension, atrial fibrillation, diabetes, and smoking. Treatment focuses on supporting vital functions, reversing damage with thrombolysis if given early, and rehabilitation.
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA), also known as stroke, occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, depriving brain cells of oxygen and nutrients. There are two main types of strokes: ischemic, caused by a blood clot blocking an artery, and hemorrhagic, caused by a ruptured blood vessel. Strokes can cause symptoms such as paralysis, speech problems, and vision issues depending on the affected brain region. Risk factors include hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes, and smoking. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and physical exams, while treatment differs based on stroke type but may include clot-dissolving drugs or surgery.
This document provides an overview of the management of acute stroke. It defines stroke and transient ischemic attack, and discusses the epidemiology, classification, risk factors, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, complications and prognosis of stroke. The management involves resuscitation, reperfusion therapies like thrombolysis and thrombectomy, treating complications, secondary prevention including blood pressure and diabetes control, and rehabilitation. The document emphasizes the importance of specialized stroke units and timely management to improve outcomes for patients with acute stroke.
1) Head injuries can cause primary brain injury at impact or secondary brain injury afterwards from factors like hypoxia or swelling.
2) Head injuries are classified by Glasgow Coma Scale from minor to severe. CT scans are used to identify fractures or bleeds in the brain.
3) Common brain injuries include extradural hematomas requiring urgent surgery, acute subdural hematomas also often needing surgery, and cerebral contusions monitored for swelling.
This document provides information about stroke, including:
1. Stroke is a major cause of death and disability in adults and is caused by problems in the brain's blood vessels.
2. Strokes are classified as either ischemic (caused by blockage of blood vessels) or hemorrhagic (caused by bleeding). Ischemic strokes are more common.
3. New treatments for stroke rehabilitation are available, including stem cell transplantation, which can activate reserve cells and help recovery.
Stroke is the 5th leading cause of death in the US. There are three main types of stroke: ischemic, hemorrhagic, and transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). Ischemic strokes, which account for 85% of cases, occur when a blood clot blocks an artery supplying blood to the brain. Hemorrhagic strokes occur when a brain artery ruptures due to conditions like hypertension. TIAs are temporary and cause no permanent damage but indicate risk for future strokes. Symptoms of stroke appear suddenly and include face drooping, arm weakness, speech difficulties, and severe headache. Diagnostic tests help determine the type and location of stroke. Lifestyle changes and medical treatment can help prevent strokes.
transient ischemic attacks- advances in diagnosis & mxdrwaque
This document discusses advances in the diagnosis and management of transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) in the emergency department. Some key points:
- The definition of a TIA has evolved to be "transient episode of neurologic dysfunction caused by focal brain, spinal cord, or retinal ischemia, without acute infarction."
- MRI is more sensitive than CT for detecting early signs of infarction and should be used within 24 hours. Up to 30% of previous TIAs may have actually caused small brain infarcts.
- Risk of stroke is highest in the first 90 days after a TIA, so rapid diagnosis and treatment are important. Treatment involves antiplatelet therapy, anticoagulants for atrial fib
Stroke occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. It is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. In Bangladesh, stroke accounts for 10% of medical admissions. The most common type is ischemic stroke, caused by blockage of an artery supplying the brain. Symptoms depend on the affected area but may include weakness, speech problems, visual issues, and headaches. Risk factors include hypertension, smoking, diabetes, and high cholesterol. Rapid diagnosis and treatment are important to reduce long-term effects.
A stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures and bleeds, or when there’s a blockage in the blood supply to the brain. The rupture or blockage prevents blood and oxygen from reaching the brain’s tissues.
Without oxygen, brain cells and tissue become damaged and begin to die within minutes. Check out exactly how stroke effects the body.
Strokes fall into three main categories: transient ischemic attack (TIA), ischemic stroke, and hemorrhagic stroke.
The MRI will help see if any brain tissue or brain cells have been damaged. A CT scan will provide a detailed and clear picture of your brain that shows any bleeding or damage in the brain. It may also show other brain conditions that could be causing your symptoms.
Cerebrovascular Accident or stroke is defined as an abrupt onset of neurological deficit caused by a focal vascular issue. Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide. The clinical manifestations of stroke can vary widely due to the complex anatomy of the brain and vasculature. Imaging such as CT and MRI are used to determine if the cause is ischemia or hemorrhage. Treatment focuses on rapid evaluation, managing risk factors, IV thrombolysis if appropriate, and rehabilitation to prevent complications and encourage recovery.
