This document summarizes a case study of a company that represents business rules primarily as relational data rather than via code. The company grew from $13 million to $175 million in revenues over 23 years while transitioning through three enterprise systems. The most recent system, developed using a "Ultra-Structure" approach where rules are stored as data, required more time and money than planned but resulted in lower ongoing maintenance costs compared to the industry average. Representing rules as data rather than code allows for more flexibility and easier updates over time as rules change.
Architecture Framework for Resolution of System Complexity in an EnterpriseIOSR Journals
This document presents an architecture framework for resolving system complexity in an enterprise. It discusses how enterprise architecture can be used to address issues like requirement complexity, organizational complexity, process complexity, and design complexity. The framework breaks down the enterprise information system into subsystems like back-end systems, front-end systems, management tools, and communication systems. It also separates concerns into different architecture layers - an external enterprise model, conceptual enterprise model, front-end systems, back-end systems, and management tools. The framework is intended to provide a structured approach to managing complexity by organizing enterprise data and functions across the different systems and models.
The document discusses enterprise applications and enterprise application integration (EAI). It defines an enterprise and enterprise application software. Open standards are important for EAI to allow different applications to share data easily. Web services and formats standards like XML help with application integration. Approaches to integration include information-oriented, orchestration-oriented, and services-oriented integration. Web services allow applications from different sources to communicate without custom coding and help with enterprise application integration.
Transformation of legacy landscape in the insurance worldNIIT Technologies
The document discusses the transformation of legacy systems in the insurance industry. Legacy systems present challenges like being difficult to change and update as they are based on older technologies. Insurance companies are transforming legacy systems to support new business models and customer needs. Common strategies for legacy transformation include modifying existing applications, replacing applications, or retiring applications when they are no longer needed. Successful legacy transformation depends on effectively migrating data and business rules to new systems.
Processes in the Networked Economies: Portal, Vortex, and Dynamic Trading Pro...Amit Sheth
Amit Sheth, Keynote at the Software Architectures for Business Process Management (SABPM'99) Workshop at CAiSE *99, Heidelberg, June 1999.
Processes will be chief differentiating and the competitive force indoing business in the networked economy. They will be deeply integrated with the way of doing business, and that they will be
critical components of almost all types of systems supporting enterprise-level and business critical activities.
http://knoesis.org/amit
Processes Driving the Networked Economy: Process Portals, Process Vortex and ...Amit Sheth
Amit Sheth's keynote at SABPM '99: Software Architectures for Business Process Management, (Workshop at the CAiSE*99, Heidelberg, Germany, June 14-15, 2009.
http://www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/cgi-bin/TGI/pnml/getpost?id=1999/04/1203
Related paper: http://knoesis.org/library/resource.php?id=00246
The document discusses enterprise applications and management information systems. It provides an overview of key enterprise applications such as Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems, Supply Chain Management Systems (SCMS), and Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems. The summary discusses how ERP systems integrate business processes across an organization, how SCMS coordinate planning, production and logistics with suppliers, and how CRM systems enable customer intimacy.
The Value of Standards-based CMDB FederationDavid Messineo
The document discusses the CMDB Federation (CMDBf) standard which aims to simplify sharing configuration management data between different vendors' CMDBs and management data repositories. It provides a common interface for federating this data to reduce the complexity of building and maintaining service models across multiple heterogeneous data sources. The benefits of the CMDBf standard include reducing costs and risks for organizations by providing a vendor-neutral approach for correlating cross-repository configuration item data to support service asset and configuration management.
Architecture Framework for Resolution of System Complexity in an EnterpriseIOSR Journals
This document presents an architecture framework for resolving system complexity in an enterprise. It discusses how enterprise architecture can be used to address issues like requirement complexity, organizational complexity, process complexity, and design complexity. The framework breaks down the enterprise information system into subsystems like back-end systems, front-end systems, management tools, and communication systems. It also separates concerns into different architecture layers - an external enterprise model, conceptual enterprise model, front-end systems, back-end systems, and management tools. The framework is intended to provide a structured approach to managing complexity by organizing enterprise data and functions across the different systems and models.
The document discusses enterprise applications and enterprise application integration (EAI). It defines an enterprise and enterprise application software. Open standards are important for EAI to allow different applications to share data easily. Web services and formats standards like XML help with application integration. Approaches to integration include information-oriented, orchestration-oriented, and services-oriented integration. Web services allow applications from different sources to communicate without custom coding and help with enterprise application integration.
Transformation of legacy landscape in the insurance worldNIIT Technologies
The document discusses the transformation of legacy systems in the insurance industry. Legacy systems present challenges like being difficult to change and update as they are based on older technologies. Insurance companies are transforming legacy systems to support new business models and customer needs. Common strategies for legacy transformation include modifying existing applications, replacing applications, or retiring applications when they are no longer needed. Successful legacy transformation depends on effectively migrating data and business rules to new systems.
Processes in the Networked Economies: Portal, Vortex, and Dynamic Trading Pro...Amit Sheth
Amit Sheth, Keynote at the Software Architectures for Business Process Management (SABPM'99) Workshop at CAiSE *99, Heidelberg, June 1999.
Processes will be chief differentiating and the competitive force indoing business in the networked economy. They will be deeply integrated with the way of doing business, and that they will be
critical components of almost all types of systems supporting enterprise-level and business critical activities.
http://knoesis.org/amit
Processes Driving the Networked Economy: Process Portals, Process Vortex and ...Amit Sheth
Amit Sheth's keynote at SABPM '99: Software Architectures for Business Process Management, (Workshop at the CAiSE*99, Heidelberg, Germany, June 14-15, 2009.
http://www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de/cgi-bin/TGI/pnml/getpost?id=1999/04/1203
Related paper: http://knoesis.org/library/resource.php?id=00246
The document discusses enterprise applications and management information systems. It provides an overview of key enterprise applications such as Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems, Supply Chain Management Systems (SCMS), and Customer Relationship Management (CRM) systems. The summary discusses how ERP systems integrate business processes across an organization, how SCMS coordinate planning, production and logistics with suppliers, and how CRM systems enable customer intimacy.
