Cell Cycle Regulation And Its Effects On The Body Of...

Cell Cycle Regulation And Its Effects On The Body Of...
Abstract: Retinoblastoma is a rare childhood tumour of the eye that is characterised by the inability of developing retinal cells to proliferate in a
controlled way. This is because the retinoblastoma protein (pRb) involved in cell cycle regulation is non–functional due to the diversity of allelic
mutations which arise in the Rb1 gene. The consequent tumours show distinct growth patterns, which if left untreated could severely compromise
vision and cause the development of secondary malignancies. Survival from retinoblastoma is correlated with the severity of the disease and the speed
of intervention. Though radiation therapies were the principle method of treatment, chemotherapy and surgical intervention now form the primary
treatment... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Leucocoria is often the first visible sign of retinoblastoma in 60% of cases [1]. The retinoblastoma tumour usually presents a distinct growth pattern;
exophytic tumours extend into the subretinal space and progressively detach from the retina, causing a loss of central vision which induces
symptoms of secondary strabismus in 20% of cases [1]. Failure to treat patients in early life will compromise vision, as seeding of the tumour within
the eye disrupts fluid flow and increases the intraocular pressure. Secondary tumours in the optic nerve, central nervous system, lungs, liver and bone
marrow are also common consequences following systemic metastasis of the tumour [1]. 40% of retinoblastoma cases are familial and are presented
in children under 12 months, having a parent who also suffered from the disease and was successfully cured; alternatively, 60% of children suffer
from a sporadic form of the disease showing symptoms closer to 24 months [1].The prevalence of retinoblastoma shows an equal frequency of
occurrence in genders, different races and ethnicities [4]; however, survival rates are less balanced, being much lower at 70% in developing countries
where there is a delay in intervention and administration of appropriate treatment [3]. Genetics of Retinoblastoma This tumour is inherited as an
autosomal dominant trait as the child inherits one abnormal Rb1 gene, strongly predisposing the child to
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The Role Of Retinoblastoma As An Ocular Malignancy...
Introduction
Retinoblastoma is an ocular malignancy occurring during childhood, which can affect both eyes and is extremely dangerous if it is left untreated. A
loss of sight and even death can result from a lack of treatment. It affects around 1 in 15,000 children and is responsible for 2.5% to 4% of the total
paediatric cancers making it the most common cancer of the eye in children [1] [2]. It is caused by a deletion mutation on chromosome 13 causing the
inactivation of the retinoblastoma gene (RB1) [3]. The condition can be inherited from the patient's parent, however there is also a non–heritable form
of the disease which occurs spontaneously [2]. The heritable form of retinoblastoma shows autosomal dominance. If diagnosed early, the ... Show more
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Genetics
Retinoblastoma occurs as a result of the inactivation of the RB1 gene which is caused by a deletion mutation on chromosome 13. The RB1 can be
found on the long arm of chromosome 13 [2]. As stated previously, there are two forms of retinoblastoma– the hereditary and non–hereditary form.
The heritable form accounts for 40% of cases and remaining 60% are down to the non–heritable form [2]. Most non–heritable cases are unilateral
(affecting one eye) whereas all heritable cases are bilateral (affecting both eyes).
The hereditary form conveys autosomal dominance meaning only one of the parents needs to possess the mutated gene for the condition to be
passed on. As a result, every somatic cell in the body will contain this mutation. At this stage the cells provide no risk of becoming cancerous. Having
said this, a somatic event can cause the normal allele to be lost and these cells are now cancerous [5] [3] as shown in figure 1. This is the Knudson
hypothesis which describes these events as a "two–hit" model [5]. The non–hereditary form, only one eye is affected as the two events take place in a
single retinal cell. The non–cancerous cells will display the expected genes on chromosome 13. However, both RB genes in the cancerous cells will
be inactivated. This is very rare however as, for retinoblastoma to occur, both genes on the chromosomes in the same cell linage must become defected
[3].
Retinoblastoma protein (pRb)
The mutation of the RB1 gene is

Retinoblastoma Research Paper
The human genome is the complete set of nucleic acid sequence including the coding DNA regions (called genes which make proteins), the non–coding
DNA regions and the mitochondrial DNA. However, Tumor suppressor genes (TSGs), or anti–oncogenes are proteins that play a vital role in regulating
and controlling the cell proliferation through different mechanisms including suppress the cell division, promote apoptosis or programmed cell death,
and repair DNA damages. Without which the cell can divide out of control and progress to cancer.
The discovery of the first tumor suppressor gene was due to the search for the cause of a rare eye cancer effect children which is Retinoblastoma.
Scientists have been looking for the cause of normal cells in the body turning into cancer cell. They observed that both patients with hereditary and
non–hereditary retinoblastoma have a deletion in a specific area on chromosome 13. Making them conclude that this deleted sequence is ... Show more
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But there are some theories that explain the cell and gene evolution. One of these theories states that the origins of gene, genetic code, protein and life
come from a GNC–SNS primitive genetic code, where S and N mean G or C and either of four bases (A, G, T(U) and C) respectively (Ikehara
2002). As a result of the analysis of the microbial genes, scientists found out that the variation in GC content which is produced by a GC mutation
pressure plays an important role in the creation of genes. Moreover, there are six crucial indices needed to form three–dimensional structure of globular
proteins which are hydropathy, alpha–helix, beta–sheet and beta–turn formabilities, acidic amino acid content and basic amino acid content, and they
should be consistent against changes of GC content of a gene and amino acid composition of a

P53: A Tumor Suppressor Gene
P53 is a tumor suppressor gene. In all kinds of malignant tumors, above 50% appears p53 gene mutation. The protein encoded by this gene is a
transcriptional factor, which controls to start the cell cycle. Many signals of the cell health directly send to the p53 protein. It also decides when the
cells begin the division. If the cells are damaged and cannot be repaired, the p53 protein would start the boot process and lead the cell go to apoptosis
died. Some p53 deficient cells without this control, under adverse conditions, cells will continue to split. Just like any other tumor suppressor, p53 gene
normally plays the role of slowing down or monitoring the cell division. The Inhibiting cancer genes "p53" in cells judges the extent of DNA damage.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However Bax (pro–apoptotic gene) interact with mitochondria voltage–dependent ion channel, release the cytochrome c. p53 can regulate the
expression levels of Bax and promote cell apoptosis. P53 also can induce apoptosis by the receptor protein signal pathway, TNF receptor and the Fas
protein.
After DNA damage, due to the accumulation of mismatch repair, it causes genomic instability. Besides, the genetic information is changed. P53 can
participate in DNA repair process, which itself has a DNA–binding domain nucleic acid endonuclease activity, resectable mismatch nucleotide,
nucleotide binding and regulate endo repair factor XPB and XPD activity, affect its DNA recombination and

