2. Is a social development
methodology used to
facilitate the process of
forming self-reliant,
self-determining
communities which are
able to sustain their
development activities
3. COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Which address
livelihood and other
critical concerns to
make a community
truly self-reliant
and sustaining
4. DEFINITION
Ross, 1993
A process by which the
community identifies its
needs or objectives
Orders or ranks these
needs or objectives
Develops the
confidence and will to
work at these needs
and objectives
5. Community development: a process
whereby the efforts of Government
are united with those of the people to
improve the social, cultural, and
economic conditions in communities
5
7. Regional development: applications
of community development principles
in geographical areas consistent with
those specified for or in:
Regional Development
Associations
Change and Challenge
Community Matters
7
8. Finds the resources to
deal with needs and
problems
Takes action
concerning their needs
Develops cooperative
and collaborative
attitudes and practices
in the community
9. PRINCIPLES
1. Community development is a holistic
approach to addressing the
community’s needs.
2. Community development is a process.
3. Empowerment results from influence,
participation, and community education.
9
11. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
means people are of primary importance;
includes the “building of secure, just, free and
harmonious societies”;
offers opportunities and humane standards of living
for all; and
focuses on citizens’ rights to:
be nourished
be housed
be secure
work.
11
12. CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
proliferation of artists gaining
international recognition and of
poets, authors, and musicians
development of theater, festivals,
and films
development of archaeological and
historical sites
12
13. COMMUNITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
is citizen-led;
is dedicated to improving lifestyles
through:
wealth distribution
poverty reduction
job creation; and
provides infrastructure in support
of business development.
13
14. ACTIVITIES INHERENT IN CO
Educating the people to
develop critical
awareness of their
existing conditions
Working with the people
collectively and efficiently
on their immediate needs
Mobilizing the people to
develop their capability
and readiness to respond
and take action on their
immediate needs to solve
their long term problems
15. GOALS OF CO
People empowerment
Improved quality of life
16. EXPECTED OUTCOME OF CO
Connections,
relationships and
collaboration between
people, sectors and
institutions are formed
or strengthened
Citizen participation
and involvement in
community building can
be elicited and
sustained
17. CHARACTERISTICS OF CO
Proceeds from the
people’s identified
priority needs
Based on community
analysis
Reflects urgent issues
and community’s
resolve to act on these
issues
18. PROCESS OF CO
COPAR (Community
Organizing
Participatory Research)
CBPR (Community
Based Participatory
Research
20. SOCIAL INVESTIGATION
Gather data
Identify classes
Identify potential
leaders
Determine the correct
approach and method
Provide basis for
planning
24. STAGES OF CO
Stage 1: Community
analysis
Is the process of
assessing and defining
needs, opportunities
and resources involved
in initiating community
health action program.
25. COMPONENTS OF COMMUNITY ANALYSIS
Demographic,
social and
economic
community
profile obtained
from secondary
data
27. 3. Health/wellness
outcomes profile found
in morbidity/mortality
data.
4. Survey analysis of
current health
promotion programs
5. Studies conducted in
certain target groups or
special population
28. STEPS IN COMMUNITY ANALYSIS
Define the community
Collect data
Assess the
community’s capability
or capacity
Assess community
barriers in terms of
acceptability
29. Assess readiness for
change
Synthesize data and
set priorities to come
up with a community
profile of the needs and
resources
30. STAGE 2
Design and initiation
and interventions
1. Establish a core
planning group
2. Choose an
organizational structure
that will activate and
encourage community
participation
31. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
Leadership board or
council
Coalition which is a
merger, partnership
alliance of groups
Lead or official agency
Grass roots structure
33. 3. Identify select and
recruit organizational
members representing
the different sectors of
the society
4. Define the
organization’s mission
and goals
34. 5. Clarify the roles and
responsibilities of the
members of the
organization for role
delineation and avoid
overlapping of functions
6. Provide skills and
livelihood training and
recognition for their
contributions to the
success of the program
35. STAGE 3
Implementation
Process of
executing or
carrying out the
design plans and
putting these into
action
36. Generate broad citizens
participation
Develop a sequential work
plan which will be subject
to constant monitoring
Use comprehensive,
integrated strategies
37. STAGE 4
Program maintenance-
consolidation
The process of
upholding, continuing,
merging or integrating
successful programs or
those that have gained
acceptance in the
community
38. Integrate intervention
activities into
community networks,
associations or groups
Establish a positive
organizational culture
through group
processes based on
trust, respect and
openness
39. Establish on-going
recruitment plan and
training of new
members
Disseminate results of
activities to
gain/maintain
community support
40. STAGE 5
Dissemination-
Reassessment
Update the community
analysis
Assess effectiveness of
interventions
Chart future directions
and modifications
Summarize and
disseminate results for
visibility and to elicit
support
41. COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
Empowerment – is a process by which individuals,
communities and organizations gain mastery over
their lives
Community empowerment – is a community
development strategy which uses the non-
traditional educational methods to enable
individuals to understand their goals independent of
the prevailing social order and to develop capacities
to realize these goals
51. MODELS OF PEOPLE PARTICIPATION
Advocated by former
Secretary of Health, Dr.