The Value of Standards-based CMDB FederationDavid Messineo
The document discusses the CMDB Federation (CMDBf) standard which aims to simplify sharing configuration management data between different vendors' CMDBs and management data repositories. It provides a common interface for federating this data to reduce the complexity of building and maintaining service models across multiple heterogeneous data sources. The benefits of the CMDBf standard include reducing costs and risks for organizations by providing a vendor-neutral approach for correlating cross-repository configuration item data to support service asset and configuration management.
The document discusses various topics related to building information systems, including:
1. The core problem-solving steps for developing new information systems are to define the problem, develop alternative solutions, evaluate and choose a solution, and implement the solution.
2. There are alternative methods for building information systems, such as the traditional systems development lifecycle, prototyping, end-user development, and purchasing application software packages.
3. Principal methodologies for modeling and designing systems include structured methodologies, object-oriented development, data flow diagrams, and process specifications.
The document provides an overview of a 7-step process for building an information system. The 7 steps are: 1) Identify and list stakeholders, 2) Identify and list actors, 3) Identify and list use cases, 4) Identify and list scenarios, 5) Identify and list steps, 6) Identify and list classes/objects, and 7) Manage work products. It describes each step in the process, including defining stakeholders, actors, use cases, scenarios, and mapping analysis to design. The process emphasizes discovery, iteration, and developing a shared understanding between stakeholders.
Chap01 Foundations of Information Systems in BusinessAqib Syed
James A. O'Brien, and George Marakas. Management Information Systems with MISource 2007, 8th ed. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 2007. ISBN: 13 9780073323091
This document provides an overview of business process management (BPM) and key related concepts like enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. It discusses what BPM is, the typical stages of BPM, how organizations can model and improve business processes, and how information systems play an important role in implementing business processes. Specific topics covered include cross-functional processes, supply chain management processes, the Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN) standard, customer relationship management (CRM) systems, and how ERP systems integrate activities across the organization's value chain.
The document discusses application development for digital firms, including rapid application development which creates workable systems in a short period of time using visual programming and iterative prototyping. It also discusses component based development and web services which enable systems to be built by assembling and integrating existing software components to create ecommerce applications.
This document provides an overview of chapter 7 from the textbook "Management Information Systems with MISource" which discusses electronic business systems. The chapter identifies cross-functional enterprise systems like enterprise application integration and transaction processing systems. It also explains how internet technologies can support business functions in areas such as accounting, finance, human resources, marketing, production and operations. Key concepts covered include enterprise resource planning, customer relationship management, supply chain management and knowledge management systems.
This presentation was provided by Ivy Anderson of the California Digital Library, during the NISO event, "Library Resource Management Systems: New Challenges, New Opportunities," held October 8 - 9, 2009.
pc_design_use_purchase final aug 24 2015 (2)Bijan Arbab
This document discusses research into how people choose and use personal computers (PCs). It aims to develop a methodology to better understand user behavior in order to help designers satisfy user needs. The paper poses four research questions: 1) How do people choose a new PC? 2) Do people generally use what they pay for? 3) Do people overbuy or underbuy the capabilities of their PCs? 4) How informed are designers about user needs? It reviews related literature on factors that influence technology adoption. The paper then presents analysis of self-reported data on purchase intentions and logged usage data from millions of PCs to explore how purchase decisions align with actual use.
ERP systems allow for data integration across departments by creating a single database. They also support best practices which are generally accepted business processes that have proven effective. When organizations implement ERP systems, they can improve business processes by either adopting suggested best practices or getting support to evolve their current processes. ERP systems offer benefits like increased efficiency, improved decision making from higher quality data, and better coordination between departments. However, ERP implementations also carry risks and some organizations have experienced project failures that significantly hurt their finances and operations. Careful planning is needed to avoid potential issues with large-scale ERP rollouts.
This document discusses information systems topics like outsourcing, application service providers (ASPs), and enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. It provides definitions and descriptions of concepts like global sourcing, outsourcing types, and potential benefits and disadvantages of ERP implementations. The document also includes quotes from industry professionals about their experiences with and advice regarding ERP systems.
- Firms are increasingly engaging in electronic commerce to gain competitive advantages such as improved customer service, improved supplier relationships, and increased returns for stockholders.
- Electronic commerce can be defined narrowly as online business transactions with customers and suppliers. The main benefits firms expect from electronic commerce are improved customer service, improved supplier relationships, and increased returns for investors.
- Initially, firms were hesitant to adopt electronic commerce due to high costs, security concerns, and immature software. However, these constraints are decreasing over time as technology advances and becomes more affordable and secure.
A STUDY ON THE SECTORS OF ECONOMY SERVICED BY PRE-INDUSTRY SYSTEM DEVELOPERS ...ijbiss
In the emergence of transformative global economy, information system has became a necessity in businesses to obtain organizations operational excellence, adaptation to new business models, improved decision making and providing exceptional customer service, and eventual competitive advantage of the enterprise setting while keeping business alliances. This paper presents sectors of economy serviced by the pre-industry developers, explores the evolution of computer-based information system designed and developed by pre-industry system developers, and examine the effects of an information system in business to countervail indentified recurring problems. Nineteen of forty-six identified sectors of economy falls in the categories of primary, secondary, tertiary, quarternary and quinary were the recipient of computer-based system designed and developed. There have been several effects of computer-based systems to organizations, including the implied relevance to their business processes, continuum process improvement, business process reengineering, business driver and facilitator, and customer satisfaction
The use of an architecture–centered development process for delivering information technology began with
the introduction of client / server based systems. Early client/server and legacy mainframe applications did not
provide the architectural flexibility needed to meet the changing business requirements of the modern
publishing organization. With the introduction of Object Oriented systems, the need for an architecture–
centered process became a critical success factor. Object reuse, layered system components, data
abstraction, web based user interfaces, CORBA, and rapid development and deployment processes all
provide economic incentives for object technologies. However, adopting the latest object oriented technology,
without an adequate understanding of how this technology fits a specific architecture, risks the creation of an
instant legacy system.