Horizon Scanning Therapy: Article Analysis
The author seeks to ascertain the effectiveness of using selective retina therapy using horizon scanning technology as a mean of treating retinal healthy
problems associated with diabetes. According to him the technology has been approved for use and various aspects of the technology have been
approved. For example the technology is considered to be safe and effective for use on patients with retina problems. Horizon scanning treatment entails
use of laser beam to treat the retina pigment epithelium through detection of sound waves and light scattering.
The concern addressed in the article is whether there are other side effects of the technology on the health of the patient. Through other evidence has
been provided, there lacks an evidence

The Pros And Cons Of Medical Marijuana
Alexandria Sianna Heatherly was 4 when she was diagnosed with retinoblastoma. Retinoblastoma is a cancer that starts in the retina, the very back of
the eye. She was always happy and full of energy. Her parents did as much as they could to try to save her, but had they had one more week things
could've been different. They did intra–arterial chemotherapy with her. It was injected directly in the eye, directly onto the tumor. She lost part of her
eyebrow and developed dyslexia immediately after the first treatment. When she was 8, she went into surgery a week before Christmas and they
removed her right eye in hopes of stopping it from spreading, Little did they know, it had spread and become extraocular, outside the eye. If only they
had known there was a better treatment option. Marijuana can treat PTSD, cancer, seizures, anxiety, glaucoma, and depression. (Marijuana Can
Treat). Medical marijuana can help ease pain, nausea, and loss of appetite. It may also cut down seizures in people with epilepsy. There are a few
reasons marijuana is not legal and some of those are that people believe it's a dangerous drug that destroys families, it's the 'Gateway Drug,' and more.
Medical marijuana should be legalized in all states. One big reason for it being illegal is that if marijuana were legal, doctors could use it for patients.
If doctors can use marijuana to help treat their patients, then who's not getting money from their big name drugs? Pharmaceutical companies. (Top 5

Vaccines Are The Side Effects Of The Vaccines? How Do I...
When having a first child come into someone 's life, they may have a million questions about the immunizations that children will need. Some
questions might be asked could be Are vaccines safe? What are the side effects of the vaccines? How do I treat them? Is there a link between vaccines
and autism? (Infant Immunizations FAQs). Any question is okay to ask, since having a first child will seem a little scary. Although not all infants have
diseases or are sick when they are young, some infants have deadly diseases that they cannot live with. Deadly diseases could include cancer,
Hirschsprung disease, chicken pox, influenza, cystic fibrosis, and immunizations. Leukemias, which are cancers of the bone marrow and blood, are the
most common childhood cancers. Leukemia is accounted for about 30% of all cancers in children (Cancers That Develop in Children). The second
most common cancers in children are brain and central nervous system tumors. There are many types of tumors infants may have when they are born.
The drug's manufacturer, Bristol–Myers Squibb, will charge $141,000 for the first 12 weeks of treatment and $256,000 of a year of treatment (Elkins,
Chris). Adalyn, a nine–month–old girl from South Saint Paul, Minnesota was diagnosed with retinoblastoma. Retinoblastoma is a rare and fatal tumor
of the retina that affects young children. Retinoblastoma typically shows up as a 'white glow' in the eye, something that Time and Teresa, Adalyn's
parents, remember noticing in

Losing Someone Due To Cancer
Have you ever lost someone due to cancer? More than 10 thousand people each year die due to cancer. For the past few years I lost many friends, and
important family members due to cancer.
Every day they would go through serious pain. They tried their hardest to get better but one day it was all over. Maggie my baby sister was diagnosed
with Retinoblastoma on December, 5,
2012 at the age of 9 months. After completing her cancer treatment, Maggie is now back with us.
"Cancer is like a home invasion, once it has invaded your life you will never feel safe again.
When you hear the word cancer, it's as if someone took the game of life and threw it in the air.
There are more than 100 types of cancer. Cancer is a non–communicable disease

Aortic Aneurysm Research Paper
Aortic Aneurysm
1. Basic definition of the disease – Source: "Aortic Aneurysm." MedlinePlus. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 28 Sept. 2016. Web. 13 Oct. 2016. .
There are two types of aortic aneurysms – thoracic and abdominal. Both can be inherited as autosomal dominant heart diseases. Thoracic aortic
aneurysms (TAA) occur in the part of theaorta running through the chest area, while abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) occur in the part of the aorta
running through the abdomen. The aorta is the main blood vessel, or artery, that transports blood from the heart to the rest of the body. Aneurysms in
the aorta are a bulges in the blood vessel walls that cause various health problems.
2. Cause – Source: "Familial TAAD." Genetics Home Reference. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The treatments are usually all very effective as they serve the purpose of eliminating tumors and preserving vision.
6. Prognosis – Source: "Retinoblastoma." AAPOS.org. American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 1 June 2016. Web. 12 Oct.
2016. .
What is the life expectancy?
The life expectancy of affected individuals depends on their stage of retinoblastoma and whether they were diagnosed early enough to receive
treatment. Like other cancers, lifespan can be reduced if patients develop second–stage tumors and are not treated quickly enough. Most often, death
caused by retinoblastoma is rare because patients are usually diagnosed as children can receive treatments that are very effective.
What is the quality of life?
Living with retinoblastoma can be difficult, both physically and emotionally. Children affected by retinoblastoma may experience poor vision and eye
pain as well as rapid involuntary eye movement. These symptoms can be very uncomfortable for a young child. Further, the frequent treatments such as
chemotherapy can be inconvenient, and affected children often have lower self esteem as a result of their