This document discusses the approach to patients presenting with neurosurgical emergencies. It begins by outlining the important components of the history and physical examination for these patients. Key aspects include a detailed history of presenting events, past medical history, medications, and focused neurological examination including vital signs, mental status, cranial nerves, and motor function. Common neurosurgical emergency presentations like altered mental status, headache, and pituitary apoplexy are then reviewed in terms of typical history, exam findings, important diagnostic tests, and initial management steps. Overall it provides guidance on evaluating and initially stabilizing patients with potential acute neurological conditions.
This document discusses the approach to patients presenting with neurosurgical emergencies. It begins by outlining the important components of the history and physical examination for these patients. Key aspects include a detailed history of presenting events, past medical history, medications, and focused neurological examination including vital signs, mental status, cranial nerves, and motor function. Common neurosurgical emergency presentations like altered mental status, headache, and pituitary apoplexy are then reviewed in terms of typical history, exam findings, important diagnostic tests, and initial management steps. Overall it provides guidance on evaluating and initially stabilizing patients with time-sensitive neurological conditions.
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This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Identification and nursing management of congenital malformations .pptx
cerebral haemorrage by Mwebaza Victor.doc
1. Cerebral hemorrhage. By
Mwebaza Victor MBchB 4th yr
Classification and external resources
Synonyms intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), cerebral hematoma, cerebral bleed
Specialty Neurosurgery
ICD-10 I61, P10.1
ICD-9-CM 431
MeSH D002543
A cerebral hemorrhage (also spelled haemorrhage) is a type of intracranial hemorrhage that occurs
within the brain tissue. It can be caused by brain trauma, or it can occur spontaneously in hemorrhagic
stroke. Non-traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage is a spontaneous bleeding into the brain tissue and
may be caused by increased exertion, tension or stress.[1]
A cerebral hemorrhage is an intra-axial hemorrhage; that is, it occurs within, rather than outside, the
brain tissue. The other category of intracranial hemorrhage is extra-axial hemorrhage, such as epidural,
subdural, and subarachnoid hematomas, which all occur within the skull but outside of the brain tissue.
There are two main kinds of intra-axial hemorrhages: intraparenchymal hemorrhage and
intraventricular hemorrhages. As with other types of hemorrhages within the skull, intraparenchymal
bleeds are a serious medical emergency because they can increase intracranial pressure, which if left
untreated can lead to coma and death. The mortality rate for intraparenchymal bleeds is over 40%.[2]
Signs and symptoms
2. Patients with intraparenchymal bleeds have symptoms that correspond to the functions controlled by
the area of the brain that is damaged by the bleed.[3] Other symptoms include those that indicate a rise
in intracranial pressure caused by a large mass putting pressure on the brain.[3] Intracerebral
hemorrhages are often misdiagnosed as subarachnoid hemorrhages due to the similarity in symptoms
and signs. A severe headache followed by vomiting is one of the more common symptoms of
intracerebral hemorrhage. Another common symptom is a patient can collapse. Some people may
experience continuous bleeding from the ear. Some patients may also go into a coma due to before the
bleed is noticed.
Causes
Splenial Infarct / Boomerang Sign, Sturge Weber Syndrome / Vein of Galen Malformation
Axial CT scan showing hemorrhage in the posterior fossa[1]
Intracerebral bleeds are the second most common cause of stroke, accounting for 10% of hospital
admissions for stroke.[4] High blood pressure raises the risks of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage
by two to six times.[1] More common in adults than in children, intraparenchymal bleeds are usually due
to penetrating head trauma, but can also be due to depressed skull fractures. Acceleration-deceleration
trauma,[5][6][7] rupture of an aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation (AVM), and bleeding within a
tumor are additional causes. Amyloid angiopathy is a not uncommon cause of intracerebral hemorrhage
in patients over the age of 55. A very small proportion is due to cerebral venous sinus thrombosis.
Infection with the k serotype of Streptococcus mutans may also be a risk factor, because of its
prevalence in stroke patients and production of collagen-binding protein.[8]
Risk factors for ICH include:[9]
Hypertension (high blood pressure)
Diabetes mellitus
Menopause
Cigarette smoking
Excessive alcohol consumption
3. Severe migraine
Tramautic intracerebral hematomas are divided into acute and delayed. Acute intracerebral hematomas
occur at the time of the injury while delayed intracerebral hematomas have been reported from as early
as 6 hours post injury to as long as several weeks.
