Cellular communication
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This document discusses key concepts in cellular communication including cells and cell splitting, frequency bands and reuse, roaming and handoff. It provides a qualitative comparison of GSM and CDMA systems, explaining their operating frequencies, phone call security, encoding, roaming capabilities, signal quality, handoff processes, and power consumption. Diagrams illustrate a cellular network architecture and frequency reuse pattern using a cluster of 7 cells. Concepts like ARFCN, IMEI, SIM cards, and their functions are also defined.
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How Mobile Phone Works
Mobile phones establish a connection with the nearest base transceiver station (BTS) when powered on by scanning for control channels and registering. To make a call, the phone sends an access request to the BTS which assigns a voice channel. Receiving a call involves the BTS paging the phone on the control channel. Frequency reuse and adaptive power control allow more efficient use of available frequencies and minimize interference between cells.
How Mobile Phone Networks Work
Mobile phone networks use radio waves to allow communication between mobile phones and base stations. The base stations are connected to the telephone network and route calls. To provide coverage to more users, networks reuse frequencies by dividing coverage into cells served by base stations operating on different frequencies. As more users join the network, cell size decreases and more base stations are added to increase capacity without interference between frequencies. Common mobile technologies are GSM, operating at 900MHz and 1800MHz, and UMTS, operating at 2GHz.
Unit 1
Mobile computing basics include cells which are geographic units for cellular systems represented as hexagons, with base stations at the center. Cell clusters group cells where frequencies are not reused. Spectrum is limited, so frequencies must be reused across cells to increase capacity while avoiding interference. Noise sources include thermal, intermodulation, crosstalk, and impulse noise. GSM and CDMA are cellular standards, with GSM using SIM cards for storage and CDMA using internal memory.
How cell phone work?
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NAME-KUMAR GAURAV
email id-kgaurav501@gmail.com
Cellular communication
Cellular wireless networks use three basic devices: a mobile station, base transceiver, and mobile switching office. The base transceiver includes an antenna and controller. The switching office connects calls between mobile units. Two channel types are available: control channels for call setup/maintenance, and traffic channels that carry voice/data. Cells use low-powered transmitters and each cell has its own antenna and base station. Frequency reuse allows the same frequencies to be used in different cells. As users move between cells, handoffs change their assignment from one base station to another.
Mobile telephone system
this will help you to understand the technology used in your phones and development from their initial stage. how was the initial look of devices. how it will connect with base station and let you help in better communication, internet connectivity.
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The document defines cellular radio systems as radio communication networks divided into small geographic areas called cells. Each cell contains a low-power transmitter/receiver base station that can communicate with mobile units within its cell. As a mobile unit moves between cells, it automatically switches to the nearest base station. The mobile telephone switching office coordinates calls between cells and landline networks. Key components include mobile units, base stations, and the switching office. Channels include control channels for signaling and voice channels for calls.
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This document summarizes a seminar presentation on mobile communication processes. It describes the key components of a cellular communication system including the mobile switching center (MSC), base station subsystem (BSS), base transceiver station (BTS), and base station controller (BSC). It also discusses the types of antennas used, including omni-directional and sectored antennas. Finally, it provides a brief overview of modulation basics and how optical fibers are used for transmission in cellular networks.
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How Mobile Phone Works
Mobile phones establish a connection with the nearest base transceiver station (BTS) when powered on by scanning for control channels and registering. To make a call, the phone sends an access request to the BTS which assigns a voice channel. Receiving a call involves the BTS paging the phone on the control channel. Frequency reuse and adaptive power control allow more efficient use of available frequencies and minimize interference between cells.
How Mobile Phone Networks Work
Mobile phone networks use radio waves to allow communication between mobile phones and base stations. The base stations are connected to the telephone network and route calls. To provide coverage to more users, networks reuse frequencies by dividing coverage into cells served by base stations operating on different frequencies. As more users join the network, cell size decreases and more base stations are added to increase capacity without interference between frequencies. Common mobile technologies are GSM, operating at 900MHz and 1800MHz, and UMTS, operating at 2GHz.