Denotatively, A Tumor Suppressor Gene
Denotatively, a tumor suppressor gene is, "a gene whose partial or complete inactivation, occurring in either the germ line or the genome of a
somatic cell, leads to an increased likelihood of cancer development." Somatic cells, or cells of the body, are produced by cell division, making
identical copies of the cells as they divide. To reproduce, a parent cell must execute an orderly sequence of reactions, through which it duplicates its
contents and divides in two. This critical process of duplication and division, known as the cell cycle, is complex and carefully controlled3. Defects in
any of the proteins involved can be devastating to the cell.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Under normal conditions, cells balance division and apoptosis, and these processes are accomplished and preserved by several biochemical
"checkpoints" during the cell cycle2. When these checkpoints are affected, uncontrolled cellular proliferation and cancer can result. Two general
classes of cancer genes are oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Oncogenes facilitate tumor formation by directly accelerating cell division, whereas
tumor suppressor genes, when affected, allow uncontrolled growth that was normally suppressed2. Tumor suppressor gene loss usually affects a cell's
phenotype when both copies of the gene are lost, so null alleles can be present in a heterozygous state in cells without affecting cell and tissue
phenotype. The loss of these genes can occur through genetic mutation or the epigenetic silencing of genes via promoter

Extraskeletal Osteosarcoma Case Study
Extraskeletal osteosarcoma of the orbit is a disease of the skeletal system. In this scientific journal a twenty–two year old man who had multiple
symptoms, including: increased swelling of the left eye and occasional pain. At first the patient seemed perfectly healthy with no symptoms indicative of
cancer. His vision and ocular movement were up to par. However, a CT scan revealed a homogeneous mass in the left orbit. The tumor was not
attached to the bone so the diagnosis is extraskeletal osteosarcoma. The patient underwent left frontal transcranial orbitotomy and complete removal of
the tumor. This type of cancer is usually only present in the patient's 40th or 50th years of life. Two scientists, Fine and Stout reported a case of
osteogenic

Photocoagulation In Retinoblastoma
Photocoagulation Treatment in Retinoblastoma Cancer During early stages of childhood, the retina begins to develop. The cells within our eyes are
called retinoblast cells, which fill up the interior of the retina as well as develop new cells. It's not until the retina has been fully cultivated that the
cells will stop dividing and will instead develop into mature cells known as retinal cells. The normal RB1 gene is a type of gene that almost every
child is born with and its function is to help keep the cells from growing out of control within the eye. However, if there is a change in the gene, then
the RB1 gene will stop functioning like it should. This becomes dependent on when and where the RB1 gene occurs; this mutation can be caused
inherently... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is known to damage the retina and can most often lead to blind spots and/or temporarily cause a detachment [1]. It can also lead to recurring
problems, which can result in cystoid retinal degeneration, leaks from the choroidal hemangioma, as well as suffer from loss of vision [18]. Since
this type of treatment involves the use of thin and narrow lasers, there can be malfunctions when trying to reach the tissue vessels. This most likely
causes the peripheral view of the patient to become discrete [23]. However, it is an effective treatment that is used in third world countries because
of its management, cost efficiency, and material usage [5] [6]. Furthermore, it can be effective when using this type of treatment because of the low
side effects. Since it is a bloodless procedure, photocoagulation causes less physical pain and an easier method to avoid having a contact with any
type of infection. It also makes it easier for the patient to have a much quicker recovering period, because it can be tolerated by children, young adults,
as well as the much older generation

Pre-Implantation Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering is the gateway into an advanced realm of medicine. The first leap in this progression has already been established:
pre–implantation genetic diagnosis, PGD. Genetic diseases can be halted by utilizing this process, particularly those resulting from single gene defects.
This includes cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, and Huntington's disease. Moreover, it has recently been expanded to prevent the development of
breast and ovarian cancers by ensuring offspring do not possess the genetic mutation BRCA–1, which increases said cancers risk by eighty and sixty
percent respectively. Curtailing diseases caused by genetic defects improves the world. Society as a whole is benefited when its members are healthy,
and pre–implantation

Children's most common Eye Cancer – Retinoblastoma
Treatment Options available (include at least 2)
Prognosis (include percentages and other related factors)
Statistical Data
Complete and Correct Works Cited Page–MLA format Turnitin.com_____
A form of cancer that may often be overlooked when compared to more common cancers (such as lung, brain or skin) is eye cancer. The two most
common forms of eye cancer are ocular melanoma and retinoblastoma. Retinoblastoma is very rare and occurs in approximately 3% of children. To
better understand how these cancers affect the eye, one must have some idea of the eye parts and typical affected areas.
The eye has three major parts; the eyeball (globe), the orbit, and the adnexal structures (supporting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is not fully clear how these mutations occur but genetic mutations can be inherited specifically from parents (roughly 40% of cases). About 1 out
of 3 cases of retinoblastoma are caused by a mutation in the RB1 gene of the child's body. But only about 1 in 4 is obtain from one of the child's
parents. In the rest, the gene mutation has not been inherited, but only occurs during early development in the womb. Children born with a mutation in
the RB1 gene usually develop retinoblastoma in both eyes. Regardless of whether the mutated RB1 gene was inherited from a parent or not, because
these children have the mutated gene in all of their cells, they have a 1 in 2 chance of eventually passing it on to their children. When one starts to
develop these negative genetic mutations of the optic nerves, they may start to accumulate into a mass forming a tumor. Inherited mutations do not
always mean cancer in the eye is inevitable, but usually once it progresses, retinoblastoma will occur in both eyes. Once established in the retina, these
cancerous cells can invade further into the eye and nearby structures. Finally, if not treated quickly, retinoblastoma can also spread to several other
areas of the body. Some signs that one has contracted retinoblastoma include a white color in the center of the pupil when a opthamologist shines light
in the eye, eyes which look in opposite directions, and swelling or redness of the

Osteosarcoma
Osteosarcoma(OS) is a primary malignant tumor of bone which is characterized by the formation of osteoid tissue. Although it is the most common
malignancy of long bones after multiple myeloma [2], it is a relatively rarer entity in the craniofacial region. About 6% of Oss arise in the jaws .The
estimated incidence of the new cases of Jaw OS (JOS) per year is 0 .07 in 100,000. (1) The etiology of OS is unknown, but some risk factors such as a
previous history of ionizing radiation, alkylating agent, retinoblastoma and benign bone lesions such as paget disease and fibro osseous dysplasia have
been associated with the development of head and neck OS.(2–4) JOS occur with a peak in the third through fifth decades of life. The mean age is ...
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The mandibular tumors arise more frequently in the posterior body and in the horizontal ramus whereas the maxillary tumors occur in the alveolar
ridge, the sinus floor and the palate. (2, 5–7) Symptoms usually include painful swelling in the area and loosening of teeth, although paresthesia, nasal
obstruction and ophthalmic complications such as proptosis may be noted. The radiographic finding varies from radiopaque , mixed radiopaque –
radiolucent or entirely radiolucent lesion with irregular border. Widening of the periodontal ligament space and enlargement of the mandibular canal
also widely described as important radiographic features. The radiographic feature of OS are not patogonomonic.(2–4, 6, 8, 9) Thus incisional biopsy
and histopathological analysis are essential for the final diagnosis and further treatment. Depending on the relative amounts of osteoid ,cartilage or
collagen fibers produced by the tumor, Many pathologists subclassify OSs into the three types: osteoblastic, chondroblastic and fibroblastic (3, 4, 6,
7, 9). This article reports a case of chondroblastic OS of maxilla. The aim of this case was to draw attention to the possibility of diagnosing this tumor
based on its clinical and radiographical characteristic before its confirmation by

