A Therapeutic topic on Urinary Tract Infection, covering various subtopics like the causative organism, clinical features and more importantly, the laboratory diagnosis.
A 31-year-old female presented with painful urination, dysuria, urgency, and frequency. Her history was notable for a previous urinary tract infection. On examination, she was afebrile with no abdominal tenderness. A urinalysis showed bacteria and red blood cells. She was diagnosed with an uncomplicated urinary tract infection and prescribed levofloxacin and etoricoxib. Patients with uncomplicated infections typically improve with short-term antibiotic treatment, while those with recurrent infections may require long-term prophylaxis.
a case study on urinary tract infection ( UTI) martinshaji
A case study on urinary tract infection , which gives a detailed study about UTI , the case study details about the treatment options , diagnosis , patient counselling , pharmacist interventions etc
A 26-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with increased urinary urgency over the past 4 days. She reported a history of urinary tract infection at age 14 but no other issues. A urine culture showed gram-negative rods. She was assessed with an uncomplicated urinary tract infection. A 53-year-old woman reported abdominal and flank pain, nausea, and vomiting. Tests showed pyelonephritis in her left kidney. She had risk factors like age, hypertension, and a complicated urinary tract infection. A pregnant woman was found to have asymptomatic bacteriuria with a urine culture showing E. coli. She required antibiotic treatment due to pregnancy, and cefalexin or nitrofurant
A case study on emphysematous pyelonephritisAnisha Ebens
1. Mrs. K, a 57-year-old female with diabetes and a history of pyelonephritis, presented with fever, flank pain, and vomiting.
2. A CT scan showed an enlarged right kidney with air locules in the renal parenchyma consistent with emphysematous pyelonephritis.
3. She was diagnosed with emphysematous pyelonephritis and treated according to guidelines with IV antibiotics and monitoring for drug interactions between her medications.
Mrs. Faiza, a 29-year-old married garment worker, was admitted to the hospital with a chief complaint of fever for 5 days, burning during urination for 5 days, and vomiting for 3 days. On examination, she was ill-looking and anxious with a temperature of 102°F, pulse of 120 beats/min, and blood pressure of 120/70 mmHg. Laboratory tests found anemia, elevated white blood cell count, and urine culture grew Klebsiella bacteria. She was diagnosed with acute pyelonephritis with renal impairment and mild hyponatremia. She was treated with intravenous antibiotics and discharged with advice on hydration and preventing future urinary tract infections.
This document provides information about urinary tract infections (UTIs). It discusses the anatomy of the urinary tract and areas that can be infected. The main types of UTIs are upper UTIs like pyelonephritis that affect the kidneys, and lower UTIs like cystitis that affect the bladder. Risk factors, clinical presentations, causative organisms, laboratory diagnosis including urine specimen collection and testing, and treatment are outlined. A case study of a 22-year old female patient presenting with fever and burning urination is presented, who is diagnosed with a UTI based on urine tests detecting E. coli bacteria. She is treated successfully with antibiotics and pain medications.
UTIs are common infections, especially in women. This patient presented with fever, chills, headache, body ache and vomiting for 7 days. Examination found fever. Urine tests found pus cells. The patient was diagnosed with a urinary tract infection and treated with IV antibiotics, antipyretics, pantoprazole and vitamins. Symptoms improved and the patient was discharged after 5 days with oral antibiotics and other medications. However, prescribing lariago without a positive malaria test was irrational.
The patient, an 18-year-old male, presented with fever, abdominal pain, cough, increased thirst, yellowish discoloration of eyes, and high colored urine for 4 days. Laboratory tests confirmed viral hepatitis with elevated liver enzymes and IgM antibodies positive. He was diagnosed and treated conservatively for viral hepatitis over 7 days of hospitalization with supportive care and medications to reduce symptoms and prevent complications. Upon discharge, he was counselled on medication compliance, disease education, and lifestyle modifications including improved sanitization, food safety, and immunization.