Publishing software systems must be architected in order to deal with the current and future needs of the
business organization. Managing software projects using architecture–centered methodologies must be an
intentional step in the process of deploying information systems – not an accidental by–product of the
software acquisition and integration process.
User-centric enterprise architecture (EA) focuses on developing useful and usable information products and governance services for end users. It captures key business and technical information across an organization to support better decision-making. User-centric EA provides information that is relevant, easy to understand, and accessible to all stakeholders, not just IT. The author developed a user-centric approach at the Secret Service and Coast Guard by focusing EA products on clear user needs and ensuring information is presented at multiple layers of detail and perspectives to be understandable and useful for a wide audience.
Running head organizational information system1 organizational AKHIL969626
This document discusses organizational information systems and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems. It provides an overview of what an information system is and its importance for organizations. It then describes the key characteristics and features of ERP systems, including their functionalities for supporting business processes. The document also discusses the limitations, impacts, and evaluations of ERP systems, as well as considerations around improving, developing, and outsourcing ERP systems.
James A. O'Brien, and George Marakas. Management Information Systems with MISource 2007, 8th ed. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 2007. ISBN: 13 9780073323091
The document provides an overview of relational databases and their advantages over traditional file-based systems. It discusses key concepts such as entities, attributes, records, files and databases. The document also describes database management systems (DBMS), schemas, data dictionaries, and relational database structures including tables, rows, columns, primary keys and foreign keys. Relational databases organize data into logically related tables to facilitate data integration, sharing, flexibility and consistency.
This document summarizes 20 of the best IT jobs for 2013 and beyond. It discusses jobs in areas like cloud computing, information security, mobile development, and data analysis that are expected to experience high growth. Some of the highest paying and fastest growing jobs highlighted include cloud architect, applications architect, database administrator, mobile application developer, and software engineer. The document provides brief descriptions and requirements for each job.
Systems Analysis and Design 8th Edition Kendall Solutions ManualKadenCohen
Full download : http://alibabadownload.com/product/systems-analysis-and-design-8th-edition-kendall-solutions-manual/ Systems Analysis and Design 8th Edition Kendall Solutions Manual
August 17, 1994: "Representing Emergence with Rules: The Limits of Addition." Presented at the 7th International Conference on Systems Research, Information and Cybernetics. Sponsored by The International Institute for Advanced Studies in Systems Research and Cybernetics, and the Society for Applied Systems Research. Paper published in Lasker, G. E. and Farre, G. L. (editors), Advances in Synergetics, Volume I: Systems Research on Emergence. (1994)
Four ways to represent computer executable rulesJeff Long
July 27, 2008: "Four Ways to Represent Computer-Executable Rules". Presented at InterSymp 2008 conference sponsored by the International Institute for Advanced Studies
in Systems Research and Cybernetics (IIAS). Paper published in conference proceedings.
The document discusses various topics related to building information systems, including:
1. The core problem-solving steps for developing new information systems are to define the problem, develop alternative solutions, evaluate and choose a solution, and implement the solution.
2. There are alternative methods for building information systems, such as the traditional systems development lifecycle, prototyping, end-user development, and purchasing application software packages.
3. Principal methodologies for modeling and designing systems include structured methodologies, object-oriented development, data flow diagrams, and process specifications.
The document provides an overview of a 7-step process for building an information system. The 7 steps are: 1) Identify and list stakeholders, 2) Identify and list actors, 3) Identify and list use cases, 4) Identify and list scenarios, 5) Identify and list steps, 6) Identify and list classes/objects, and 7) Manage work products. It describes each step in the process, including defining stakeholders, actors, use cases, scenarios, and mapping analysis to design. The process emphasizes discovery, iteration, and developing a shared understanding between stakeholders.
Chap01 Foundations of Information Systems in BusinessAqib Syed
James A. O'Brien, and George Marakas. Management Information Systems with MISource 2007, 8th ed. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 2007. ISBN: 13 9780073323091
This document provides an overview of business process management (BPM) and key related concepts like enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. It discusses what BPM is, the typical stages of BPM, how organizations can model and improve business processes, and how information systems play an important role in implementing business processes. Specific topics covered include cross-functional processes, supply chain management processes, the Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN) standard, customer relationship management (CRM) systems, and how ERP systems integrate activities across the organization's value chain.
The document discusses application development for digital firms, including rapid application development which creates workable systems in a short period of time using visual programming and iterative prototyping. It also discusses component based development and web services which enable systems to be built by assembling and integrating existing software components to create ecommerce applications.
This document provides an overview of chapter 7 from the textbook "Management Information Systems with MISource" which discusses electronic business systems. The chapter identifies cross-functional enterprise systems like enterprise application integration and transaction processing systems. It also explains how internet technologies can support business functions in areas such as accounting, finance, human resources, marketing, production and operations. Key concepts covered include enterprise resource planning, customer relationship management, supply chain management and knowledge management systems.
This presentation was provided by Ivy Anderson of the California Digital Library, during the NISO event, "Library Resource Management Systems: New Challenges, New Opportunities," held October 8 - 9, 2009.
pc_design_use_purchase final aug 24 2015 (2)Bijan Arbab
This document discusses research into how people choose and use personal computers (PCs). It aims to develop a methodology to better understand user behavior in order to help designers satisfy user needs. The paper poses four research questions: 1) How do people choose a new PC? 2) Do people generally use what they pay for? 3) Do people overbuy or underbuy the capabilities of their PCs? 4) How informed are designers about user needs? It reviews related literature on factors that influence technology adoption. The paper then presents analysis of self-reported data on purchase intentions and logged usage data from millions of PCs to explore how purchase decisions align with actual use.