The Human Body Is A Complex System
The human body is a complex system that is composed of billions of cells, undergoing growth, division and death in an orderly fashion on a daily
basis. When this process occurs in an abnormal manner, the outcome is typically referred to as a tumor. In today's world, tumor is a term that is
commonly heard throughout the world. Also referred to as neoplasm, a tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue resulting from the rapid cell division due
to some form of mutation (Cooper). They are classified into four main groups: benign, in situ, malignant and those with uncertain or unknown
behaviour. Of the four classes of tumor, malignant neoplasms are those tumors that are typically referred to as cancers (Cooper). These tumors involve
abnormal cell growth that has the potential to invade and destroy the surrounding tissue, possibly forming metastases and becoming fatal. Eye tumors
are secondary tumors that results from a primary tumor that has spread from other parts of the body and have invaded the eye. There are two primary
types that occur within the eye: retinoblastoma in children, and melanoma in adults.
Ocular melanoma is a rare cancer that occurs in the adult eye (GuГ©nel et al.). Although there are other types of eye cancer, ocular melanoma is the
most commonly occurring and the most dangerous. It is a malignant tumor that metastasizes and become fatal in about half of all occurring cases. It is
the second most common type of melanoma that occurs and accounts for 5% of all

Retinoblastoma is a cancer that develops in the retina. The retina is a thin layer of nerve tissue in the back of the eye that senses light and sends
signals to the brain to interpret what you are looking at. Retinoblastoma can occur in one or both eyes, and in some cases can spread to different parts
of your body. Retinoblastoma can occur at any age but about 200 to 300 children in the United States get diagnosed each year. Retinoblastoma "usually
occurs in children younger than 5 years and is most common in children younger than 2 years" (National Cancer Institute). One symptom of
retinoblastoma is a white pupillary reflex. This is the most common early sign of retinoblastoma. You can tell that is happening when you shine a light
at the eye. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These cells continuously grow and multiply as healthy cells die. This causes a mass cells to form a tumor. In most cases it not clear what causes the
mutation, but it is possible to inherit a mutation from a parent. It is possible for mutated genes to be passed from parents to offspring's which can
cause retinoblastoma in children. Retinoblastoma is an autosomal dominant pattern, which means that if a parent has one copy of the dominant trait
then there is a greater risk that their offspring will receive the mutated gene. If both parents are carriers have one of the mutated genes then there is a
twenty five percent chance that the offspring will have both copies of the mutated gene. Just because someone has both mutated genes doesn't mean
that that person will have retinoblastoma, it just means there is a greater risk of it occurring. If a child has the inherited form of the gene, they
typically develop retinoblastoma earlier, and tends to occur in both eyes rather than in one eye. There are some complications that can occur when
you treating people with retinoblastoma. When you are treated for retinoblastoma there is a risk that the cancer can return to the treated eye or around
it. Due to this, the doctor will schedule follow up appointments to check for the cancer reappearing. "In most cases, this will likely involve eye exams
every few months for the first few years

The Healing Path: A Case Study
"Most of our lives can go on with normal ups and downs, but the winds of change can blow in a tragic event that can uproot our world as we know
it." Dan B. Allender, the Healing Path. When my son was 6 years old he was diagnosed with Retinoblastoma. To be helpless watching your child
experience surgeries, chemo treatments, nausea and bullying from fellow kindergarteners is difficult. You do everything within your power to
minimize the suffering to your family. The treatment was successful and after 6 months he was in remission. Though this was a very hard time for me
it did not compare to when we found out the cancer had returned 5 ВЅ years later. Though he did not have as difficult of a treatment plan I found
myself in despair. I could

How Retinoblastoma Is A Form Of Cancer
Retinoblastoma is a form of cancer found in young children, which develops from cells of the retina, the tissue of the eye that detects light. It arises
from a mutation, either a point mutation or complete deletion of both of the Rb tumour suppressor genes within a cell, and can be a result of inherited
or sporadic genetic default. Loss or defect of this region on chromosome 13 means cells can proliferate uncontrollably, leading to tumour formation that
not only affects the eye but can spread to the brain or cause metastases in bone, soft tissue and the central nervous system via haematogenous spread.
The invasive treatment of large tumours can cause major consequences for sufferers; for example enucleation leads to loss of vision and radiotherapy
can increase a child's chances of developing second metastases.
Introduction
Retinoblastoma is a rare malignant cancer of infancy and early childhood, where tumours develop in the cells of the retina, the light sensitive lining
of the eye (1) (see figure 1). The cancer develops due to the loss or mutation of both of the Rb genes within a retinal cell and can be inherited or
sporadic. With the inherited form, sufferers have a germline mutation of the Rb gene, making most cases bilateral, but with the sporadic form the first
'hit' occurs randomly in a retinal cell, hence the majority of cases are unilateral. The number of infants diagnosed with retinoblastoma has doubled over
the past forty years (2) with the disease now being