Jaime Galvez-Tan
(1987)
1. Hospital-clinic based
a. People are merely
informed of health
activities
b. Decisions are
performed by doctors
52. 2. Community-oriented
a. Package programs
and projects are
confirmed through
consultations
b. Attempts are made to
consult the
community
c. Implementation,
monitoring and
evaluation
53. 3. Community-based
a. Joint effort in decision-making
b. Active participation during the
monitoring and evaluation phase
55. COMMUNITY ORGANIZING PARTICIPATORY
ACTION RESEARCH
Different Phases:
1. Pre-entry phase
2. Entry phase
3. Formation phase
4. Organization building
phase
5. Sustenance and
strengthening phase
6. Phase out
56. COMMUNITY- BASED PARTICIPATORY
RESEARCH
Is committed to change
and strives to enhance
health and quality of
life in urban
communities
Driven by community
needs and priorities to
answer relevant
questions, build
programs, and affect
public policy
57. PRINCIPLES OF CBPR
1. Builds on strengths
and resources within
the community
2. Explicitly recognizes
and seeks to support
or expand social
structures and social
processes that
contribute to the
ability of the
community members
to work
58. 3. Integrate knowledge
and action for mutual
benefit of all partners
4. Promotes a co-
learning and
empowering process
that attends to social
inequalities
59. 5. Involves a cyclical and
iterative process
6. Addresses health from
both positive model and
ecological perspectives
7. Disseminates findings
and knowledge gained to
all partners
8. Involves a long-term
commitment by all
partners
60. COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Results from the
process of community
organizing.
Seeks to empower the
individuals and groups
of people, with the
skills they need to
advocate on their own
behalf, improve their
lives, and provide
communities with
access to resources
61. PARTNERSHIP FOR COMMUNITY HEALTH
DEVELOPMENT
Strategies
a. partnership-building
at the provincial,
municipal and
barangay levels
b. Building up capacities
of LGU’s DOH,
NGO’s and PO’s for
their various roles in
the partnership
62. c. Enabling communities
to mobilize their
resources and produce
sustainable and justly
distributed
improvements in their
quality of life
d. Provision of grants or
additional resources
63. MAIN FEATURES OF PCHD
Community-based
Focused on 10 basic
needs
Application of
convergence that is
related to intersectoral
collaboration
Application of focused
targeting
Setting of information
system with community
participation
64. FEATURES OF COMMUNITY HEALTH
PROGRAMS
1. Existence of chief
mobilizer
2. Presence of
intersectoral
structures
3. Visioning or planning
exercise
4. Health activities are
starting point
65. PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF CHD
Learning process:
action-reflection-action
cycle
Must develop local
leadership and
expertise
Must develop inter-
agency coordination
and linkages
66. Must be able to
influence existing
barangay development
plan
Must be sustainable in
terms of resource
access
Must be gender-
oriented and
environmental friendly
67. Should address deeper
issues of justice and
equity
Should naturally move
beyond one issue, one-
project, one-barangay
perspective
Should lead towards
the emergence of a
strong, empowered
and viable people’s
organization
68. METHODS AND ACTIVITIES IN COMMUNITY
DEVELOPMENT
Self-help work
Outreach
Local action groups,
lobbying
Peer work
Festivals and events
Information
Advocacy
Group work
Network building
Pump priming
initiatives of the
community with small
grants
69. SOCIAL CAPITAL FOR CD
A process that
emphasizes the
importance of working
with people as they
define their own goals,
mobilize resources,
and develop action
plans for addressing
problems they have
collectively identified
70. CD THEORY
A process designed to
create conditions of
economic and social
progress for the whole
community with its
active participation and
the fullest possible
reliance on the
community’s initiative
71. SELF-RELIANCE
Is the major goal
of community
development
relying on their
own collective
strength to
realize their goals
72. SOCIAL CAPITAL
Key indicator of the
building of healthy
communities
through collective
and mutually-
beneficial
interaction and
accomplishments
73. Local identity and a
sense of solidarity and
equality with other
community networks
Norms of trust and
reciprocal help and
support
74. GOALS OF CD
1. Capacity
building
a. Building health
infrastructure to
deliver health
promotion
programs
76. PARTNERSHIP BUILDING
Is fostering joint
venture, alliance or
union between the
people in the
community and
various
stakeholders like
NGO’s, LGU’s, civil
society groups and
state institutions
77. INTERSECTORAL COLLABORATION
Includes sustainable
partnership that
combine inter-
organizational
cooperative working
alliances and activities
by parts of the health
sector with other
78. STRATEGIES FOR SUCCESSFUL
COLLABORATION
Agreeing on goals and
expectations at the outset
Maintaining a structure
Equal partnership
Using an independent
community organizer
Sharing expertise and
resources across
community organizations
and researchers
80. FACTORS FOR SUCCESSFUL COLLABORATION
Adaptability
Open and frequent
communication
Establish informal and
formal communication
links
Concrete, attainable
goals and objectives