ERP systems allow for data integration across departments by creating a single database. They also support best practices which are generally accepted business processes that have proven effective. When organizations implement ERP systems, they can improve business processes by either adopting suggested best practices or getting support to evolve their current processes. ERP systems offer benefits like increased efficiency, improved decision making from higher quality data, and better coordination between departments. However, ERP implementations also carry risks and some organizations have experienced project failures that significantly hurt their finances and operations. Careful planning is needed to avoid potential issues with large-scale ERP rollouts.
This document discusses information systems topics like outsourcing, application service providers (ASPs), and enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. It provides definitions and descriptions of concepts like global sourcing, outsourcing types, and potential benefits and disadvantages of ERP implementations. The document also includes quotes from industry professionals about their experiences with and advice regarding ERP systems.
- Firms are increasingly engaging in electronic commerce to gain competitive advantages such as improved customer service, improved supplier relationships, and increased returns for stockholders.
- Electronic commerce can be defined narrowly as online business transactions with customers and suppliers. The main benefits firms expect from electronic commerce are improved customer service, improved supplier relationships, and increased returns for investors.
- Initially, firms were hesitant to adopt electronic commerce due to high costs, security concerns, and immature software. However, these constraints are decreasing over time as technology advances and becomes more affordable and secure.
A STUDY ON THE SECTORS OF ECONOMY SERVICED BY PRE-INDUSTRY SYSTEM DEVELOPERS ...ijbiss
In the emergence of transformative global economy, information system has became a necessity in businesses to obtain organizations operational excellence, adaptation to new business models, improved decision making and providing exceptional customer service, and eventual competitive advantage of the enterprise setting while keeping business alliances. This paper presents sectors of economy serviced by the pre-industry developers, explores the evolution of computer-based information system designed and developed by pre-industry system developers, and examine the effects of an information system in business to countervail indentified recurring problems. Nineteen of forty-six identified sectors of economy falls in the categories of primary, secondary, tertiary, quarternary and quinary were the recipient of computer-based system designed and developed. There have been several effects of computer-based systems to organizations, including the implied relevance to their business processes, continuum process improvement, business process reengineering, business driver and facilitator, and customer satisfaction
The use of an architecture–centered development process for delivering information technology began with
the introduction of client / server based systems. Early client/server and legacy mainframe applications did not
provide the architectural flexibility needed to meet the changing business requirements of the modern
publishing organization. With the introduction of Object Oriented systems, the need for an architecture–
centered process became a critical success factor. Object reuse, layered system components, data
abstraction, web based user interfaces, CORBA, and rapid development and deployment processes all
provide economic incentives for object technologies. However, adopting the latest object oriented technology,
without an adequate understanding of how this technology fits a specific architecture, risks the creation of an
instant legacy system.
Publishing software systems must be architected in order to deal with the current and future needs of the
business organization. Managing software projects using architecture–centered methodologies must be an
intentional step in the process of deploying information systems – not an accidental by–product of the
software acquisition and integration process.
User-centric enterprise architecture (EA) focuses on developing useful and usable information products and governance services for end users. It captures key business and technical information across an organization to support better decision-making. User-centric EA provides information that is relevant, easy to understand, and accessible to all stakeholders, not just IT. The author developed a user-centric approach at the Secret Service and Coast Guard by focusing EA products on clear user needs and ensuring information is presented at multiple layers of detail and perspectives to be understandable and useful for a wide audience.
Running head organizational information system1 organizational AKHIL969626
This document discusses organizational information systems and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems. It provides an overview of what an information system is and its importance for organizations. It then describes the key characteristics and features of ERP systems, including their functionalities for supporting business processes. The document also discusses the limitations, impacts, and evaluations of ERP systems, as well as considerations around improving, developing, and outsourcing ERP systems.
James A. O'Brien, and George Marakas. Management Information Systems with MISource 2007, 8th ed. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill, Inc., 2007. ISBN: 13 9780073323091
The document provides an overview of relational databases and their advantages over traditional file-based systems. It discusses key concepts such as entities, attributes, records, files and databases. The document also describes database management systems (DBMS), schemas, data dictionaries, and relational database structures including tables, rows, columns, primary keys and foreign keys. Relational databases organize data into logically related tables to facilitate data integration, sharing, flexibility and consistency.
This document summarizes 20 of the best IT jobs for 2013 and beyond. It discusses jobs in areas like cloud computing, information security, mobile development, and data analysis that are expected to experience high growth. Some of the highest paying and fastest growing jobs highlighted include cloud architect, applications architect, database administrator, mobile application developer, and software engineer. The document provides brief descriptions and requirements for each job.
Systems Analysis and Design 8th Edition Kendall Solutions ManualKadenCohen
Full download : http://alibabadownload.com/product/systems-analysis-and-design-8th-edition-kendall-solutions-manual/ Systems Analysis and Design 8th Edition Kendall Solutions Manual
August 17, 1994: "Representing Emergence with Rules: The Limits of Addition." Presented at the 7th International Conference on Systems Research, Information and Cybernetics. Sponsored by The International Institute for Advanced Studies in Systems Research and Cybernetics, and the Society for Applied Systems Research. Paper published in Lasker, G. E. and Farre, G. L. (editors), Advances in Synergetics, Volume I: Systems Research on Emergence. (1994)
Four ways to represent computer executable rulesJeff Long
July 27, 2008: "Four Ways to Represent Computer-Executable Rules". Presented at InterSymp 2008 conference sponsored by the International Institute for Advanced Studies
in Systems Research and Cybernetics (IIAS). Paper published in conference proceedings.