What Is The Inactivation Mechanism Of Tumor Suppressor Genes?
Inactivation Mechanism of Tumor Suppressor Genes
Tumor suppressor genes encode proteins, inhibiting excessive cell proliferation and division, through protein inhibitors for cell cycle progression or
promoting differentiation and apoptosis via proteins that involved in induction of apoptosis. Mutations that cause inactivation or loss of function in
these tumor suppressor genes, result in inactivation of P53, pRb, PTEN, NF1/NF2. The mutations can be deletion or insertion, nonsense or missense
mutations, frame shift mutations, or epigenetic tuning events such as methylation, which lead to neoplasia. These mutations are recessive and
clinically important, only when they appear as homozygous or a combination with heterozygous alteration. The ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Although, following the first allele alteration, the cell genotype will not change, but it may increase the rate of cell proliferation, prompt to trigger
cancer in the cell. Then, the second mutation, causing inactivation of the second allele is much more likely to happen, compared to than the first
mutation .
In recent years, the evidences show that this theory cannot be generalized. Significant evidence represented that the lack of only one allele in several
tumor suppressor such as P53, PTEN, SMAD4 is sufficient to disable the synthesis of the gene product and may promote the tumorigenic process,
called haploinsufficiency. In this case, tumor suppressor genes lead to tumorigenesis, without an inherited mutation in an allele.
Promoter methylation is a regulatory system for gene expression. In some cases, without any mutations in tumor suppressor genes, incorrect
methylation on several tumor suppressor genes lead to gene silencing, an increased scale of proteasomal degradation and abnormalities of protein
function.
PTEN
As previously mentioned, phosphate and tensin homolog gene, PTEN is a kind of tumor suppressor, associated with negative regulation of some
pathways such as PI3K signaling pathway. The loss of PTEN activity has been shown in Cowden's syndrome, seen to increase risk of some cancers,
including breast and thyroid cancer. The mechanism of PTEN

Tumor Suppression Genes Research Paper
Tumor Suppression Genes
Introduction
Cell replication and division is vital for growth and development. The mechanisms associated with replication of DNA are very precise. However,
there can be errors at times and when these errors occur there could be problems in reproduction process. Some of these errors can cause uncontrolled
cell growth causing tumor formation. There are genes within the human genome that prevent this uncontrolled growth from occurring. These genes are
known as tumor suppression genes. They work in a very specific way and are vital for proper growth. Though they fix errors, the tumor suppression
genes can malfunction or be malformed at times as well. When these errors occur, there can be serious consequences.
What ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Oncogenes are genes that work in the opposite way of tumor suppression genes. They cause uncontrolled growth of cells and are activated when tumor
suppression genes become inactive. An example of this can be found in the mutation that causes Retinoblastoma. This is a condition that is found
within the eye which is caused by a malfunctioning tumor suppression gene. The tumor suppression gene that malfunctions in retinoblastoma is the
RB1 gene. This malfunction causes the activation of oncogenes. This ultimately leads to cells in the retina growing uncontrollably and causing tumors
and cancer to develop in the eye.
Tumor Suppression Genes and Caner Recently, a lot of research is being done involving tumor suppression genes and cancer. Scientists have been
testing tumor suppression genes in gene therapy experiments. In these experiments the tumor suppression genes are injected into cancer cells and
tumors. These genes are able to causes the cancer cell to die via apoptosis. Though it has yet to become a treatment for cancer, the future looks
promising using this method.

Retinoblastoma, Pediatric
Retinoblastoma, Pediatric Retinoblastoma is a type of eye cancer that affects young children. Retinoblastoma starts in the light–sensitive lining in the
back of your child's eyeball (retina). Retinoblastoma results when something goes wrong with eye development in the womb or early in life. Instead
of developing into specialized eye cells (retinoblasts), the cells grow out of control and form a tumor (retinoblastoma). Retinoblastoma may occur in
one or both eyes. It is usually diagnosed before age 3. CAUSES Retinoblastoma is caused by a gene defect (mutation) in the RB1 gene. In most
children, the mutation in the RB1 gene occurs after birth, and the cause is not known. These children usually have retinoblastoma in only one eye. In...
Eye redness. Eye bulging. An eye that wanders out of focus (strabismus). An eye that looks white in a bright light, such as in a photo. A pupil that
appears larger than normal or doesn't get smaller when exposed to light. Problems with vision. DIAGNOSIS This condition is diagnosed with a
medical history and physical exam. Your child's health care provider may refer you to an eye disease specialist (ophthalmologist) for a diagnosis.
This condition is diagnosed with an eye exam. This includes: Using eye drops to make the pupil open wider (dilate). Looking through the pupil into
the back of the eye to examine the retina (fundoscopic exam) with a light (ophthalmoscope). Your child may also need additional tests, such as an
ultrasound or MRI, to determine: How advanced the cancer is. Where the cancer is located. Whether it has spread along the optic nerve or outside the
eye. TREATMENT Treatment for this condition may be different for each child. The best treatment for your child depends on the size and location of
the retinoblastoma whether it has spread, and how good the vision is in the eye. A team of specialty health care providers will determine the best
course of treatment for your child. Possible treatments

Symptoms And Treatment Of Retinoblastoma
Cancer comes in many forms and can attack just about anyone. Some cancers take more time to grow, spread and show signs of attack, but it is very
important for everyone to be very careful and cautious because anyone can be a victim for this cruel cancer. Retinoblastoma is one of the cancers that
can become very fatal to someone's vision if not treated. Retinoblastoma is caused when the cancer cells start to grow with no control. Cells can
become cancer cells in any part of the body so it is very essential for it to be treated as soon as possible. It can also extend to any other parts of the
body. Retinoblastoma is started in the retina of the eye and is most common in children.
The very first thing anyone should do when they are diagnosed with cancer is to consult with their doctor about treatment plans. Retinoblastoma has
many treatment options for the patient. One of the main treatments of retinoblastoma is surgery. If the retinoblastoma is detected while it is a small
tumor, surgery is not necessary. If the tumor is not found in time and is quite large, the eye's vision has most likely been already damaged. If this is
ever the case, then there is a procedure called, enucleation, and this procedure removes the whole eye and a part of the optic nerve that was connected.
Meanwhile, during the enucleation procedure, an orbital implant is put in, taking the place of the eye. The orbital implant contains contents such as,
silicone or hydroxyapatite. This substance is very alike