Diagnosis
Spontaneous ICH with hydrocephalus on CT scan[1]
Both computed tomography angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) have been
proved to be effective in diagnosing intracranial vascular malformations after ICH.[10] So frequently, a
CT angiogram will be performed in order to exclude a secondary cause of hemorrhage[11] or to detect a
"spot sign".
Intraparenchymal hemorrhage can be recognized on CT scans because blood appears brighter than
other tissue and is separated from the inner table of the skull by brain tissue. The tissue surrounding a
bleed is often less dense than the rest of the brain because of edema, and therefore shows up darker on
the CT scan.[11]
Treatment
Treatment depends substantially of the type of ICH. Rapid CT scan and other diagnostic measures are
used to determine proper treatment, which may include both medication and surgery.
Medication
One review found that antihypertensive therapy to bring down the blood pressure in acute phases
appears to improve outcomes.[12] Another review found an unclear difference between intensive and
less intensive blood pressure control.[13] The American Heart Association and American Stroke
Association guidelines in 2015 recommended decreasing the blood pressure to a SBP of 140 mmHg.[14]
Giving Factor VIIa within 4 hours limits the bleeding and formation of a hematoma. However, it also
increases the risk of thromboembolism.[15] It thus overall does not result in better outcomes in those
without hemophilia.[16]
Mannitol is effective in acutely reducing raised intracranial pressure.
4. Acetaminophen may be needed to avoid hyperthermia, and to relieve headache.[15]
Frozen plasma, vitamin K, protamine, or platelet transfusions are given in case of a coagulopathy.[15]
Fosphenytoin or other anticonvulsant is given in case of seizures or lobar hemorrhage.[15]
H2 antagonists or proton pump inhibitors are commonly given for stress ulcer prophylaxis, a condition
somehow linked with ICH.[15]
Corticosteroids, were thought to reduce swelling. However, in large controlled studies, corticosteroids
haven been found to increase mortality rates and are no longer recommended.[17][18]
Glibenclamide (Glyburide), while not currently an FDA approved treatment, is being studied as a
promising treatment for preventing secondary brain injury and cerebral edema post-hemorrhage or
infarction.
Surgery
Surgery is required if the hematoma is greater than 3 cm (1 in), if there is a structural vascular lesion or
lobar hemorrhage in a young patient.[15]
A catheter may be passed into the brain vasculature to close off or dilate blood vessels, avoiding
invasive surgical procedures.[19]
Aspiration by stereotactic surgery or endoscopic drainage may be used in basal ganglia hemorrhages,
although successful reports are limited.[15]
Other treatment
Tracheal intubation is indicated in patients with decreased level of consciousness or other risk of airway
obstruction.[15]
IV fluids are given to maintain fluid balance, using isotonic rather than hypotonic fluids.[15]
Prognosis
The risk of death from an intraparenchymal bleed in traumatic brain injury is especially high when the
injury occurs in the brain stem.[2] Intraparenchymal bleeds within the medulla oblongata are almost
always fatal, because they cause damage to cranial nerve X, the vagus nerve, which plays an important
role in blood circulation and breathing.[5] This kind of hemorrhage can also occur in the cortex or
subcortical areas, usually in the frontal or temporal lobes when due to head injury, and sometimes in
the cerebellum.[5][20]
5. For spontaneous ICH seen on CT scan, the death rate (mortality) is 34–50% by 30 days after the insult,[1]
and half of the deaths occur in the first 2 days.[21] Even though the majority of deaths occurs in the first
days after ICH, survivors have a long term excess mortality of 27% compared to the general
population.[22]
The inflammatory response triggered by stroke has been viewed as harmful in the early stage, focusing
on blood-borne leukocytes, neutrophils and macrophages, and resident microglia and astrocytes.[23] A
human postmortem study shows that inflammation occurs early and persists for several days after
ICH.[24] New area of interest are the Mast Cells.[25]
Epidemiology
It accounts for 20% of all cases of cerebrovascular disease in the US, behind cerebral thrombosis (40%)
and cerebral embolism (30%).[26]
It is two or more times more prevalent in black patients than it is in white patients.[27]
References
1 2 3 4 5 Yadav YR, Mukerji G, Shenoy R, Basoor A, Jain G, Nelson A (2007). "Endoscopic management of
hypertensive intraventricular haemorrhage with obstructive hydrocephalus". BMC Neurol 7: 1.
doi:10.1186/1471-2377-7-1. PMC 1780056. PMID 17204141.
