The nucleus is the control center of the cell and contains DNA. It is surrounded by a membrane. Ribosomes produce proteins and may be free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. The endoplasmic reticulum transports molecules through a series of membranes and may be rough or smooth. Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell and convert energy. Vacuoles store waste and other materials. Lysosomes break down materials as the cell's waste management system. Microtubules and microfilaments make up the cytoskeleton to support the cell.

1. Common Cell Traits
1. Cells come in different ______________________and__________________.
2. All cells have a ___________________________ which is an outer covering that controls what comes
into and out of a cell.
3. All cells have _____________________ which is a _____________________material.
4. Only________________, __________________, _____________________, and _______________
have cell walls.
5. Cell walls are tough, rigid outer coverings that protect the cell and give it shape
Nucleus of a Cell
6. The ___________________ is the control center of the cell because it holds all the
_____________________material which tells the cell what to do.
7. It is protected by a membrane called the ________________________________________.
8. The ________________________is inside the nucleus and this is where ___________________are
made.
Organelles in the Cytoplasm
9. _______________________are tiny cell structures which carry out specific functions within the cell.
10. Examples include the ______________________,
_______________________,________________________,____________________________,
______________________,________________________, and _____________________.
Mitochondria
11. ____________________________are rod-shaped organelles known as the “powerhouses” of the cell.
They convert energy in food molecules to energy the cell can use to carry out its
functions.
Ribosomes
12. ______________________are very small grainlike structures that function as factories to produce
proteins.
13. They may be attached to the ______________________ ___________________ or they may
__________ in the cytoplasm.
Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER)
14. The ________________________ _________________________is a series of folded membranes or
passageways that carry ______________________ and other _________________ from one part of the
cell to another.
15. It may be rough or smooth. The ______________________ has no attached _____________________.
The rough ER has attached ribosomes
Golgi Bodies
16. The ____________________________ are stacked, flattened membranes which receive
___________________ and other newly formed materials from the ER, __________________ them, and
_______________________ them to other parts of the cell.
17. Golgi bodies are like the _______________.
Chloroplasts
18. __________________ cells have ____________________________ which are green organelles that
capture the energy from sunlight and use it to make _________________.
19. _____________________ make leaves ______________________.

2. Vacuoles
20. __________________________ are the _____________________ areas of cells.
21. Most ___________________ have _________________ _________________vacuole while animal cells
may have one, more than one, or no vacuoles.
22. ___________________store food and other materials needed by the cell.
23. They also store ___________________.
Lysosomes
24. ________________________ are small, _________________ structures containing chemicals that
________________ down certain materials in the cell.
25. Lysosomes are the cell’s ___________________ __________________.
Cytoskeleton
26. _______________________________ and __________________________ both make up the
Cytoskeleton framework. They both support the cell.
Levels of Organization
 Cells
 Tissues
 Organs
 Systems
 Organism