The document discusses cause and effect relationships. It provides definitions and examples of causes leading to effects, noting the relationship does not change if written in a different order. Several connecting words are used to indicate cause and effect, such as "because", "so", and "as a result". Strategies for identifying causes and effects in sentences are outlined, including looking for connecting words and determining which part is the cause and which is the effect. Examples of identifying causes and effects in sentences are provided.

1. Cause and Effect

2. Definition
Cause and Effect adalah hubungan antara 2 kejadian
dimana kejadian yang satu (cause) menjadi
penyebab kejadian yang lain (effect) terjadi.
Example :
John failed the test because he did not study
Effect (what happened): John Failed the test
Cause (why) : He did not study

3. Hubungan Sebab-Akibat (Cause-Effect Relationship) tidak
berubah walaupun dituliskan dalam urutan berbeda.
Example :
Because he did not study, John failed the test
Cause (sebab) : he did not study
Effect (akibat) : John failed the test.
Pengertian kalimatnya tidak berubah meskipun kita
menuliskan kalimatnya dalam urutan yang berbeda. Yang
perlu diperhatikan adalah :
(cause/sebab) mengakibatkan (effect/akibat)

4. Signal or Connector Word
Ada beberapa kata yang digunakan untuk menandai kalimat
sebab akibat (cause-effect relationship) yaitu :
Because Because of
So Due to
Since As
On account of For this reason
As a consequence As a result
Therefore Thus
Signal word ini ada yang diikuti oleh Clause (kalimat utuh) ada
pula yang diikuti oleh Noun Phrase (frase kata benda)

5. Example :
Cause Effect
1. She had no other options Consequently, she married at thirteen. (Clause)
2. She was not protected As a result, she had a baby. (Clause)
3. She had no access to health Therefore, she get HIV. (Clause)
education or medical clinic
4. There was poor sanitation As a consequence, she had health problem
in village
5. The water was impure For this reason, she suffered from parasites.
6. She had no resources to grow food Thus, she was hungry
7. She had not been given a chance So, she was fighting for survival

6. Example :
Effect Clause
1. She married at thirteen because, she she had no other option. (Clause)
2. She had a baby at thirteen as she was not protected. (Clause)
3. She get HIV since,she had no access to health education or
medical clinic (Clause)
4. She had health problem because of poor sanitation in the village
(Noun Phrase)
5. She suffered from parracites on account of the impure water in her village
(Noun Phrase)
6. She was often cold due to not having shoes and warm clothes

7. Strategy to identify Cause-Effect Relationship
Untuk menentukan hubungan sebab akibat (cause-effect relationship)
dalam sebuah kalimat, berikut strategi yang bisa digunakan :
1. Carilah signal/connector word yang menunjukkan hubungan
sebab akibat
2. Tentukan kalimat yang menjadi sebab
3. Tentukan kalimat yang merupakan akibat
Example :
I have decided to quit drinking coffee because coffee makes my heart
beat double time.
Signal word : because
Cause (sebab) : coffee makes my heart beat double time
Effect (akibat) : I have decided to quit drinking coffee

8. Task 1
Read the following sentences and see whether you can
identify the cause and the effect.
Do as example in the previous slide.
1. The river rose for feet because of the heavy rainfall.
2. She has no family therefore she needs to support herself
3. Jullie fell because she did not see the hole in the sidewalk
4. Since she thought the salt was sugar, her cake tastes
horrible.
5. He had a flat tire so he was late to the meeting.

9. Task 2
Read the text then fill in the outline of the text given to identify the cause and effect
relationship.
Why Do We Stop at Red Lights?
Say it's two in the morning with not a policeman in sight, and you approach
an empty intersection marked by a red light. If you're like most of us, you stop and
wait for the light to turn green. But why do we stop? Safety, you might say, though you
can see perfectly well that it's quite safe to cross. Fear of being nabbed by a sneaky
police officer is a better reason, but still not very convincing. After all, the police don't
generally make a habit of setting up road traps in the dead of night. Perhaps we are
just good, law-abiding citizens who wouldn't dream of committing a crime, even
though obeying the law in this case does seem faintly ridiculous.
Well, we may claim to be following the dictates of our social conscience, but
another, less high-minded reason probably underlies it all. We stop at that red light
out of dumb habit. We probably don't consider whether it's safe or unsafe to cross,
right or wrong; we stop because we always stop at red lights. And, of course, even if
we were to think about it as we idled there at the intersection, the light would
probably turn green before we could come up with a good reason for why we do what
we do.

10. Fill out the simple outline for "Why Do We Stop
at Red Lights?“
Opening : ____
Question/Effect : ____?
Reason/Cause 1 : ____
Reason/Cause 2 : ____
Reason/Cause 3 : ____
Reason/Cause 4 : ____
Conclusion : ____

11. Task 3
Discuss with your group and fill the simple chart
below with the information needed
Cause :
Earthquake
Effect 1 ....
Effect 2 ....
Effect 3 ....
Effect 4 ....