This document summarizes the evolution of mobile generations from 1G to 5G networks. It discusses the key technologies and standards for each generation including AMPS for 1G, GSM for 2G, UMTS for 3G, and LTE for 4G. For 5G, it mentions technologies like NOMA and MIMO but notes the standards are not yet defined. It also provides high-level diagrams of network architectures for 3G, 4G, and 5G, highlighting the transition to an all-IP infrastructure and the introduction of network slicing in 5G.

1. COMPARISON OF MOBILE GENERATIONS
MOBILE & WIRELESS NETWORKS
ENGR. SHAHZAIB MALIK
HOD ELECTRONICS
GCT BHAKKAR

2. WIRELESS NETWORK’S GENERATIONS
• Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) : 1G (FDMA)
• Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) : 2G (TDMA)
• Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) : 3G (CDMA)
• Long-term Evolution (LTE): 4G (OFDMA)
• LTE-A , etc. : 5G (NOMA, MIMO etc.)

3. FIRST MOBILE RADIO TELEPHONE - 1924

4. FIRST GENERATION – 1G CELLULAR
• Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)
• US trials 1978; deployed in Japan (’79) & US (’83)
• 800 MHz band – two 20 MHz bands
• Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT)
• Sweden, Norway, Demark & Finland
• Launched 1981;
• 450 MHz; later at 900 MHz (NMT900)
• Total Access Communications System (TACS)
• British design; similar to AMPS; deployed 1985

5. SECOND GENERATION – 2G
• Digital systems to increase capacity
• Digital signal processing
• Utilized “Intelligent Network” concepts
• Added new services, Wide diversity of 2G systems
• IS-54/ IS-136 North American CDMA; (Hong Kong , Korea)
• PDC (Japan)
• iDEN (Motorola proprietary system, 800 MHz private mobile radio (PMR) spectrum,
• DECT (Digital European Cordless Telephony) and PHS (Personal Handiphone Service, Japan &
China)
wide bandwidth (32 Kbps channels), ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
• IS-95 CDMA (cdmaOne)
• GSM (Groupe Special Mobile, latter change to Global System for Mobile)
• Time division multiple access (TDMA)
• 3 calls per radio channel using repeating time slices
• Deployed 1993
• IS-54 / IS-136 standards in US

6. CDMA
GSM
TDMA
PHS
(IP-Based)
64 Kbps
GPRS
115 Kbps
CDMA 1xRTT
144 Kbps
EDGE
384 Kbps
cdma2000
1X-EV-DV
Over 2.4 Mbps
W-CDMA
(UMTS)
Up to 2 Mbps
2G
2.5G
2.75G 3G
1992 - 2000+
2001+
2003+
1G
1984 - 1996+
2003 - 2004+
TACS
NMT
AMPS
GSM/
GPRS
(Overlay)
115 Kbps
9.6 Kbps
9.6 Kbps
14.4 Kbps
/ 64 Kbps
9.6 Kbps
PDC
Analog Voice
Digital Voice
Packet Data
Intermediate
Multimedia
Multimedia
PHS
TD-SCDMA
2 Mbps?
9.6 Kbps
iDEN
(Overlay)
iDEN
Source: U.S. Bancorp Piper Jaffray
MIGRATION TO 3G

7. TERMINOLOGY USE FOR BASE STATION

8. 2G GSM
Mobile Switching Centre

9. 3G ARCHITECTURE

10. EUTRAN: Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network EPC: Enhanced Packet Core
MME: Mobility Management Entity HSS: Home Subscriber Server
PCRF: Policy and Charging Rules Function IMS: IP Multimedia System
S1 interface for EPC X2 interface for inter base connections

11. ARCHITECTURE OF 5G (SBA-SERVICES BASED ARCHITECTURE)
NSSF: Network Slicing Selection Function (assign a slice of BW to user) NEF: Network Exposure Function (Deploy on
demand service for certain users)
NRF: Network Repository Function (for implementing new services) PCF: Policy Control Function (QoS policy and
charging control)
UDM User Data Management (like HSS, home location) AF: Application Function (Provide
application services to users like video streaming)
NSSAAF: Network Slice Specific Authentication and Authorization Function AUSF: Authentication Service Function
(Authentication and Encryption)
AMF: Access and Mobility Function SMF: Session Management Function UPF: User Plan Function

12. AIR INTERFACE DESIGN 6G

13. COMP

14. COMP

15. Technologies/Feature 2G / 2.5G - GSM 3G - UMTS 4G - LTE 5G
Evolution 1980 1990 2000 2010
Deployment 1999 2002 2010 2020
Data Rate 14.4-64 kbps 2 Mbps
200 Mbps to 1 Gbps for
low mobility
10 Gbps to 100 Gbps
Famous Standards
2G: GSM, CDMA
2.5G: GPRS, EDGE,
1xRTT
WCDMA, CDMA-2000 LTE-A, WiMAX Not yet defined
Technology Behind Digital cellular technology
Broad bandwidth CDMA,
IP technology
Undefined IP and
seamless combination of
broadband.
LAN/WAN/PAN/WLAN
Undefined IP and
seamless combination of
broadband.
LAN/WAN/PAN/WLAN
Service
2G: Digital Voice, SMS
2.5G: Voice+Data
Integrated high-quality
audio, video, and data
Dynamic information
access, wearable devices
Dynamic information
access, wearable devices
with AI capabilities
Multiplexing TDMA, CDMA CDMA O-FDMA / OMA NOMA, MIMO
Type Of Switching
2G: Circuit
2.5G: Circuit and packet
Packet Packet Packet
Handoff Horizontal (Same wireless) Horizontal Horizontal and Vertical Horizontal and Vertical
Core Network PSTN Packet network Internet Internet

16. CONNECTED PEOPLE AND DEVICES TO CONNECTED INTELLIGENCE

17. Thank You