A 31-year-old female presented with painful urination, dysuria, urgency, and frequency. Her history was notable for a previous urinary tract infection. On examination, she was afebrile with no abdominal tenderness. A urinalysis showed bacteria and red blood cells. She was diagnosed with an uncomplicated urinary tract infection and prescribed levofloxacin and etoricoxib. Patients with uncomplicated infections typically improve with short-term antibiotic treatment, while those with recurrent infections may require long-term prophylaxis.
a case study on urinary tract infection ( UTI) martinshaji
A case study on urinary tract infection , which gives a detailed study about UTI , the case study details about the treatment options , diagnosis , patient counselling , pharmacist interventions etc
A 26-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with increased urinary urgency over the past 4 days. She reported a history of urinary tract infection at age 14 but no other issues. A urine culture showed gram-negative rods. She was assessed with an uncomplicated urinary tract infection. A 53-year-old woman reported abdominal and flank pain, nausea, and vomiting. Tests showed pyelonephritis in her left kidney. She had risk factors like age, hypertension, and a complicated urinary tract infection. A pregnant woman was found to have asymptomatic bacteriuria with a urine culture showing E. coli. She required antibiotic treatment due to pregnancy, and cefalexin or nitrofurant
A case study on emphysematous pyelonephritisAnisha Ebens
1. Mrs. K, a 57-year-old female with diabetes and a history of pyelonephritis, presented with fever, flank pain, and vomiting.
2. A CT scan showed an enlarged right kidney with air locules in the renal parenchyma consistent with emphysematous pyelonephritis.
3. She was diagnosed with emphysematous pyelonephritis and treated according to guidelines with IV antibiotics and monitoring for drug interactions between her medications.
Mrs. Faiza, a 29-year-old married garment worker, was admitted to the hospital with a chief complaint of fever for 5 days, burning during urination for 5 days, and vomiting for 3 days. On examination, she was ill-looking and anxious with a temperature of 102°F, pulse of 120 beats/min, and blood pressure of 120/70 mmHg. Laboratory tests found anemia, elevated white blood cell count, and urine culture grew Klebsiella bacteria. She was diagnosed with acute pyelonephritis with renal impairment and mild hyponatremia. She was treated with intravenous antibiotics and discharged with advice on hydration and preventing future urinary tract infections.
This document provides information about urinary tract infections (UTIs). It discusses the anatomy of the urinary tract and areas that can be infected. The main types of UTIs are upper UTIs like pyelonephritis that affect the kidneys, and lower UTIs like cystitis that affect the bladder. Risk factors, clinical presentations, causative organisms, laboratory diagnosis including urine specimen collection and testing, and treatment are outlined. A case study of a 22-year old female patient presenting with fever and burning urination is presented, who is diagnosed with a UTI based on urine tests detecting E. coli bacteria. She is treated successfully with antibiotics and pain medications.
UTIs are common infections, especially in women. This patient presented with fever, chills, headache, body ache and vomiting for 7 days. Examination found fever. Urine tests found pus cells. The patient was diagnosed with a urinary tract infection and treated with IV antibiotics, antipyretics, pantoprazole and vitamins. Symptoms improved and the patient was discharged after 5 days with oral antibiotics and other medications. However, prescribing lariago without a positive malaria test was irrational.
The patient, an 18-year-old male, presented with fever, abdominal pain, cough, increased thirst, yellowish discoloration of eyes, and high colored urine for 4 days. Laboratory tests confirmed viral hepatitis with elevated liver enzymes and IgM antibodies positive. He was diagnosed and treated conservatively for viral hepatitis over 7 days of hospitalization with supportive care and medications to reduce symptoms and prevent complications. Upon discharge, he was counselled on medication compliance, disease education, and lifestyle modifications including improved sanitization, food safety, and immunization.
1. The patient, a 65-year-old female, presented with complaints of dysuresis, low abdominal pain, fever, and rarely bloody urine. She was diagnosed with cystitis.
2. Objective findings included elevated pulse and temperature. Examination found systemic infection and a normal-sized right kidney but a left kidney with an upper pole renal cyst.
3. Treatment included antibiotics (ciprofloxacin), antacids (raniditine), analgesics (paracetamol), IV fluids (normal saline and Ringer's lactate), and antispasmodics (dicyclomine). The pharmacist noted some issues and interventions to address.
Mr. X, age 23, was admitted to the hospital on February 16th, 2014 with complaints of intermittent fever, abdominal pain, loose stool, and pain in his right lumbar region. His symptoms began two days prior. Upon examination, he had a fever of 102.4 F, pulse of 102 beats/min, and mild abdominal guarding and tenderness in his iliac fossa. Tests revealed an ESR of 26 mm/hr and serum calcium of 8.7 mg/dl. He was diagnosed with acute gastroenteritis and prescribed intravenous antibiotics, antacids, and oral rehydration. Upon discharge, he was advised to continue antibiotics and antacids for 3 days and contact if symptoms wor
acute gastroenteritis, case presentation < sabrina >Sabrina AD
This document provides information about a 6 year and 4 month old male Chinese patient named Jackson Tea Jia Sheng who was admitted to the hospital due to vomiting and diarrhea for the past 2 days. The patient's medical history including past illness, family history, birth details, development, and immunization status are documented. The physical examination findings show the patient is alert and interacting well without signs of dehydration, and vital signs are normal. The system examinations including respiratory, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems are unremarkable.