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Mobile computing basics include cells which are geographic units for cellular systems represented as hexagons, with base stations at the center. Cell clusters group cells where frequencies are not reused. Spectrum is limited, so frequencies must be reused across cells to increase capacity while avoiding interference. Noise sources include thermal, intermodulation, crosstalk, and impulse noise. GSM and CDMA are cellular standards, with GSM using SIM cards for storage and CDMA using internal memory.
How cell phone work?
this presentation based on the description of working principle of mobile communication.
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email id-kgaurav501@gmail.com
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Cellular wireless networks use three basic devices: a mobile station, base transceiver, and mobile switching office. The base transceiver includes an antenna and controller. The switching office connects calls between mobile units. Two channel types are available: control channels for call setup/maintenance, and traffic channels that carry voice/data. Cells use low-powered transmitters and each cell has its own antenna and base station. Frequency reuse allows the same frequencies to be used in different cells. As users move between cells, handoffs change their assignment from one base station to another.
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this will help you to understand the technology used in your phones and development from their initial stage. how was the initial look of devices. how it will connect with base station and let you help in better communication, internet connectivity.
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1) GSM is a cellular network standard developed in 1991 that is widely used in Europe and Asia. It uses FDMA to separate frequencies and TDMA to divide each frequency into time slots to allow multiple calls over the same frequency.
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3) Frequency reuse allows a limited number of frequencies to service many users by dividing a region into cells and assigning each a unique set of frequencies to avoid interference between cells.
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Mobile networks use radio frequencies to allow cellular devices to connect to a network of base stations. Base stations transmit and receive signals in frequency bands between 850-1900 MHz. As devices move between base station coverage areas, the network performs handoffs to transfer the connection seamlessly. Higher generations of cellular networks like 3G and 4G provide improved data speeds but still must handle user mobility effectively.
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GSM belongs to the 2nd generation (2G) cellular mobile communication technology. Analog cellular technology is known as Generation 1 mobile technology, and broadband CDMA technology is known as Generation 3 mobile technology, or 3G.
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My Seminar
1) GSM is a cellular network standard developed in 1991 that is widely used in Europe and Asia. It uses FDMA to separate frequencies and TDMA to divide each frequency into time slots to allow multiple calls over the same frequency.
2) The GSM architecture consists of mobile stations, a base station subsystem to connect to mobile devices, and a network subsystem to switch calls. Each component has several elements like the BTS, BSC, MSC, HLR, and VLR.
3) Frequency reuse allows a limited number of frequencies to service many users by dividing a region into cells and assigning each a unique set of frequencies to avoid interference between cells.
5432 cellular network
Mobile networks use radio frequencies to allow cellular devices to connect to a network of base stations. Base stations transmit and receive signals in frequency bands between 850-1900 MHz. As devices move between base station coverage areas, the network performs handoffs to transfer the connection seamlessly. Higher generations of cellular networks like 3G and 4G provide improved data speeds but still must handle user mobility effectively.
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This document provides an overview of cellular networks. It discusses key concepts like cells, base stations, frequency reuse, and multiple access methods. It describes how location of mobile devices is managed through location updating and paging. It also covers handoff which allows active calls to continue seamlessly as users move between different cells.
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What is GSM?
Global System for Mobile Communications, or GSM for short, is a digital mobile communications standard developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Organization ETSI. It uses time division multiple access technologies for its air interface. Since its commercial introduction in the mid-1990s, it has been adopted by more than 100 countries worldwide.
GSM is an open standard currently being developed by 3GPP. 2015, many GSM network are used by operators worldwide.
GSM belongs to the 2nd generation (2G) cellular mobile communication technology. Analog cellular technology is known as Generation 1 mobile technology, and broadband CDMA technology is known as Generation 3 mobile technology, or 3G.
GSM is a digital cell phone network standard developed in Europe to allow users to use one cell phone network standard for all parts of the world so that users can travel around the world with one cell phone.
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Cellular communication systems have evolved over generations from analog 1G to current digital 4G systems. A cellular network is divided into geographical cell sites covered by antennas. These cells can be macro cells covering large areas, micro cells for urban areas, or picocells for indoor spaces. Key components of cellular networks include base transceiver stations that connect to subscriber phones, base station controllers that manage multiple stations, and mobile switching centers that route calls between networks. Cellular phones connect to the nearest cell tower to place or receive calls through this infrastructure.