Managing and benefiting from multi million rule systemsJeff Long
October 31, 2007: “Managing and Benefiting from Multi-Million Rule Systems”. Presented at the 2007 Conference of the New England Complex Systems Institute.
Automated identification of sensitive informationJeff Long
October 21, 1999: "Using Ultra-Structure for Automated Identification of Sensitive Information in Documents". Presented at the 20th annual conference of the American Society for Engineering Management. Paper published in conference proceedings.
May 20, 2000: "Issues in the Study of Abstractions". Presented at the Eighth
Interdisciplinary Conference on General Evolutionary Systems, sponsored by the Washington Evolutionary Systems Society.
New ways to represent complex systems and processesJeff Long
November 2, 1994: "New Ways to Represent Complex Systems & Processes". Talk presented at a seminar of the George Washington University Notational Engineering Laboratory (NEL).
The evolution of symbol systems and societyJeff Long
June 25, 1994: "The Evolution of Symbol Systems and Society." Presented at the Fourth Annual International Conference, sponsored by The Society for Chaos Theory in Psychology and the Life Sciences.
This document provides an overview and requirements for a marketplace application called Mingle Box. The application allows buyers to find and hire freelance coders for custom software projects. Coders can access work from buyers around the world. The document outlines functional requirements like registration, bidding, and payments. It also discusses technical requirements, feasibility, and includes a high-level data flow diagram. The goal is to connect buyers and coders in a safe, cost-effective manner through an online bidding system.
The document discusses Google's use of information technology in its business systems. It describes Google's hardware as commodity servers running a modified version of Linux, providing high CPU performance cost-effectively. Google's private network is among the world's largest, ensuring high-speed connectivity. Key software includes Distributed Lock Manager for coordinating access to shared resources and MapReduce for large-scale data processing. The document recommends technologies like content-addressable memory and Docker containers to further improve Google's systems. It concludes that Google prioritizes IT and produces many beneficial technologies, making it a reliable choice for hardware/software purchases.
ENG 102 Unit Six Page 1 of 1 ENG 102 Composition II .docxSALU18
ENG 102 Unit Six Page 1 of 1
ENG 102 Composition II
Unit Six
Drafting Research
Although a draft, this is a formal piece to your final research and it must
appear as such.
Your draft should represent a full essay and not scattered thoughts. It must
include and be reflective of:
9�An explicit claim
9�Proper citation—in-text and end of text (MLA)
9�Varied evidence throughout incorporating blended writing modes (cause and
effect, description, etc.)
9�Revised writing
Heading:
o Name, date, course #, and instructor’s name in the upper left hand corner
o Label the page: “Draft, Final Research” include your working title
o Double spaced, typed, size 12 font in proper paragraphed form
o Aim for roughly 5-7 pages
o Proofread carefully
Find an article that focuses on managerial advice or trends relating to Cloud Computing, Open Source Software, Service-Oriented Architecture (SoA), Enterprise systems, ERP Software as a Service (SaaS), or;
Look for an article that covers user interface design and/or trends/advances in the user interface (speech, gesture recognition, mobility, etc.), or;
Find an article that discusses new system development or implementation in an organization--Success or Failure; or
Information Systems: A Manager's Guide to Harnessing Technology, v. 3.0
Digital All Access Pass
by John Gallaugher
11.1 Introduction
Learning Objectives
1. Recognize the importance of software and its implications for the firm and strategic decision making.
2. Understand that software is everywhere; not just in computers, but also cell phones, cars, cameras, and many other technologies.
3. Know what software is and be able to differentiate it from hardware.
4. List the major classifications of software and give examples of each.
We know computing hardware is getting faster and cheaper, creating all sorts of exciting and disruptive opportunities for the savvy manager. But what’s really going on inside the box? It’s software that makes the magic of computing happen. Without software, your PC would be a heap of silicon wrapped in wires encased in plastic and metal. But it’s the instructions—the software code—that enable a computer to do something wonderful, driving the limitless possibilities of information technology.
Software is everywhere. An inexpensive cell phone has about one million lines of code. [1] Ford automobiles actually have more lines of code than Twitter and Facebook combined. [2] Software might even be in grandpa. The average pacemaker has between 80,000 and 100,000 of code. [3] In this chapter we’ll take a peek inside the chips to understand what software is. A lot of terms are associated with software: operating systems, applications, enterprise software, distributed systems, and more. We’ll define these terms up front, and put them in a managerial context. A follow-up chapter, Chapter 12 "Software in Flux: Open Source, Cloud, and Virtualized and App-driven Shifts" “Soft ...
The document discusses a joint whitepaper from several major IT vendors that outlines a proposed common interface for configuration management database (CMDB) products to facilitate data federation. The whitepaper proposes services for CMDB administration, resource federation and reconciliation, resource querying, and subscription/notification to address key challenges around connecting diverse management data sources. While this cooperation is promising, open standards will be important to ensure interoperability and avoid vendor lock-in.
Elements of Innovation Management in Computer Software and ServicesMichael Le Duc
IAMOT 2000, The Ninth International Conference on Management of Technology
February 20-25, 2000, Miami, Florida, USA. Track 4: Industrial Innovation see http://www.iamot.com/
Sybase, back in 1995, was constructing an advanced workflow system based on agent technology. This system was presented to an invitation-only group of Powersoft customers at the 1995 Powersoft Users Group meeting at DisneyWorld. The group creating the solution was an advanced technology group formed when Sybase purchased Powersoft.
AtomicDB is a proprietary software technology that uses an n-dimensional associative memory system instead of a traditional table-based database. This allows information to be stored and related in a way analogous to human memory. The technology does not require extensive programming and can rapidly build and modify information systems to meet evolving needs. It provides significant cost and performance advantages over traditional databases for managing complex, relational data.