Osteosarcoma Essay
Osteosarcoma is the most frequent type of malignant bone tumor in adolescents and young adults [1]. Osteosarcoma has highest frequency in U.S
affecting approximately four persons per million per year [2]. It has been reported that about 2.4% of all malignancies in pediatric patients and 20% of
primary bone cancer [3]. The highest incidence correspondence with the pubertal growth spurt, occur mainly in females than males. Osteosarcoma can
affects any bone but frequently sites are femur, tibia and pelvis [4]. It target at sites of rapid bone growth. The most common risk factor is tall stature
and soaring birth weight [5]. Osteosarcoma also associated with other inherited syndrome such as hereditary retinoblastoma syndromes,
Rothmund–Thomson syndrome and Li– Fraumeni syndrome.
MACF1 (microtubule cross linking factor 1) is large cytoskeletal linker protein (608 kda) that can closely linked with actin microfilament and
microtubules (MTs). MACF1 gene is located on human chr 1p32, composed of about 110 exons and give rise to four major isoforms with slightly...
It is a powerful tool in regulating the differential expression of genome in different tissues of the same organisms. Mechanisms of chromatin
remodeling and post–translational modifications of biomolecules play an important role in regulating expression of particular set of genes in particular
tissues (Bryan, 2001). Role of posttranslational modifications such as acetylation, phosphorylation and methylation etc determining in any peculiar
phenotype is well documented; and impairment of these modifications (epi–mutations) may result in number of diseases. Thus, epigenetic regulation
necessitates reconsidering the definition of phenotype, and it is already known that a particular cellular phenotype is not solely defined by the DNA
sequence present in the

A Short Note On The Biology Of Retinoblastoma
The Biology of Retinoblastoma
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is a cancer that develops in the retina of the eye, predominantly in young children. It occurs due to the mutation in the Rb gene, leading
to the production of a dysfunctional Rb protein that cannot bind to a transcriptional factor in order to prevent further progression in the cell cycle.
Consequently, uncontrolled proliferation takes place which results in a cancer developing. Two forms of the disease exist; familial and sporadic. In the
familial form, the individual inherits one mutated copy of the gene and the other copy mutates in early childhood leading to presentation of the disease.
In the sporadic form, both copies of the gene are normal at birth, however, chance mutations occur in both copies of the gene in a retinal cell causing
the tumour to arise. Retinoblastoma is usually detected by abnormalities of the eye such as leucakoria and deterioration of vision. Treatments involve
enucleation, chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
Introduction
Retinoblastoma is a malignant cancer of the eye manifesting primarily in children, with more than 90% of the cases present in those under the age of
five (1). The cancer affects the immature retinoblast cells of the retina, the light sensitive membrane that connects the optic nerve with the brain,
creating visual images. During gestation and early life, retinoblasts proliferate to produce cells to form the retina. As children age, differentiation takes
place and the cells

Robert K. Merton Strain Theory
The strain theory, which states American culture defines goals which the social structure blocks many members of the lower income class from
achieving due to lack of opportunities such as education and reliable jobs, was developed in 1938 by Robert K. Merton. Merton's strain theory is
broken down into the five modes of adaptation, conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion. Conformity is the acceptance of cultural
goals and the traditional means of reaching them. Innovation is the acceptance of cultural goals but the rejection of the traditional means of reaching
them. Ritualism is the rejection of cultural goals but the routinized acceptance of the means of achieving them. Retreatism is the rejection of both the
cultural goals and the traditional means of reaching them. Rebellion involves special cases where the individual rejects both the cultural goals and the
traditional means of reaching them but actively tries to replace both elements with different goals and means of achieving them. Among the people
who have elaborated upon Merton's strain theory are Steven F. Messer, Albert Cohan, Richard Rosenfeld, and more recently, in 1992, Robert Agnew.
...
Agnew believes there are three main, related goals everyone strives to achieve, money, status and/or respect, and, in the case of adolescents,
independence from adults. Agnew classifies the strain that can prevent someone from reaching these goals into two broad categories. The first category
is others prevent you from achieving your goal. The second one is others take things from you that you value or they present you with negative

Retinoblastoma Statistics
Statistics 1. Only about 200 to 300 children are diagnosed with retinoblastoma each year in the United States. 2. Nearly 95 percent of children with
retinoblastoma are cured, and the main casualty is to lose an eye. 3. About 3 out of 4 children with retinoblastoma have a tumor in only one eye. In
about 1 case in 4, both eyes are affected.
Source(s): What Are the Key Statistics About Retinoblastoma? (n.d.). Retrieved February 06, 2017, from https://www.
cancer.org/cancer/retinoblastoma
/about/key–statistics.html
Retinoblastoma Facts. (n.d.). Retrieved February 06, 2017, from http://www.rbhouston.org/retinoblastoma.html
Current Research and Organizations Research into Retinoblastoma has led to advances and much higher cure rates for ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Lazy eye is decreased eyesight due to abnormal vision development.There are many possible causes of this in children. Most of the time lazy eye
is caused by a mild weakness of the muscles that control the eyes, but it can also be caused by retinoblastoma. Another symptom is white pupillary
reflex. When you shine a flashlight in someone's eye the pupil looks red because of the blood vessels in the back of the eye. In an eye with
retinoblastoma, the pupil often appears white or pink instead. This is called white pupillary reflex. Also in people who get retinoblastoma, they
experience vision problems and even in some severe case

What Is Extended Ophthalmoscopy And What Are The Different...
Extended Opthalmoscopy
1.What is extended ophthalmoscopy and what are the different types?
a.Extended ophthalmoscopy is basically a detailed drawing/examination of the fundus that is more specific in terms of a general comprehensive eye
exam. It is indicated for a wide variety of posterior segment pathology. There are two types of EO which are billed, initial and subsequent extended
ophthalmoscopy.
i.Initial: done during the initial evaluation of the disease ii. Subsequent: done during later visits as particular disease has progressed
2.What is the diagram for EO? How big should it be and what elements must it include?
a.
The guidelines for the drawing are as follows:
i.Separate sketches for each with with a minimum diameter of 4 in to 6 in, smaller sketches could be subject to being audited ii. Use of between 4–6
colors is preferred, but non–colored drawings are also acceptable iii. Requirement of an extensive scaled drawing must accurately represent normal,
abnormal, and common findings iv. CPT has also mandated that the physician should provide a findings and impression report with diagnosis labeled
v.Color Guidelines:
1.Red – retinal arterioles, hemorrhaging, neovascularization, vascular anomalies, vascular tumors, retinal breaks, holes in retinoschisis, cilioretinal
artery, and inner portion of thin areas of retina
2.Blue – detached retina, retinal veins, outlines of retinal breaks, outlines of ora serrata, traction, outline of lattice degeneration,

Retinoblastoma
Retinoblastoma is a cancer on the retina of the eye. The retina is the inside layer of the eye that has the nerves needed for sight. This type of cancer
can be found in one or both eyes. Multiple cancerous tumors can develop in one or both eyes. Retinoblastoma is a rare cancer and it is more
common in children. If a child has retinoblastoma, he or she is often born with it. However, it is rarely diagnosed at birth. It is usually noticed when a
photograph is taken of the face and the pupils look cloudy, silvery–white, or yellow. This is known as leukocoria orcat's eye reflex. If found early,
retinoblastoma can be treated, the eye can be saved, and eyesight can be preserved.
CAUSES
The cause is usually not known. The cause may be genetic. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This may be seen when a photo is taken of the face or in normal light.
A crossed or lazy eye.
Other symptoms can include:
Eye pain.
Eye redness, swelling, or irritation.
Bulging of the eye.
Poor vision or decreased vision.
A pupil that does not get smaller when exposed to bright light.
Different color eyes.