This document presents a case of ulcerative colitis in a 20-year-old male. Examination found bloody stools, abdominal pain, and fever. Tests confirmed the presence of Entamoeba histolytica in stool and detected ulceration and crypt abscess on biopsy. The patient was diagnosed with ulcerative colitis and amoebiasis. Treatment included antibiotics, a PPI, antispasmodics, and supplements. The patient was counseled on his condition, medications, and recommended dietary changes.
A 10-year-old female patient presented with fever, vomiting, abdominal pain and jaundice for several days. Liver function tests found elevated anti-hepatitis A virus IgM levels, confirming acute infectious hepatitis. She was treated with antibiotics, antiemetics, liver protectants, and vitamin K to support recovery over 4 days. Counseling focused on preventing future hepatitis infection through hygiene, vaccinations, and avoiding high-risk activities.
A 56-year-old male patient presented with a 2-month history of cough with whitish sputum, fatigue, weight loss, and fever. Examination found decreased liver enzymes and cavities on chest x-ray. Sputum tests were positive for acid-fast bacilli. He was diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis. Treatment included Paracetamol, Ceftriaxone, AKT4 (Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol), and Amikacin.
A 50-year-old female patient presented with decreased urine output for 3 months, abdominal pain for 1 week, burning urination for 3 days, and fever for 3 days. She was diagnosed with a urinary tract infection and chronic kidney disease based on objective findings including a GFR of 23.375 and BP of 160/90 mm Hg. She was treated with medications including cefotaxime that can cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, and advised on lifestyle modifications like drinking cranberry juice and maintaining good sexual hygiene.
This case presentation summarizes the care of a 21-day old male infant admitted with respiratory distress and refusal to feed. Laboratory tests confirmed the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. The baby received treatments including IV antibiotics, oxygen supplementation, IV fluids and anticonvulsants over several days. Signs and symptoms gradually improved and the baby was discharged on oral antibiotics. Neonatal sepsis can be caused by bacterial infection transmitted during or after birth. Risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment options are discussed.
Case Presentation On Renal Calculi with Type II Diabetes Mellitus By Riya MariamRiya Mariam
This document contains a case study presentation on renal calculi in a 55-year-old male patient. It includes the patient's history, examination findings, lab investigations showing renal calculi, and a treatment plan. The treatment plan involves IV fluids, analgesics, antibiotics, antacids, insulin, and other medications over 12 days. The patient was discharged with medication advice and counselling on managing renal calculi, diabetes, diet, and medications. The pharmacist noted a lack of iron supplements despite anemia and antiemetics in the initial treatment plan.
Mr. X, a 31-year-old male, presented with radiating pain towards his back and front side since September. His medical history was unremarkable. Physical examination found no abnormalities. Ultrasound revealed a dilated left kidney and microliths in the right kidney, leading to a diagnosis of right renal calculi. He was prescribed diclofenac, norfloxacin, ranitidine, and vitamin B1 to treat his condition over three days. The patient was counseled to drink more water, follow a low calcium diet, avoid high oxalate foods if his uric acid was elevated, and exercise daily.
This document summarizes information about a 2-year-old male patient named Master Sahitya who was admitted to the hospital for pneumonia. It includes his medical history, physical exam findings, lab results, treatment including antibiotics, and nursing care plan. The patient had a fever, cough and breathing difficulties and was diagnosed with pneumonia likely caused by a previous viral infection. He received antibiotics and other treatments during his hospital stay.
This case presentation discusses a 2-year-old female child admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) with pneumonia. She presented with a week of fever and wet cough. Initial tests showed left lung consolidation and pleural effusion. She received IV antibiotics and underwent VATS surgery to drain pus from her lungs. Over 10 days in the PICU with nursing care and treatments, her symptoms improved and she was discharged on oral antibiotics to complete her recovery at home.
viral hepatitis is one of the chronic disease and can cured with proper treatment and care .Here is the case study on viral hepatitis for pharmacy students .