Controlling SOA in Support of Operational Improvement (ISPE PE Vol 31 No 4 - ...David Stokes
The document discusses an approach to leveraging GAMP good practices to facilitate the qualification and validation of IT middleware and Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) in the life sciences industry. It presents SOA as a way to more efficiently integrate systems and automate business processes. However, adoption has been limited due to a lack of guidance on how to ensure middleware and SOA are compliant. The article proposes categorizing SOA components as either utility services, which can be qualified as IT infrastructure, or business services, which usually require validation. It provides a framework to help assess and control SOA in a risk-based manner.
Real Semantics is a product designed with BCBS 239 compliance in mind. It uses a universal graph model and common data model to trace decisions made by systems. It can peer into legacy systems at different levels. This synchronization of data takes chaos out of IT systems. Real Semantics satisfies BCBS 239 requirements such as establishing integrated data taxonomies, ownership and quality of risk data, and capabilities to generate risk data subsets quickly. While many organizations struggle with regulations, Real Semantics sees it as an opportunity to improve systems to satisfy customers and grow business.
Five Steps to Better Application PerformanceSumo Logic
Discover the five actionable steps organizations can take to better manage their applications. Reduce application downtime, while improving performance, and your end users' experience.
As the Vice President, Datacenter Architecture at Presidio, William Turner, PhD has more than 20 years of hands-on, full-project-cycle experience in strategizing, designing and deploying large-scale Fortune 500 networks and security solutions. His extensive background in banking, security,
and government has yielded several well regarded industry standards and noted reference models.
Dr. Turner envisions and drives a future in which sophisticated software provisions and de-provisions IT infrastructure automatically in response to business needs. The specialized appliances enterprises traditionally rely upon will be replaced by industry-standard hardware playing necessary roles on demand.
EAPJ conducted this interview from the perspective of an infrastructure architect considering a software-defined future for the networking, hosting and storage underlying a major upcoming application investment.
Thought Leader Interview: Dr. William Turner on the Software-Defined Future ...Iver Band
As the Vice President, Datacenter Architecture at Presidio,
William Turner, PhD has more than 20 years of hand-son,
full-project-cycle experience in strategizing, designing and
deploying large-scale Fortune 500 networks and security
solutions. His extensive background in banking, security,
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Introduction American Video Game Company is accepting propos.pdfsandeep252523
Introduction
American Video Game Company is accepting proposals to develop a new customer relationship
management (CRM) system. This document is a business vision document that includes key
business requirements for the new system. It does not provide detailed system requirements.
This document provides enough information for a vendor to provide a recommendation for a
system to fit the American Video Game Companys needs. The proposal provided by the vendor is
required to be comprehensive and include enough detail so American Video Game Company can
determine if it fits the needs of the organization. The project that will be undertaken with the
vendor who is awarded the contract will then include steps to produce the detailed requirements,
use cases, design, and other deliverables.
Open source, off the shelf, configurable/customizable off the shelf, commercial offerings, and
custom development are all acceptable solutions to fit the requirements. There may be an existing
system that will fulfill all the needs of the organization, but if custom development is more
appropriate, this may be proposed, with supporting information. The vendor is to keep in mind the
changes and enhancements that may be required throughout the life of the system as well as the
scalability of the system when completing the proposal.
Background
American Video Game Company is planning to launch an internal CRM system to allow for better
management of several disconnected manual and automated processes. The system should be
able to be integrated with other systems now and in the future to maximize and improve the
efficiency of data sharing, reporting, and business process flows.
The company is a premier developer and publisher of computer games. The games are well
designed and highly enjoyable for the customer. The company is known for the quality of its
games and has been ranked #1 for several years. The games are purchased through different
mediums, including an online game service. There are mobile options for some, but not all, of the
games the company develops and sells. The company also offers products such as action figures,
novels, comics, board games, and apparel. Future endeavors may include working on producing
movies based on the characters and plots in the games.
Sales have been up by 42% in the past two years, so the company is currently outgrowing its
existing systems for managing all aspects of CRM. The new system will be a crucial tool in being
able to efficiently manage client contacts, perform sales tracking, maintain activity management,
and manage reporting.
Project Overview
Key Technical Objectives
To provide a system that:
consolidates all contact and business information.
reports the companys activities and interactions with contacts.
controls access to features based on roles and permissions for the companys users, both internal
and remote.
enables access to the system by 3rd party marketing companies under contract.
manages activities and tracks s.
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March 28, 2002: "Understanding Complex Systems: Notational Engineering and Ultra-Structure". Talk given at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
May 21-25, 2000: "Why We Don't Understand Complex Systems". Poster session, presented at the International Conference on Complex Systems, sponsored by the New England Complex Systems Institute.
This document proposes a new discipline called "notational engineering" within the field of semiotics. It discusses how the scope of semiotic studies has expanded over time to include any patterned communication system. Notational systems are described as having distinctive features and mapping abstraction spaces. The document argues that a systematic study of notational systems, their development, strengths, limitations, and applications could lead to breakthroughs in representing complex ideas and solving problems. It outlines the goals and next steps for establishing notational engineering as a new cross-disciplinary field.
A metaphsical system that includes numbers rules and bricksJeff Long
February 24, 1996: "A Metaphysical System That Includes Numbers, Rules, and Bricks: The Evolution of Evolution." Presented at the Fourth Interdisciplinary Conference on General Evolutionary Systems, sponsored by the Washington Evolutionary Systems Society.
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The co evolution of symbol systems and societyJeff Long
This document is a cover page and proposal for a talk on the co-evolution of symbol systems and society presented by Jeffrey G. Long at the Library of Congress on January 18, 1995. It includes an abstract outlining the talk, which will discuss how notational revolutions like the alphabet and numerals seem to follow general patterns, and how the Whorfian hypothesis applies more to notations than language. The presentation will be followed by a question period. The document also provides contact information for Jeffrey G. Long.
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June 30, 1993: "Call for a New Notation: Creating the Future through New Ways of Seeing" Presented at the World Future Society Seventh General Assembly, sponsored by the World Future Society.