1 2 Sanders MJ and McKenna K. 2001. Mosby's Paramedic Textbook, 2nd revised Ed. Chapter 22, "Head
and Facial Trauma." Mosby.
1 2 Vinas FC and Pilitsis J. 2006. "Penetrating Head Trauma." Emedicine.com.
↑ Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, et al. (January 2013). "Heart disease and stroke statistics--2013
update: a report from the American Heart Association". Circulation 127 (1): e6–e245.
doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e31828124ad. PMID 23239837.
1 2 3 McCaffrey P. 2001. "The Neuroscience on the Web Series: CMSD 336 Neuropathologies of
Language and Cognition." California State University, Chico. Retrieved on June 19, 2007.
↑ Orlando Regional Healthcare, Education and Development. 2004. "Overview of Adult Traumatic Brain
Injuries." Retrieved on 2008-01-16.
↑ Shepherd S. 2004. "Head Trauma." Emedicine.com. Retrieved on June 19, 2007.
6. ↑ Kazuhiko Nakano; et al. "The collagen-binding protein of Streptococcus mutans is involved in
haemorrhagic stroke". Nature Communications.
↑ Major Risk Factors for Intracerebral Hamorrhage in the Young Are Modifiable Edward Feldmann, MD;
Joseph P. Broderick, MD; Walter N. Kernan, MD; Catherine M. Viscoli, PhD; Lawrence M. Brass, MD;
Thomas Brott, MD; Lewis B. Morgenstern, MD; Janet Lee Wilterdink, MD Ralph I. Horwitz, MD. Published
in Stroke. 2005;36:1881.
↑ Josephson, Colin B; White, Philip M; Krishan, Ashma; Al-Shahi Salman, Rustum (1 September 2014).
"Computed tomography angiography or magnetic resonance angiography for detection of intracranial
vascular malformations in patients with intracerebral haemorrhage". The Cochrane Library 9: CD009372.
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009372.pub2. PMID 25177839. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
1 2 Yeung R, Ahmad T, Aviv RI, Noel de Tilly L, Fox AJ, Symons SP. Comparison of CTA to DSA in
determining the etiology of spontaneous ICH. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. 2009 March;
36(2):176-180.
↑ Tsivgoulis, G; Katsanos, AH; Butcher, KS; Boviatsis, E; Triantafyllou, N; Rizos, I; Alexandrov, AV (21
October 2014). "Intensive blood pressure reduction in acute intracerebral hemorrhage: A meta-
analysis.". Neurology 83 (17): 1523–9. doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000000917. PMID 25239836.
↑ Ma, J; Li, H; Liu, Y; You, C; Huang, S; Ma, L (2015). "Effects of Intensive Blood Pressure Lowering on
Intracerebral Hemorrhage Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.". Turkish
neurosurgery 25 (4): 544–51. PMID 26242330.
↑ Hemphill JC, 3rd; Greenberg, SM; Anderson, CS; Becker, K; Bendok, BR; Cushman, M; Fung, GL;
Goldstein, JN; Macdonald, RL; Mitchell, PH; Scott, PA; Selim, MH; Woo, D; American Heart Association
Stroke, Council; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke, Nursing; Council on Clinical, Cardiology (July
2015). "Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Guideline for
Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association.". Stroke; a
journal of cerebral circulation 46 (7): 2032–60. PMID 26022637.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 eMedicine Specialties > Neurology > Neurological Emergencies > Intracranial
Haemorrhage: Treatment & Medication. By David S Liebeskind, MD. Updated: Aug 7, 2006
↑ Yuan, ZH; Jiang, JK; Huang, WD; Pan, J; Zhu, JY; Wang, JZ (June 2010). "A meta-analysis of the efficacy
and safety of recombinant activated factor VII for patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage without
hemophilia.". Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia
17 (6): 685–93. doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2009.11.020. PMID 20399668.
↑ Lancet. 2004 Oct 9-15;364(9442):1321-8.Effect of intravenous corticosteroids on death within 14 days
in 10008 adults with clinically significant head injury (MRC CRASH trial): randomised placebo-controlled
trial.
7. ↑ Lancet. 2005 Jun 4-10;365(9475):1957-9. Final results of MRC CRASH, a randomised placebo-
controlled trial of intravenous corticosteroid in adults with head injury-outcomes at 6 months.
↑ Cedars-Sinai Health System - Cerebral Hemorrhages Retrieved on 02/25/2009
↑ Graham DI and Gennareli TA. Chapter 5, "Pathology of Brain Damage After Head Injury" Cooper P and
Golfinos G. 2000. Head Injury, 4th Ed. Morgan Hill, New York.