This document presents a case study of meningitis in a 9-month old infant and discusses the approach to diagnosis and treatment. Key points include: common causative pathogens in infants include E. coli, group B streptococcus, and Listeria; clinical findings may include fever, vomiting, seizures, and rash; lumbar puncture is important for CSF analysis; treatment involves intravenous antibiotics such as cefotaxime or ceftriaxone for bacterial causes. Prognosis can be serious even with treatment, with potential long term sequelae.
This document describes a case study of a 26-year-old female patient admitted to the hospital with complaints of abdominal pain, vomiting, burning urination, fever, and cough. Physical examination found the patient to be febrile. Laboratory tests confirmed a urinary tract infection. The patient was diagnosed with a UTI and gastroesophageal reflux disease. She was treated intravenously with antibiotics and antacids over 4 days, with counseling on preventing future UTIs.
This case study describes a 2.5 year old male child presenting with generalized swelling of the body for 5 days. On examination, facial puffiness and pitting edema of the limbs were observed. Laboratory investigations found nephrotic range proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and hyperlipidemia. A preliminary diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome, likely minimal change disease, was made. The child was started on treatment and further investigation with a renal biopsy was recommended to confirm the diagnosis.
DEFINITION:
A crater(ulcer) in the lining of the beginning of the small intestine (duodenum).
CAUSES OF DUODENAL ULCER
Infection with helicobacter pylori
Anti-inflammatory medicines
Other factors such as smoking, stress and drinking
A Microbiology topic on Urinary Tract Infection, covering various subtopics like the causative organism, clinical features and more importantly, the lab diagnosis.
Reference: Textbook of Medical Microbiology, Ananthnarayan & Paniker
This document provides guidance on evaluating and managing febrile illness in infants and children. It discusses evaluating infants aged 0-28 days, 29-90 days, and 3-36 months presenting with fever without a source. Key points include performing a sepsis workup on ill-appearing young infants which may include a lumbar puncture, blood and urine cultures. Low-risk well-appearing older infants can sometimes be observed without antibiotics. It also reviews occult bacteremia, UTI evaluation and treatment, atypical bacterial infections like pneumonia, and approaches to fever of unknown origin.
1. The patient, a 65-year-old female, presented with complaints of dysuresis, low abdominal pain, fever, and rarely bloody urine. She was diagnosed with cystitis.
2. Objective findings included elevated pulse and temperature. Examination found systemic infection and a normal-sized right kidney but a left kidney with an upper pole renal cyst.
3. Treatment included antibiotics (ciprofloxacin), antacids (raniditine), analgesics (paracetamol), IV fluids (normal saline and Ringer's lactate), and antispasmodics (dicyclomine). The pharmacist noted some issues and interventions to address.
Mr. X, age 23, was admitted to the hospital on February 16th, 2014 with complaints of intermittent fever, abdominal pain, loose stool, and pain in his right lumbar region. His symptoms began two days prior. Upon examination, he had a fever of 102.4 F, pulse of 102 beats/min, and mild abdominal guarding and tenderness in his iliac fossa. Tests revealed an ESR of 26 mm/hr and serum calcium of 8.7 mg/dl. He was diagnosed with acute gastroenteritis and prescribed intravenous antibiotics, antacids, and oral rehydration. Upon discharge, he was advised to continue antibiotics and antacids for 3 days and contact if symptoms wor
acute gastroenteritis, case presentation < sabrina >Sabrina AD
This document provides information about a 6 year and 4 month old male Chinese patient named Jackson Tea Jia Sheng who was admitted to the hospital due to vomiting and diarrhea for the past 2 days. The patient's medical history including past illness, family history, birth details, development, and immunization status are documented. The physical examination findings show the patient is alert and interacting well without signs of dehydration, and vital signs are normal. The system examinations including respiratory, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems are unremarkable.
This document presents a case of ulcerative colitis in a 20-year-old male. Examination found bloody stools, abdominal pain, and fever. Tests confirmed the presence of Entamoeba histolytica in stool and detected ulceration and crypt abscess on biopsy. The patient was diagnosed with ulcerative colitis and amoebiasis. Treatment included antibiotics, a PPI, antispasmodics, and supplements. The patient was counseled on his condition, medications, and recommended dietary changes.
A 10-year-old female patient presented with fever, vomiting, abdominal pain and jaundice for several days. Liver function tests found elevated anti-hepatitis A virus IgM levels, confirming acute infectious hepatitis. She was treated with antibiotics, antiemetics, liver protectants, and vitamin K to support recovery over 4 days. Counseling focused on preventing future hepatitis infection through hygiene, vaccinations, and avoiding high-risk activities.