DIAGNOSIS
Your child's health care provider may suspect the condition based on your child's medical history and symptoms found during a routine exam. Your
child's health care provider will take your child's medical history and perform a physical exam. During the exam:
Your child's pupils will be dilated.
A medicine will be given to make him or her go to sleep (general anesthetic).
His or her health care provider can then look at the size and number of tumors present.
Other tests may be performed to confirm the diagnosis, including:
Imaging tests, such as CT scans, an ultrasound, an MRI, or X–rays.
Bone scans may be done to see if the cancer has spread to the skull or other bones.
TREATMENT
Treatment depends on:
The size of the tumor.
The number of

Cancer Research, Section 1 ( Basics Of Cancer )
Cancer Research, Section 1 (Basics of Cancer)
What is cancer? Cancer is a disease where cells split uncontrollably and can invade other tissues, causing cells in the other tissues to have cancer.
Where can cancer occur? Cancer can occur practically anywhere in the body. This is because cancerous cells can move anywhere in the amatomy
through blood paths and lymph systems (lymph systems are lattice of organs, lymph intersections (nodes), tubes, and vessels that move lymph, a clear
fluid containing white blood cells, from place to place. (– http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/cancerlibrary/what–is–cancer )
What is a tumor? What do benign and malignant mean? A tumor... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is the stage that is the easiest to cure. Stage 1 cancer is cancer that hasn't grown too far into the tissues surrounding it and is also called
early–stage cancer. Stages 2 and 3 cancers are cancers that are larger or have grown further into the neighboring tissues and have moved to the lymph
nodes, but not to other body areas. Stage 4 cancer is cancer that has moved to organs and other body parts. This cancer is also called advanced or
metastatic cancer.
Cancer Type Specifics
I am doing my project on retinoblastoma. I chose retinoblastoma because I thought not many people would pick it; it is a very rare type of cancer.
Retinoblastoma is a fast developing cancer that develops from immature cells in the eye called the retina. It is the most common cancerous tumor of
the eye in children. Retinoblastoma occurs mostly in children under five. Although it is very rare, Retinoblastoma can develop when a child is just past
the age of six. Retinoblastoma occurs in the eye, developing from the light– sensing tissues of the retina.
Worsening of vision, a red and irritated eye, and faltering growth (delayed development) are symptoms of Retinoblastoma. Some children with
retinoblastoma can become cross–eyed, which means that their eyes are going in two different directions.
There are many treatments of Retinoblastoma. One of the treatments is

Primary Intraocular Cancer Research Paper
Primary intraocular cancers start inside your eyes. For adults, melanoma is the most common primary intraocular cancer, followed by primary
intraocular lymphoma. For children, retinoblastoma is the most common primary intraocular cancer, and medulloepithelioma is the next most common
These childhood cancers are discussed in Retinoblastoma. Although the eyelid is formed to shield the eye, its skin is extremely thin and carries many
fragile tissues that may be injured by UV light. Inside the eye, the lens and the cornea, both translucent, filter UV rays, but by doing so for many
years, they may become damaged. This is especially accurate for the lens, which through years of UV absorption, turns yellowish and cataractous. The
lens is the eye's

On The Purpose Of A Liberal Arts Education
"A truly great intellect... is one which takes a connected view of old and new, past and present, far and near, and which has an insight into the influence
of all these. One on another; without which there is no whole, and no centre," John Henry Newman, from the article On the Purpose of a Liberal Arts
Education. This statement expresses that one moment, one event does not define an individual, but a lifetime of experiences, trials and tribulations,
sadness and joy, sickness and health, shape our decisions tomorrow. Only with that understanding can we be whole and centered. I could tell you about
my mother's alcoholism, my son being diagnosed at 6 years old with bilateral retinoblastoma, my father's drug addiction and abusive nature, my son

The Fetus Should Be Used Throughout Gestation
If the patient decides to continue with the pregnancy, there are many screening steps required for acceptable management of the disease.
Ultrasonography of the fetus should be used throughout gestation, with a focus on the ocular structures. Neonatal magnetic resonance imaging has also
been developed at some centers, which may allow to be more sensitive in detecting smaller calcifications. However, the method of magnetic resonance
imagining in the fetus has not been studied enough in the context of a cancer risk fetus in regards to fetus safety. Some experts suggest that there should
be early induction of the newborn, if they have been identified as "harboring high–risk features" on screening tests. However, this approach is not
accepted with all experts in the USA. Therefore, this decision should be made on a case by case basis between all expert physicians involved in their
respective fields (Gombos, 2012).
Retinal tumors are curable if diagnosed early enough. However, when dealing with the germline version of the disease, there is a high risk of
developing a second primary tumor elsewhere. Usually, this second tumor is osteosarcoma. This is due to the fact that the pRB protein, encoded by
RB1, functions directly as a coactivator in the transcription of osteoblast differentiation (OMIM). Single–stranded conformational polymorphism and
DNA sequencing have been used to analyze retinoblastoma tumors. In most cases, a single point mutation is the cause of the first hit and

Ben The Blind Boy Analysis
After viewing Ben, the Blind Boy video, Ben Underwood has taught himself to use echo location to navigate around the world. Ben Underwood is
blind, but has managed to do some truly extraordinary feats. For instance, he uses many common aids like speaking software for the computer. Ben
has written a book and does his homework with the use of a high tech brail writer. What Ben doesn't use, is a guide dog, a white cane or even his
hands. At one point, Ben was the only person in the world to use echolocation. Human echolocation is the ability of humans to detect objects in their
environment by sensing echoes from those objects, by actively creating sounds. For example, he making clicking noises with his tongue and mouth.
People trained to orient