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The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
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Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
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TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
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Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
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This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
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Website: https://albumentations.ai/
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Case study of rules as relational data
1. Cover Page
Case Study of an Enterprise
System That Represents Rules
Primarily As Relational Data
Rather Than via Code
Author: Jeffrey G. Long (jefflong@aol.com)
Date: 2008
Forum: Acta Systemica Vol. 8 No. 2 (2008) pp. 47‐54 available at
http://iias.info/pdf_general/Booklisting.pdf
Contents
Pages 1‐6: Preprint of paper.
License
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial
3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by‐nc/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative
Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View, California, 94041, USA.
Uploaded June 24, 2011
2. Case Study of an Enterprise System That Represents Rules
Primarily As Relational Data Rather Than via Code
Jeffrey G. Long
jefflong@aol.com
Abstract
Business rules are often narrowly defined, but they should include any and all rules that an
organization follows to manage its affairs. These include all work processes, pricing rules,
applicable laws and regulations (e.g. taxes), ontologies (e.g. defining the categories by which
customers or products may be grouped), taxonomies (e.g. defining how a product or customer is
actually categorized), and other kinds of rules. There is a distinct subset of these that are the
technical interface rules which define various interfaces, such as with users (through forms and
reports), data (via database management software), and other systems.
In traditional software applications such rules are typically encoded as parameter-driven
software. Because there are many rules, applications frequently require millions of lines of
code. Such a large code corpus ensures significant life-cycle maintenance costs, as only
programmers can update the code, and the code must change as the rules change over time.
The approach we’ve used, called “Ultra-Structure,” is to remove any business rules that might
ever change from the software, leaving only the control logic for a “competency rule engine” as
software. All the rest of the rules are represented as data. We use and advocate a relational
database approach to representing rules because of referential integrity, normalization, security,
and other benefits offered by any modern RDBMS. Results are presented from a 23-year case
study of a particular company.
Key Words: Enterprise System; Databases; Business Rules; Software Economics; Business
Process Reengineering
Problems of Software Development
One of the most vexing problems in the software industry is why over the past 50 years software
(and software development) has not improved exponentially in its effectiveness and efficiency,
in a manner comparable to hardware. While even home computer users can now afford a
terabyte of data storage, writing code is nearly as laborious and error-prone as it ever was. In
spite of decades of research and development, many software systems either do not or cannot
meet users’ current or future requirements. Their construction and maintenance cost and time
are also extreme.
Solving this will not merely require that analysts ask better questions of users, for users can only
say what they know now: how future government or other regulations, or mergers or divestitures,
1
3. or new ideas or technologies, may affect their requirements are inherently unknowable.
Furthermore, user understanding of their requirements evolves, especially under the guidance of
an analyst who asks about logically-possible alternatives to whatever the user posits. They can
also evolve when an analyst identifies for them new ways that computers or other decision-
making technologies might assist them.
Solving this will also not merely require that programmers become more efficient, for what
programmers encode is the rules of the business, which are subject to constant change. Current
Integrated Development Environments and libraries of software classes can only address a
snapshot taken at a given time; changing code in response to changing user requirements will
always be required. And when business rules are dispersed over hundreds of thousands of lines
of code, even a well-designed system poses maintenance challenges.
If important user requirements are inherently unknowable and unpredictable, then how can any
system ever be designed? Most other areas of engineering have been remarkably successful in
predictably delivering results. But applications such as bridges and homes, while complex, are
physical systems where user requirements tend to change little or within limited areas. The
standard engineering approach that moves from analysis of requirements, to design, to
construction of the system, is excellent for these situations. But knowing all likely user
requirements is a luxury not available in software design. Nor should it be, for software captures
thinking in ways that other technologies do not, and thinking will always evolve. Yet we must
aim to design systems that can act “intelligently” and can change greatly over time.
This can be done by representing rules in a different and better manner. It requires converting
rules from their natural language form (e.g. as in a policy manual) into one or more rules in a
canonical form; categorizing those rules into a small number of formats called “ruleforms” that
are defined by their form and meaning, such that any logically possible rule pertaining to that
application area (e.g. order processing) can be expressed somewhere in the system; and
managing these rules as records in various tables (one per ruleform) through a relational database
management system. Thus, business rules are represented not as software, and not as data in
XML tags, but as records (relations) in a modern relational database management system, such
that referential integrity and security of the rules is guaranteed, and information can readily be
accessed through various tools such as queries and/or report writers.
One key benefit of this approach is that subject experts (e.g. trained business managers) can read
and manage rules directly, without having to first explain them to programmers. This can help
greatly as companies try to better manage their knowledge resources by making them external to
the subject expert. Another key benefit is that it facilitates changes to work processes. This can
help greatly as companies try to better manage their work processes by adapting them to new
technological, regulatory, competitive, or other constraints.
In this approach software is seen as essential to the solution, but is not itself the solution. Instead
software is a problem that must be eliminated whenever possible.
2
4. Case Study (1985-2008)
The Company we are discussing here is a privately-held company which currently has about 50
warehouses throughout the United States. They are wholesalers of a commodity product, and are
thus competing purely on price and service. Their customers are thousands of retailers who then
resell the product to an end-customer who may be waiting in their office. The Company
normally delivers orders within a few hours of order placement. It processes thousands of orders
a day at its various branches, as well as from the Internet. In this competitive environment it has
grown to become the largest independent wholesaler (i.e. not a manufacturer) in its industry.
Intellinomics Era (1986-2002)
Starting in September 1985, my former consulting firm (Intellinomics Corporation) built an
enterprise system for the Company. At that time they had about USD $13 million in revenues.
