This presentation is on the topic of un peace operation in the south sudan to prevent from the civil war and maitanance of peace and security in this county.

1. UN PEACE KEEPING MISSION CASE STUDY OF
SOUTH SUDAN
AYATULLAH NEMATI
STUDENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW – FARABI UNIVERSITY

2. UN PEACE KEEPING MISSION
 The United Nations was established in the shadow of two global conflicts with the major purpose of
preventing a repeat of such tragedies.
 Article 29 of the Charter of the United Nations authorizes the Security Council to “establish such
subsidiary organs as it deems necessary for the performance of its functions.”

3. HERE ARE THREE BASIC PRINCIPLES THAT CONTINUE TO SET UN PEACEKEEPING
OPERATIONS APART AS A TOOL FOR MAINTAINING INTERNATIONAL PEACE AND
SECURITY.
 These three principles are inter-related and mutually reinforcing:
1. Consent of the parties
2. Impartiality
3. Non-use of force except in self-defence and defence of the mandate

5. R2P
 Prompted by tragedies in Rwanda, Timor-Leste, and the province of Kosovo in the 1990s, the concept of
the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) took hold. R2P is the principle that being a sovereign State obliges
that State to protect its population, but if it cannot or will not, the international community becomes
obliged to use diplomatic, humanitarian, and other approaches to protect them. Accordingly, heads of
State and government at the 2005 UN World Summit recognized both their obligation to protect their
own people from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity and their
collective responsibility to help other peoples to be protected. They also affirmed their preparedness to
take timely and decisive action when States fail to protect their own people, in accordance with the
Charter of the United Nations and working with relevant regional organizations.

6. SOUTH SUDAN
 Newest country in the world
 Population: 12 Million
 Independent Since: 2011
 Formed after 20 years of guerrilla warfare

7. UNMISS
 UNMISS was established in 2011 with the goal of consolidating peace and security while creating
conditions for development in South Sudan. Its key responsibilities include:
 Protecting civilians: UNMISS aims to prevent violence against civilians and provide a safe environment
for communities.
 Monitoring human rights: The mission actively monitors and reports on human rights violations.
 Supporting the implementation of the Cessation of Hostilities Agreement: UNMISS contributes to
maintaining peace and stability in the region

8. WHY ESTABLISHED UNMISS
The Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), referendum and independence of South Sudan
 On 9 July 2011, South Sudan became the newest country in the world. The birth of the Republic of South Sudan culminated
from a six-year peace process which began with the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) on 9 January
2005 between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM), ending more than 20 years of
war.
 The CPA called for a referendum to take place to determine the status of Southern Sudan. It was held in January 2011, with
the overwhelming majority, 98.83% of participants, voting for independence.
 Following the subsequent independence of South Sudan in July 2011, the Security Council established UNMISS.

11. SUBSEQUENT CONFLICT
 On 15 December 2013, violence broke out in South Sudan’s capital Juba and quickly spread to other locations in the country resulting in a nation-wide
political and security crisis. Seven out of the country’s 10 states were affected by the conflict, with Central Equatoria, Jonglei, Lakes, Unity and Upper
Nile states being the hardest hit.
 The relationship between the Government and UNMISS became increasingly tense, amid mounting anti-United Nations sentiment emanating from
misperceptions about the Mission’s role during the crisis. There were unfounded allegations that UNMISS was not impartial and was aiding and
abetting anti-government forces. The ability of UNMISS to move freely was obstructed and demonstrations against the United Nations organized in
several state capitals.
 There were widespread human rights consequences, especially in areas of greatest military confrontation. UNMISS estimated that thousands of people
had been killed during the hostilities. Both parties to the conflict were responsible for ethnically targeted attacks on civilians and failed to comply with
international humanitarian and human rights law.
 The humanitarian situation deteriorated sharply. Within the first month of the crisis, almost 500,000 persons were displaced within South Sudan and
around 74,300 people had crossed into neighbouring countries. These numbers continued to rise, with total displacement by the end of February 2014
reaching 900,000 persons, including some 167,000 people crossing the country's borders. Civilians who had tipped into the “acute” or “emergency”
categories of food insecurity had increased from 1.1 million to 3.2 million. Additionally, some 500,000 displaced people were in urgent need of food aid.