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2) First generation networks provided analog voice calls with low quality and security. Second generation networks like GSM introduced digital cellular and allowed data services.
3) A GSM network includes mobile stations, a base station subsystem with base transceiver stations and base station controllers, a network switching subsystem with mobile switching centers, home and visitor location registers, and connections to public switched telephone networks.
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The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
How to deliver Powerpoint Presentations.pptx
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Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 Inventory
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Wound healing PPT
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation results
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
Event Link:- https://meetups.mulesoft.com/events/details/mulesoft-mysore-presents-mule-event-processing-models/
Agenda
● What is event processing in MuleSoft?
● Types of event processing models in Mule 4
● Distinction between the reactive, parallel, blocking & non-blocking processing
For Upcoming Meetups Join Mysore Meetup Group - https://meetups.mulesoft.com/mysore/YouTube:- youtube.com/@mulesoftmysore
Mysore WhatsApp group:- https://chat.whatsapp.com/EhqtHtCC75vCAX7gaO842N
Speaker:-
Shivani Yasaswi - https://www.linkedin.com/in/shivaniyasaswi/
Organizers:-
Shubham Chaurasia - https://www.linkedin.com/in/shubhamchaurasia1/
Giridhar Meka - https://www.linkedin.com/in/giridharmeka
Priya Shaw - https://www.linkedin.com/in/priya-shaw
Traditional Musical Instruments of Arunachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh - RAYH...
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Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptx
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
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Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.ppt
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.ppt
B. Ed Syllabus for babasaheb ambedkar education university.pdf
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Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...
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Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
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Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptx
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH LỚP 9 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2024-2025 - ...
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Cellular communication
- 1. By: Amjad Hassan Khan MK Lecturer in Electronics Kristu Jayanti College, Bengaluru
- 2. • Cellular communication-Concept of cellular, mobile communication, cell and cell splitting. • frequency bands used in cellular communication, Absolute RF channel Numbers(ARFCN) • frequency reuse, roaming and hand off • Authentication of the SIM card of the subscribers • IMEI number, concept of data encryption, • Architecture (block diagram) of cellular mobile communication network, • qualitative study of GSM and CDMA systems, • simplified block diagram of cellular phone hand set, • comparative study of GSM and CDMA.
- 3. • Cellular communication • Mobile • Cell
- 4. • Macro cell • Micro cell
- 5. Cluster: Cells with the same letter, use the same set of frequencies. A cell cluster is outlined in bold, and replicated over the coverage area. In this example, the cluster size, N, is equal to 7; and the frequency reuse factor is 1/7, since each cell contains 1/7 of the total number of available channels. Distance for frequency reuse D=R√3N A C B G F D G E D B B F F E E C A A G C D
- 7. Absolute Radio Frequency Number. It is a channel numbering scheme. It is used to identify specific RF channels in GSM. ARFCN is a code that specifies a pair of physical carriers and channels. These are used for the transmission and reception one for uplink signal and the other for the downlink signal. The ARFCN can be used to calculate the exact frequency of the radio channel. An IMEI is a serial number that uniquely identifies a GSM mobile phone. Typically 15 digits long, the IMEI code is broken into sections that provide information about a phone, such as its manufacturer, to the mobile network that the phone is connected to. IMEI numbers of stolen devices are blacklisted in some countries so that the phone cannot easily be used by a thief. Also known as: "International Mobile Equipment Identity"
- 10. A Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) card is a portable memory chip used mostly in cell phones that operate on the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) network. 1. Identification of a subscriber 2. Authentication of a subscriber 3. Storage 4. Applications
- 14. Features GSM CDMA Operating Frequency 900 and 1800-MHz 800-MHz and 1900 MHz Phone calls Easily tampered. More secured because of the spread spectrum. Technology TDMA and FDMA CDMA Encoding Digital Digital Roaming Worldwide, all countries except Japan and South Korea Limited Signal quality/coverage area Good coverage indoors on 850/900 MHz Repeaters possible. 35 km hard limit. Unlimited cell size, low transmitter power permits large cells Handoff Hard Soft Power consumption Less More