This system encoded as data only the interface rules regarding the format of screens and reports,
user access authority, data structures, data retrieval, etc., while hard-coding in software the
business rules such as work processes. The development cost of the system was about USD
$250,000; it ran on a Digital Equipment Corporation VAX computer, had a character-based
interface, and required about 35,000 lines of C code. It supported nine warehouses and about 50
users. The system was installed in September 1986 and was used by the Company for 16 years,
until 2002. During this time the Company grew ten times as large, to about USD $130 million.
It had no programming staff and used about ten hours per month of contracted programmer time.
Industry-Leading System Era (2002-2005)
The Company decided to move to a package that was the most widely used among wholesalers
in the vertical market of the Company. Few if any requirements were discussed, and the system
was installed in 2002. The vendor made many assumptions about how wholesalers in that
vertical market would/should operate, but the Company had its own internal work processes and
ontologies that were different. The system ran on an IBM minicomputer under AIX. It provided
a character-based user interface and a highly unusual non-relational database system. After 18
months of working with the vendor, the system was deemed unacceptable.
CoRE650 Era (2005-present)
In March 2003 my current firm, CoRE650 Solutions LLC, started development of a new system.
The Company requested the use of off-the-shelf software as much as possible, and as a direct
result the system did not initially attempt to encode as data the interface rules, but instead hard-
coded them using standard .Net development tools (form painters, etc. of the IDE). However,
most other kinds of business rules were encoded as data this time. The resulting system required
about 500,000 lines of C# code (excluding blanks and comments) and 160,000 lines of T-SQL
code (including blanks and comments). It runs on a database server and terminal servers using
MS SQL-Server and Windows Server 2003, supporting about 500 users having thin clients in the
field.
3
5. The system was installed in September 2005. The development cost of the system was about
USD $3.4 million, and an additional $1.1 million has since been spent on various fixes and
upgrades. During this time the Company grew an additional 40%, to about USD $175 million.
The monthly work hours dropped sharply after installation and continue to fall, as shown in
Appendix A. There is still a team of five people performing a total of about 300-400 hours of
work per month; this is expected to continue declining.
Since installation the system has processed nearly seven million different “business transact-
ions,” defined as (for example) a sale of one or more items, plus delivery, invoicing, cash
application, and accounting and inventory entries as necessary. A transaction might also refer to
a transfer of products between warehouses, purchases of products from manufacturers, or
credit/debit memos and inventory adjustments. The Company’s work processes continue to
evolve, for example (a) the high price of fuel necessitated delivery charges under certain
conditions, and (b) the Company decided to charge customers a restocking fee for returns made
more than thirty days after purchase.
Analysis of Results
The project took longer and was more costly than initially expected. An analysis of actual costs
to date versus budget shows a 1.95: 1 ratio. According to Forrester Research, however, midsize
wholesalers normally spend about 0.6% of gross revenues on software; using this metric, the
actual cost was 89% of the industry average. Appendix B shows a chart of these costs. While
the budget overrun was of course not good news, the comparatively low ongoing maintenance
cost will provide a continuing savings that goes directly to the bottom line of the Company far
into the future.
The main drivers of increased project cost were as follows:
Converting almost all initial data, including transactions in progress, from a non-relational to a
relational database required a great deal of conversion coding; in addition many problems/errors
were found in the source data that had to be resolved before installation. The problem was
compounded because the vendor could not or would not provide documentation for its database
schema. This problem was unique to this situation; it is not likely to be repeated, although any
data conversion can be difficult. We have no special tools or theories to help with this.
To meet the COTS requirement, we used standard Microsoft .Net tools, but found that a great
deal of code – about five times what was expected -- was required to be written, primarily for the
user interface. We are now moving to a design that still uses .Net but where many of these rules
are represented as data, so that code can be eliminated and future changes to user interfaces will
be far easier to manage. It would have been better to design this flexibility in from day one.
When the project started to become overdue, the design process was curtailed and discussions
were minimized “until after cutover.” This resulted in one major subsystem (cash application)
being designed and implemented in a more complex manner than was really necessary if the
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6. Company’s needs had been better understood. The subsystem then had to be redesigned and re-
implemented with correct requirements after further discussions. Continuing to work on user
requirements, when the problem but not its alternatives were known to exist, would have avoided
this substantial effort.
Lastly, by putting together a new team for this project, there was a steep learning curve in three
areas: (a) the team needed to learn how to work together, which was painful, (b) the team needed
to learn how to work in a geographically dispersed environment, with various team members all
over the United States; and (c) the team needed to learn how to build and test a system where all
rules were not easily found in code, but where the programmers and testers had to look in two
places – the code and the rulebase – to understand what rules were in effect at any given time. It
would have been better to have a team that had already worked together on similar projects, but
that was not possible then. There is such a team now.
Conclusions
After moving most rules to data, the code that is left is mainly control logic that knows nothing
about the world except what tables to look at, in what order, and what to do based on rules
selected for execution. Since this control logic is unlikely to change over time, one benefit of
this approach is that the software and data structures stay remarkably stable even as the rules
continue to evolve. Another is that subject experts and business managers can explain new rules
to business analysts (not only programmers), who can then directly update the rules through a
RDBMS. In another prior project the subject experts directly updated the rulebase, without
having to explain things first to a programmer or even an analyst. This eliminates the possibility
of misunderstandings between subject-area experts and technical experts. Representing rules as
data also means that the RDBMS must be optimized to work efficiently.
This project has demonstrated the importance of minimizing the amount of software written and
maintained. This can best be done by implementing both business rules and interface rules as
data, not code. It has also shown the importance of readily changeable work process to facilitate
the continuous evolution of business work processes.
References
Forrester Research, Inc (2005); US IT Spending Benchmarks for 2005.
Long, J., and Denning, D. (1995); Ultra-Structure: A design theory for complex systems and
processes; Communications of the ACM, Volume 38, Number 1 (pp. 103-120)
Long, J. (1999); A new notation for representing business and other rules; Semiotica Special
Issue: Notational Engineering, Volume 125-1/3 (guest ed. J. Long) (pp. 215-227)
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