A 56-year-old male patient presented with a 2-month history of cough with whitish sputum, fatigue, weight loss, and fever. Examination found decreased liver enzymes and cavities on chest x-ray. Sputum tests were positive for acid-fast bacilli. He was diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis. Treatment included Paracetamol, Ceftriaxone, AKT4 (Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Pyrazinamide, Ethambutol), and Amikacin.
A 50-year-old female patient presented with decreased urine output for 3 months, abdominal pain for 1 week, burning urination for 3 days, and fever for 3 days. She was diagnosed with a urinary tract infection and chronic kidney disease based on objective findings including a GFR of 23.375 and BP of 160/90 mm Hg. She was treated with medications including cefotaxime that can cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, and advised on lifestyle modifications like drinking cranberry juice and maintaining good sexual hygiene.
This case presentation summarizes the care of a 21-day old male infant admitted with respiratory distress and refusal to feed. Laboratory tests confirmed the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. The baby received treatments including IV antibiotics, oxygen supplementation, IV fluids and anticonvulsants over several days. Signs and symptoms gradually improved and the baby was discharged on oral antibiotics. Neonatal sepsis can be caused by bacterial infection transmitted during or after birth. Risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment options are discussed.
Case Presentation On Renal Calculi with Type II Diabetes Mellitus By Riya MariamRiya Mariam
This document contains a case study presentation on renal calculi in a 55-year-old male patient. It includes the patient's history, examination findings, lab investigations showing renal calculi, and a treatment plan. The treatment plan involves IV fluids, analgesics, antibiotics, antacids, insulin, and other medications over 12 days. The patient was discharged with medication advice and counselling on managing renal calculi, diabetes, diet, and medications. The pharmacist noted a lack of iron supplements despite anemia and antiemetics in the initial treatment plan.
Mr. X, a 31-year-old male, presented with radiating pain towards his back and front side since September. His medical history was unremarkable. Physical examination found no abnormalities. Ultrasound revealed a dilated left kidney and microliths in the right kidney, leading to a diagnosis of right renal calculi. He was prescribed diclofenac, norfloxacin, ranitidine, and vitamin B1 to treat his condition over three days. The patient was counseled to drink more water, follow a low calcium diet, avoid high oxalate foods if his uric acid was elevated, and exercise daily.
This document summarizes information about a 2-year-old male patient named Master Sahitya who was admitted to the hospital for pneumonia. It includes his medical history, physical exam findings, lab results, treatment including antibiotics, and nursing care plan. The patient had a fever, cough and breathing difficulties and was diagnosed with pneumonia likely caused by a previous viral infection. He received antibiotics and other treatments during his hospital stay.
This case presentation discusses a 2-year-old female child admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) with pneumonia. She presented with a week of fever and wet cough. Initial tests showed left lung consolidation and pleural effusion. She received IV antibiotics and underwent VATS surgery to drain pus from her lungs. Over 10 days in the PICU with nursing care and treatments, her symptoms improved and she was discharged on oral antibiotics to complete her recovery at home.
viral hepatitis is one of the chronic disease and can cured with proper treatment and care .Here is the case study on viral hepatitis for pharmacy students .
This document presents a case study of meningitis in a 9-month old infant and discusses the approach to diagnosis and treatment. Key points include: common causative pathogens in infants include E. coli, group B streptococcus, and Listeria; clinical findings may include fever, vomiting, seizures, and rash; lumbar puncture is important for CSF analysis; treatment involves intravenous antibiotics such as cefotaxime or ceftriaxone for bacterial causes. Prognosis can be serious even with treatment, with potential long term sequelae.
This document describes a case study of a 26-year-old female patient admitted to the hospital with complaints of abdominal pain, vomiting, burning urination, fever, and cough. Physical examination found the patient to be febrile. Laboratory tests confirmed a urinary tract infection. The patient was diagnosed with a UTI and gastroesophageal reflux disease. She was treated intravenously with antibiotics and antacids over 4 days, with counseling on preventing future UTIs.
This case study describes a 2.5 year old male child presenting with generalized swelling of the body for 5 days. On examination, facial puffiness and pitting edema of the limbs were observed. Laboratory investigations found nephrotic range proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and hyperlipidemia. A preliminary diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome, likely minimal change disease, was made. The child was started on treatment and further investigation with a renal biopsy was recommended to confirm the diagnosis.