The Effect Of Sv40 T Antigen On Two Multiple Fission...
A side observation during initial attempts of applying SV40 T–antigen in two microalgal species
Ahmed E. Gomaa, Sameh Elsawy, Sang MiSun, Seung Hwan Yang, GyuhwaChung*
Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Chonnam 550–749, Republic of Korea
Center for Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Materials, Myongji University, Gyeonggi 449–728, Republic of Korea
*Corresponding author
Gyuhwa Chung
E–mail: chung@chonnam.ac.kr
Phone: +82–61–659–7302
Fax: +82–61–659–7309
Running title: Effects of SV40 T antigen on two multiple fission microalgae ABSTRACT
Combination of Simian Virus40 (SV40) large T antigen and its replication origin is commonly used to enhance the expression efficiency of
heterogeneous genes in the host cell by increasing the copy number. Most studies on SV40 large T antigen are focused on binary fissional yeast and
animal cells. Recently, it has been reported that the SV40 large T antigen interacts with specific cellular proteins that cause slowing and even blocking
of mitotic progression. There is no report related to the impact of the SV40 Tantigen on plant "multiple fissional" cell–type. Thus, we were targeting the
possibility of using the SV40 combination in further studies to enhance the expression efficiency of foreign genes in microalgal cells without using
selective pressure. During the initial trails to apply that strategy, we have noticed differences between the two microalgae species Chlorella Sp. and
Scenedesmus Sp. Three different

consequences that impose on the brain. Retinoblastoma influences the eyes negatively and is more predominant in younger kids while teens are faced
with the repercussions of lymphoma and sarcoma.
Etiology
Various speculations of how cancer is produced have been looked into through numerous years and still, there is no clear answer or reason for how a
tumor is constructed particularly in pediatric community. Numerous scientists have connected hereditary qualities to the disease but has expressed that
heredity has little to nothing to do with malignancies. Studies have demonstrated that irregularities inside chromosomes of youth malignancies aids in
the advancement of numerous and distinctive types of tumors, in addition cell introduction. Sedentary ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Different strategies for bone marrow transplantation for treatment techniques are aimed at children who experience malignancies. The increase of
accomplishments with the treatment modality of surgical procedures can be accomplished when the affected area is in one region or organ of the
body, frequently called encapsulated or localized by methods of removing or by means of chemotherapy. Expelling all traces and structures of the
growth while reestablishing the bodies ordinary functioning is the most critical objective with the utilization of surgical procedures. Chemotherapy is
the most utilized form of treatment modality with cancer patients
Chemotherapy can be used as the essential treatment of therapy or alongside other treatments of therapy called adjunct. This source of treatment
hinders the function or the creation of RNA, DNA, and nucleic acid. Oncology nurses are working in harmful conditions when taking care of
chemotherapy
4
patients because of the medicine viscosity that causes extreme cellular damage if taken care of improperly. Different types of chemotherapy incorporate
radiotherapy. Radiotherapy treatment are utilized simultaneously with chemotherapy and surgical procedures and (BRM) biologic

Tumor Busting Virus Essay
Reading an article and learning about "tumor–busting viruses" is very compelling, to say the least. Since it seems almost everyone has endured the
pain of cancer or has a loved one who has been diagnosed with some form of cancer, it is refreshing to see that researchers and scientists are coming
together to find fresh techniques to help heal this tragic illness.
This new remedy that scientists are experimenting with is called virotherapy. Virotherapy was defined in the article as viruses that have been
genetically engineered to find and kill cancer cells while leaving healthy cells untouched. A treatment such as this has been a favorable one considering
how the traditional cancer chemotherapies have been known to not only attack cancer ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because all people, roughly, have been exposed to adenovirus, humans hold antibodies from the immune system to attack and kill the virus. Therefore,
using adenoviruses in cancer virotherapy may result in some symptoms that seem like indicators of the flu. This is because the immune system has
been trained to respond to the virus by attacking it and eliminating it from the body, which will also stamp out the therapy. Researchers have been
attempting to fight the side effects by giving immunosuppressive drugs while the patient is on the virotherapy as well as altering the adenoviruses so
that the immune system will not respond to the virus. To create the best version of virotherapy, scientists are discovering two ways to be confident the
viruses hit target cells with no other harm to other cells. One strategy virotherapy researchers are exploring is called transductional targeting. With this
form of targeting cancer cells, researchers are modifying the viruses used so they are only attracted to only cancerous cells to contaminate them. To
prevent the viruses from entering normal cells, transductional targeting works by binding "adapter" molecules onto the antibodies, proteins on the
outside of virus, or tweaking the antibodies so that they will not allow viruses to enter normal cells and rather let them gain up on tumor cells. The
second strategy discussed in the article is named transcriptional targeting. The goal of this form of targeting is to modify the viruses

Personal Narrative: Bringing A Child
Bringing a child in this world is a wonderful thing, so I heard but sometimes the process is not that easy. My mother, Aldoria Moseley, experienced
some bad times. She told me it was all worth it to bring in this world, a healthy eight pounds, and twenty–two inches' baby girl. My mother didn't know
she was pregnant until three months in her pregnancy. My parents had stop trying to have kids after having two boys, my brothers Nate and Cletwain.
Things all change once my family found out they were having a girl.
My mother doctor was Dr. Reddick and he told her to get plenty rest, avoid stress, take vitamins, and eat properly. This had been her doctor for the
last two pregnancies, too. My older brother, Nate was excited but my other brother, Cle, wasn't. As she went back and forth to the doctors she found
out she had ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
My father at the time was working long twelve hours shift at Mississippi Chemical Plant located about thirty minutes away from our home. Along
with the twelve hours shifts, they were swing shifts, so that means he worked some days and some nights. And at home, had two young boys. My
brother at the time was five and three. My father has always been supportive during his children lives, doesn't matter what mistakes we make. My
father was there though my mom entire pregnancy when she was in the hospital those extra two weeks, he took off to be with her. And at the time
he didn't have any time to take because he had used all his leaves beforehand. My mother died in 2012 and my father has done more than any man I
know would do for her his daughter. My dad has sat in the beauty shop to going get nails done and even worked those same crazy shifts. And I can
say with honor that my dad is a great example to my brother and to me and my sisters. I thank God every day for blessing me with such great

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