↑ Guidelines for the Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Adults
↑ Hansen, B.M.; Nilsson O.G.; Anderson H; et al. (Oct 2013). "Long term (13 years) prognosis after
primary intracerebral haemorrhage: a prospective population based study of long term mortality,
prognostic factors and causes of death". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 84 (10): 1150–
1155. doi:10.1136/jnnp-2013-305200.
↑ Wang J (December 2010). "Preclinical and clinical research on inflammation after intracerebral
hemorrhage". Prog. Neurobiol. 92 (4): 463–77. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.08.001. PMC 2991407.
PMID 20713126.
↑ Wu H, Zhang Z, Hu X, Zhao R, Song Y, Ban X, Qi J, Wang J (2010). "Dynamic changes of inflammatory
markers in brain after hemorrhagic stroke in humans: a postmortem study.". Brain Research 1342 (1342):
111–1117. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.04.033. PMC 2885522. PMID 20420814.
↑ Lindsberg e.a.: Mast cells as early responders in the regulation of acute blood–brain barrier changes
after cerebral ischemia and hemorrhage
↑ Page 117 in: Henry S. Schutta; Lechtenberg, Richard (1998). Neurology practice guidelines. New York:
M. Dekker. ISBN 0-8247-0104-6.
↑ Copenhaver BR, Hsia AW, Merino JG, et al. (October 2008). "Racial differences in microbleed
prevalence in primary intracerebral hemorrhage". Neurology 71 (15): 1176–82.
doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000327524.16575.ca. PMC 2676986. PMID 18838665.
Further reading
Hemphill JC, 3rd; Greenberg, SM; Anderson, CS; Becker, K; Bendok, BR; Cushman, M; Fung, GL; Goldstein,
JN; Macdonald, RL; Mitchell, PH; Scott, PA; Selim, MH; Woo, D (28 May 2015). "Guidelines for the
Management of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From
the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association.". Stroke; a journal of cerebral circulation
46: 2032–60. doi:10.1161/STR.0000000000000069. PMID 26022637.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cerebral hemorrhage.
Parent friendly information on IVH in premature babies from The Hospital for Sick Children
8. LPCH on Intraventricular
Information on brain haemorrhage from Headway - the brain injury association, a UK-based charity
providing information and support
Cerebrovascular diseases (G45–G46 and I60–I69, 430–438)
Brain ischemia/
cerebral infarction
(ischemic stroke/TIA)
TACI, PACI
precerebral: Carotid artery stenosis
cerebral: MCAACAAmaurosis fugax
Moyamoya disease
POCI
precerebral: Anterior spinal artery syndromeVertebrobasilar insufficiency Subclavian steal syndrome
brainstem: medulla Medial medullary syndromeLateral medullary syndromepons Medial pontine
syndrome/Foville'sLateral pontine syndrome/Millard-Gublermidbrain Weber'sBenediktClaude's
cerebral: PCALacunar strokeDejerine–Roussy syndrome
cerebellar
General
cerebral: Cerebral venous sinus thrombosisCADASILBinswanger's diseaseTransient global amnesia
Intracranial hemorrhage
(hemorrhagic stroke)
Extra-axial
EpiduralSubduralSubarachnoid
Cerebral/Intra-axial
Intraventricular
Brainstem
9. Duret haemorrhage
Aneurysm
Cerebral aneurysm Intracranial berry aneurysmCharcot-Bouchard aneurysm
Other/general
Cerebral vasculitis
Neurotrauma (S06, Sx4, T09.3–4, 850–854, 950–957)
Traumatic brain injury
Intracranial hemorrhageIntra-axial Intraparenchymal hemorrhageIntraventricular hemorrhageExtra-
axial Subdural hematomaEpidural hematomaSubarachnoid hemorrhageBrain herniationCerebral
contusionCerebral lacerationConcussion Post-concussion syndromeSecond-impact syndromeDementia
pugilisticaChronic traumatic encephalopathyDiffuse axonal injuryShaken baby syndromePenetrating
head injury
Spinal cord injury
Anterior cord syndromeBrown-Séquard syndromeCauda equina syndromeCentral cord
syndromeParaplegiaPosterior cord syndromeSpinal cord injury without radiographic
abnormalityTetraplegia (Quadriplegia)
Peripheral nerves
Nerve injury Peripheral nerve injuryWallerian degenerationInjury of accessory nerveBrachial plexus
injuryTraumatic neuroma
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