DEFINITION:
A crater(ulcer) in the lining of the beginning of the small intestine (duodenum).
CAUSES OF DUODENAL ULCER
Infection with helicobacter pylori
Anti-inflammatory medicines
Other factors such as smoking, stress and drinking
A Microbiology topic on Urinary Tract Infection, covering various subtopics like the causative organism, clinical features and more importantly, the lab diagnosis.
Reference: Textbook of Medical Microbiology, Ananthnarayan & Paniker
This document provides guidance on evaluating and managing febrile illness in infants and children. It discusses evaluating infants aged 0-28 days, 29-90 days, and 3-36 months presenting with fever without a source. Key points include performing a sepsis workup on ill-appearing young infants which may include a lumbar puncture, blood and urine cultures. Low-risk well-appearing older infants can sometimes be observed without antibiotics. It also reviews occult bacteremia, UTI evaluation and treatment, atypical bacterial infections like pneumonia, and approaches to fever of unknown origin.
Bacterial infections of the urinary tract Meher Rizvi
Escherichia coli is the most common cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs). UTIs can present as cystitis, pyelonephritis, or urosepsis. Laboratory diagnosis of UTIs involves collecting a urine sample and testing for significant bacteriuria, typically over 104 colony forming units per mL. Urine culture and sensitivity testing can identify the causative organism and determine appropriate antibiotic treatment.
This document provides an overview of urinary tract infections (UTIs). It discusses the terminology, classification, epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of UTIs. UTIs are common and can affect people of all ages, with women having higher risk than men. The most common causative organism is E. coli. Diagnosis involves urinalysis and urine culture. Treatment depends on the type and severity of infection, with uncomplicated lower UTIs usually treated with a short course of antibiotics like trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
This document discusses the evaluation and management of fever in children. It provides definitions of fever and outlines the differential diagnosis. It recommends:
- For infants under 28 days, a full evaluation including lab tests and antibiotics is recommended.
- For infants 28-90 days, low risk cases can be observed as outpatients with follow up tests and potential antibiotics.
- For children 3-36 months, a blood culture is recommended for fevers over 39C and antibiotics for temperatures over 39C or high white blood cell counts. Lumbar puncture and urinalysis are also important tests.
This document discusses urinary tract infections (UTIs), including:
1. Causes of UTIs like E. coli, anatomical factors that predispose to infection, and clinical manifestations like dysuria and flank pain.
2. Diagnosis of UTIs using urine culture and microscopy to look for bacteria, white blood cells, and nitrites.
3. Treatment of UTIs with antibiotics like amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, and nitrofurantoin depending on the organism and severity of infection.
An Obstetrics and gynecology presentation: A 20 years old single female undergraduate presents to the emergency unit with fever, lower abdominal pain and abnormal vaginal discharge of 5 days duration. Discuss her management
This document provides an overview of urinary tract infections (UTIs). It discusses the terminology, classification, epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of UTIs. UTIs can affect different parts of the urinary tract and are classified as uncomplicated or complicated depending on underlying conditions. Escherichia coli is the most common cause. Diagnosis involves urinalysis, urine culture, and imaging tests. Treatment depends on the site and severity of infection, and commonly involves short courses of antibiotics like trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or fluoroquinolones.
Urinary tract infections are common and are usually caused by bacteria that enter the urinary tract and cause an infection. Women are more likely than men to get UTIs. Risk factors include gender, age, pregnancy, structural abnormalities, diabetes, and vesicoureteral reflux. Common bacteria that cause UTIs include E. coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, and Enterococcus. UTIs are classified as either lower UTIs, which involve the urethra and bladder, or upper UTIs, which involve the kidneys and ureters. Diagnosis involves urine testing and culture. Treatment depends on whether the infection is complicated or uncomplicated. Catheter-associated UTIs are a
This document discusses catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI). It defines CAUTI and catheter-associated asymptomatic bacteriuria (CA-ASB). It describes the epidemiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of CAUTI. It discusses the importance of surveillance for CAUTI and provides criteria for diagnosing different types of urinary tract infections based on surveillance definitions.
ASYMTOMATIC BACTERIURA & UTI IN PREGNANCY.pptugonnanwoke
This document discusses urinary tract infections (UTIs) during pregnancy. It covers the types of UTIs including asymptomatic bacteriuria and acute cystitis. Pregnancy increases risk of UTIs due to hormonal and anatomical changes. Screening for and treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria is important to prevent complications like acute pyelonephritis. Symptoms, investigations, and management are described for different UTIs. Complications can include maternal anemia, preterm labor, and fetal growth issues if left untreated.