12. UNMISS REINFORCED AND REPRIORITIZED
 When conflict erupted, tens of thousands of civilians fled from areas where large numbers of killings were taking place and arrived at UNMISS compounds in Juba, Bor, Akobo,
Bentiu, Malakal and Melut to seek refuge. The Mission opened its gates and its military engineers, working with humanitarian partners, quickly prepared sites in the compounds
for the protection of civilians, despite having minimum facilities to accommodate them. Since then, as many as 85,000 civilians sought protection in eight UNMISS compounds
across the country.
 The massive influx of civilians into United Nations premises was unprecedented and placed a huge strain on UNMISS resources. In order to give the Mission adequate capacity
to cope, the Security Council by its Resolution 2132 (2013) of 24 December, approved the Secretary-General’s recommendation to temporarily increase the overall
UNMISS troop and police strength.
 Reporting to the Security Council on 6 March 2014, the Secretary-General emphasized that it was important to keep this surge capacity deployed for at least 12 months. The
Secretary-General also called for UNMISS to temporarily reprioritize its activities and shift from a stand dedicated to peacebuilding, state-building and the extension of state
authority, to one of strict impartiality in its relations with both parties.
 Going forward, the main focus of the Mission, the Secretary-General suggested, should be on the protection of civilians, human rights and contributing to the creation of security
conditions conducive to the delivery of humanitarian assistance, within its capability, in areas most affected by the conflict. The Mission’s impartiality would be the sine qua non
of all its actions throughout the country as long as the conflict persisted.
 On 27 May 2014, the Security Council, by unanimously adopting Resolution 2155 (2014), reprioritized the UNMISS mandate towards the protection of civilians, human
rights monitoring and support for the delivery of humanitarian assistance. The Council increased the Mission's troop and police strength. It also authorized the deployment within
UNMISS of an Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) task force to support protection of civilians and the Monitoring and Verification Mechanism (MVM),
established pursuant to the 23 January 2014 Cessation of Hostilities Agreement.

13. THE CURRENT SITUATION IN SOUTH SUDAN IS COMPLEX AND
UNSTABLE
 The country is facing multiple challenges, such as:
 The implementation of the peace agreement signed in 2018 by President Salva Kiir and opposition leader Riek Machar, which
has been delayed by several factors, such as the formation of a unified army, the allocation of state governorships, and the
security arrangements in the capital Juba12.
 The preparation for the general elections scheduled for December 2024, which have raised concerns about the possibility of
violence, fraud, and exclusion of some groups and regions34.
 The humanitarian crisis affecting millions of people who are in need of food, water, health, and protection services, as well as
the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, floods, and locusts on the already fragile situation5 .
 The influx of refugees from neighboring Sudan, who are fleeing the conflict in the Darfur region and seeking shelter and
assistance in South Sudan .
 The international community, including the United Nations, the African Union, and the regional bloc IGAD, have been
supporting the peace process and the delivery of humanitarian aid in South Sudan. However, the situation remains volatile
and unpredictable, and requires sustained efforts to achieve lasting peace and stability.

14. STATISTICS
 Overall, nearly 20,000 peacekeepers from 73 countries serve with UNMISS, including military, police, and
civilian personnel. They work tirelessly to fulfill the mandate provided by the United Nations Security Council,
striving to create a more stable and secure environment in South Sudan
Currently deployed (as at February 2023)
 17,954 total deployed personnel
• 13,221 troops
• 200 experts on mission
• 1,468 police personnel
• 2,268 civilians
• 389 staff officers
• 408 UN Volunteers