This document provides an overview of urinary tract infections (UTIs). It defines UTIs and describes the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system. It discusses the typical bacteria that cause UTIs, including E. coli, and how UTIs are classified as upper or lower infections. The document outlines the clinical signs and symptoms of UTIs as well as the laboratory methods for diagnosing them, including urine culture. It also reviews treatment and prophylaxis for UTIs.
This document provides an overview of urinary tract infections (UTIs). It defines UTIs and describes the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system. It discusses the typical bacteria that cause UTIs, including E. coli, and how UTIs are classified as upper or lower infections. The document outlines the clinical signs and symptoms of UTIs as well as the laboratory methods for diagnosing them, including urine culture. It also reviews treatment and prophylaxis for UTIs.
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is an infection of ascitic fluid in people with liver cirrhosis and ascites. It is defined by a positive ascitic fluid culture with ≥250 PMN cells/mm3 in the absence of an intra-abdominal source. Risk factors include low ascitic fluid protein and prior SBP. Translocation of gut bacteria through the intestinal wall and lymphatics is a main mechanism. Treatment involves antibiotics like cefotaxime for 5-7 days. Prognosis depends on clinical stability, though prophylaxis may be considered for high risk patients.
UTI IN PREG in Obstetrics and Gynecology.pptxByamugishaJames
This document discusses urinary tract infections (UTIs) during pregnancy. It notes that UTIs are common in pregnancy due to physiological changes that cause dilatation of the kidneys and ureters. Asymptomatic bacteriuria occurs in 2-7% of pregnancies and can lead to complications if untreated. Symptomatic UTIs include cystitis and pyelonephritis. Risk factors include diabetes, urinary stasis, and vesicoureteral reflux. Treatment involves antibiotics effective against common uropathogens like E. coli, with nitrofurantoin being widely used for asymptomatic bacteriuria and cystitis. Acute pyelonephritis requires hospitalization and IV hydration in addition
This document discusses pediatric urinary tract infections. It covers the incidence, etiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, investigations including urinalysis, urine culture and radioimaging tests, management including choice of antimicrobials and prophylaxis, prognosis, and prevention of urinary tract infections in children. The management involves treating with antibiotics based on culture results and sensitivity, with outpatient or inpatient treatment depending on factors like age and severity of symptoms. Investigations help identify anatomical abnormalities and assess renal function and damage. Prognosis depends on factors like presence of reflux or scarring and timely treatment of infections.
This document discusses pediatric urinary tract infections. It covers the incidence, etiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, investigations including urinalysis, urine culture and radioimaging tests, management including choice of antimicrobials and prophylaxis, prognosis, and prevention of urinary tract infections in children. The management involves treating with antibiotics based on culture results and sensitivity, with inpatient versus outpatient treatment determined by factors like age and severity of symptoms. Prognosis depends on factors like presence of renal abnormalities, with recurrence increasing risk of long term issues like renal scarring and failure.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common in children and can cause renal damage if recurrent. The incidence is higher in girls than boys under 1 year of age but higher in boys after 1 year. Risk factors include anatomical abnormalities, instrumentation, lack of circumcision in boys, and frequent urination. Symptoms vary by age but may include fever, vomiting, abdominal pain, and malodorous urine. Diagnosis involves a urine culture and treatment is with oral or intravenous antibiotics based on severity. Recurrent UTIs may require long-term antibiotic prophylaxis and investigation and treatment of any anatomical abnormalities.
This presentation covers Urinary tract Infections (UTI). Their Definition, forms, epidemiology, risk factors, etiology, Clinical manifestation, Diagnostic procedures, Management, Complications and Education to the Patients are discussed in detail.
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Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
9. Lab Diagnosis
• Collection and transport of specimen
• Microscopy
• Screening
• Culture
• Antibiotic Sensitivity Test
10. Collection of Specimen
Collectio
n
Midstream urine
Male
Female
During cystoscopy
Catheter sample
urine
Early morning
Urine
Suprapubic
Aspirate
Initial Flow
TB of urinary
tract
Children, infant
and older women
Urethritis,
Prostatitis
11. Transport of Specimen
• At room temp - half an hour
• Refrigerated at 4⁰- 4 hrs
• Not processed beyond this time
• No immediate access – Spl. container
with 1.8% boric acid
• Contamination-False +ve
12. Microscopy
• Urine centrifuged and deposit
examined under microscope
• The following can be seen:
• Pus cells ( > 5/hpf)
• Bacteria
• Epithelial cells
• RBC
13. Culture:
• Semi-quantitative cultures
• Standard loop technique
• Involves a ‘standard calibrated loop’ –
transfers fixed, small quantity of urine
• Culture Media:
• Mac Conkey Agar
• Blood Agar
• Mac Conkey- quantitative measurement
• Blood- presumptive diagnosis
14. • Colony count of 105/ml – Significant
• 104/ml – 105/ml – Doubtful significance
• < 104/ml – Significant only if:
• On prior antibiotics
• Obstruction in UT
• Fungal infection/pyelonephritis
• Specimen is suprapubic aspiration
• ≥ 3 types of organism - Contaminants
Fixed and small amount
of uncentrifuged urine
is transferred to
BLOOD and
MacCONKEY AGAR
Incubate at 37⁰ C for24
hours
Next day, the number
of colonies grown is
counted and total count
per ml is calculated
15. Screening
• Necessity:
• UTI is a common problem
and facilities are not always
available
• Used for presumptive
diagnosis
Catalase
Test
Griess
Nitrite
Test
TTC
(Triphenyltet
razolium
chloride)
Gram Stain
Dip Slide
Culture
Glucose
Paper Test
16. 1. Griess Nitrite Test:
• Normal urine does not contain nitrite
• Is based on nitrate reducing enzyme produced by bacteria
during infection
2. Catalase Test
• Certain bacteria have catalase enzyme which acts on
hydrogen peroxide to release oxygen
• +ve rection evident by formation of
bubble
• Only in catalase +ve organism
17. 3. Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride:
• Is based on production of pink red precipitate in the reagent
• Caused by respiratory activity of growing bacteria
4. Gram stain:
• Microscopic demonstration of bacteria in gram stained
films of urine
18. 3. Glucose Paper Test:
• Is based on utilization of minute amount
of glucose in the normal urine utilized by
the bacteria causing infection
4. Dip Slide Culture:
• CLED agar on one side and MacConkey on another coated
slide →immersed in urine → incubated at 37⁰C → growth
estimated by colony counting or color change
19. Antibiotic Sensitivity:
• E. coli and other urinary pathogens –
multi drug resistance; transferable variety
• Necessary to administer proper
antibiotics
• Primary susceptibility test with urine
specimen is done
• Confirmed by AST using bacteria
recovered in culture
21. PATIENT PROFILE
CR No. : 8621/18
Age : 22 years
Sex : F
DOA : 28/08/18
DOD : 03/09/18
22. PATIENT COMPLAINT
Fever with Headache
(since last 03 days). Vomiting (2-3 episodes)
Burning Micturition
23. PAST HISTORY AND FOOD HABITS
Social history : No history of addiction.
Vegetarian.
Non-smoker.
Medical
Surgical
Medication
ADR history
NIL
24. Pulse : 76 bpm
B.P : 120/90
R. Rate : 22 cpm
Temp. : 98.6 C
CVS : S1,S2 normal
CNS : Intact
VITAL CHART Observation as on ( 28/08/2018)
26. ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT PLAN........
Based on the reports of routine urine examination and microscopy,
the present case was diagnosed as that of Urinary tract infection .
27. THERAPEUTIC GOAL
To lower the body temp.
To provide the relief from headache and Burning micturition
Prevention of vomiting.
To eradicate the infection of Urinary tract
29. TREATMENT PLAN
DRUGS/BRAND NAME GENERIC NAME DOSE ROUTE FREQUENCY DAY
1
DAY
2
DAY 3 DAY 4 DAY 5
Inj. DIFNAPAR DICLOFENAC 25 mg IV √ √ √ √
Inj. EMSET ONDANSETRON 04 mg IV TDS √ √ √ √
Inj. PANTOP PANTOPRAZOLE 40 mg IV OD √ √ √ √
Tab. CALPOL PARACETAMOL 650 mg P/O √ √
Tab. BACTRIM SULPHAMETHOXAZOLE
+
TRIMETHOPRIM
P/O BD √ √ √ √
30. Condition of the patient improved and prescription revised
for discharge.
Discharge summary is as follows:
DAY OF DISCHARGE (03/09/2018) –
1. Tab. Bactrin BD
2. Tab. Calpol 650 mg BD
3. Tab. Protene 40 mg BD
*Advice to repeat Routine Urine Examination & Microscopy tests and follow up
after 10 days.