August 17, 1994: "Representing Emergence with Rules: The Limits of Addition." Presented at the 7th International Conference on Systems Research, Information and Cybernetics. Sponsored by The International Institute for Advanced Studies in Systems Research and Cybernetics, and the Society for Applied Systems Research. Paper published in Lasker, G. E. and Farre, G. L. (editors), Advances in Synergetics, Volume I: Systems Research on Emergence. (1994)
This document summarizes a case study of a company that represents business rules primarily as relational data rather than via code. The company grew from $13 million to $175 million in revenues over 23 years while transitioning through three enterprise systems. The most recent system, developed using a "Ultra-Structure" approach where rules are stored as data, required more time and money than planned but resulted in lower ongoing maintenance costs compared to the industry average. Representing rules as data rather than code allows for more flexibility and easier updates over time as rules change.
May 20, 2000: "Issues in the Study of Abstractions". Presented at the Eighth
Interdisciplinary Conference on General Evolutionary Systems, sponsored by the Washington Evolutionary Systems Society.
Four ways to represent computer executable rulesJeff Long
July 27, 2008: "Four Ways to Represent Computer-Executable Rules". Presented at InterSymp 2008 conference sponsored by the International Institute for Advanced Studies
in Systems Research and Cybernetics (IIAS). Paper published in conference proceedings.
Automated identification of sensitive informationJeff Long
October 21, 1999: "Using Ultra-Structure for Automated Identification of Sensitive Information in Documents". Presented at the 20th annual conference of the American Society for Engineering Management. Paper published in conference proceedings.
Managing and benefiting from multi million rule systemsJeff Long
October 31, 2007: “Managing and Benefiting from Multi-Million Rule Systems”. Presented at the 2007 Conference of the New England Complex Systems Institute.
New ways to represent complex systems and processesJeff Long
November 2, 1994: "New Ways to Represent Complex Systems & Processes". Talk presented at a seminar of the George Washington University Notational Engineering Laboratory (NEL).
The evolution of symbol systems and societyJeff Long
June 25, 1994: "The Evolution of Symbol Systems and Society." Presented at the Fourth Annual International Conference, sponsored by The Society for Chaos Theory in Psychology and the Life Sciences.
This document summarizes a study on beneficiaries in material processes. The study analyzed clauses from a video to determine if prepositional phrases with "to" and "for" are beneficiaries. It also identified verbs that can include beneficiaries. The analysis found that not all such prepositional phrases are beneficiaries. Verbs identified as possibly including beneficiaries were save, get, owe, give, send, and sing. The study concluded that further research with more data sources is needed to verify these findings.
This document summarizes a case study of a company that represents business rules primarily as relational data rather than via code. The company grew from $13 million to $175 million in revenues over 23 years while transitioning through three enterprise systems. The most recent system, developed using a "Ultra-Structure" approach where rules are stored as data, required more time and money than planned but resulted in lower ongoing maintenance costs compared to the industry average. Representing rules as data rather than code allows for more flexibility and easier updates over time as rules change.
May 20, 2000: "Issues in the Study of Abstractions". Presented at the Eighth
Interdisciplinary Conference on General Evolutionary Systems, sponsored by the Washington Evolutionary Systems Society.
Four ways to represent computer executable rulesJeff Long
July 27, 2008: "Four Ways to Represent Computer-Executable Rules". Presented at InterSymp 2008 conference sponsored by the International Institute for Advanced Studies
in Systems Research and Cybernetics (IIAS). Paper published in conference proceedings.
Automated identification of sensitive informationJeff Long
October 21, 1999: "Using Ultra-Structure for Automated Identification of Sensitive Information in Documents". Presented at the 20th annual conference of the American Society for Engineering Management. Paper published in conference proceedings.
Managing and benefiting from multi million rule systemsJeff Long
October 31, 2007: “Managing and Benefiting from Multi-Million Rule Systems”. Presented at the 2007 Conference of the New England Complex Systems Institute.
New ways to represent complex systems and processesJeff Long
November 2, 1994: "New Ways to Represent Complex Systems & Processes". Talk presented at a seminar of the George Washington University Notational Engineering Laboratory (NEL).
The evolution of symbol systems and societyJeff Long
June 25, 1994: "The Evolution of Symbol Systems and Society." Presented at the Fourth Annual International Conference, sponsored by The Society for Chaos Theory in Psychology and the Life Sciences.
This document summarizes a study on beneficiaries in material processes. The study analyzed clauses from a video to determine if prepositional phrases with "to" and "for" are beneficiaries. It also identified verbs that can include beneficiaries. The analysis found that not all such prepositional phrases are beneficiaries. Verbs identified as possibly including beneficiaries were save, get, owe, give, send, and sing. The study concluded that further research with more data sources is needed to verify these findings.
This document provides definitions for key legal concepts and terminology to assist law students in developing an exact understanding. It defines facts, acts, events, operative facts, evidential facts, material facts, physical relations, and legal relations. It also defines the fundamental legal relations between two parties: privileges and rights, duties and rights, powers and liabilities, and disabilities and immunities. The purpose is to provide students with fundamental concepts and precise terminology to facilitate clear legal analysis.
The document discusses concepts related to emergence and norms in multi-agent systems. It summarizes research using agent-based simulations to study how reputation and social norms can emerge from interactions between agents and influence their behavior through downward causation. The simulations explore how reputation may allow for larger networks by reducing uncertainty, and how social norms can emerge and spread through a process of norm recognition and normative beliefs.
January 16, 1993: "Notational Evolution and Revolution". Presented at the Interdisciplinary Conference on Evolutionary Systems, sponsored by the Washington Evolutionary Systems Society.
The document discusses issues with using speech act theory and the HL7 Reference Information Model (RIM) to achieve semantic interoperability in electronic health records. It argues that representing all clinical information as "acts" in the RIM is problematic and may confuse lexical and contextual meaning. Classifying observations and other constituted facts as persistent entities rather than acts may be more accurate. Requiring full metadata for each data fragment may also be unnecessary and redundant.
Prove the validity of each of the following arguments using proposit.pdfarpaqindia
Prove the validity of each of the following arguments using propositional logic Translate and
prove the validity of each of the following arguments. Every member of the board comes from
industry or government. Everyone from government who has a law degree is in favor of the
motion. John is not from industry, but he does have a law degree. Therefore, if John is a member
of the board, he\'s in favor of the motion. M(x), I(x), G(x), L(x), F(x), j Every ambassador
speaks only to diplomats, and some ambassador speaks to someone. Therefore, there is a
diplomat. A(x), S(x,y), D(x)
Solution
A statement are often outlined as a declaratory sentence, or a part of a sentence, that\'s capable of
getting a truth-value, like being true or false. So, as an example, the subsequent area unit
statements:
George W. Bush is that the forty third President of the us.
Paris is that the capital of France.
Everyone born on Monday has purple hair.
Sometimes, a press release will contain one or a lot of alternative statements as elements.
contemplate as an example, the subsequent statement:
Either Ganymede may be a moon of Jupiter or Ganymede may be a moon of Saturn.
While the on top of sentence is itself a press release, as a result of it\'s true, the 2 elements,
\"Ganymede may be a moon of Jupiter\" and \"Ganymede may be a moon of Saturn\", area unit
themselves statements, as a result of the primary is true and therefore the second is fake.
The term proposition is typically used synonymously with statement. However, it\'s typically
accustomed name one thing abstract that 2 totally different statements with an equivalent which
means area unit each aforementioned to \"express\". during this usage, nation sentence, \"It is
raining\", and therefore the French sentence \"Il pleut\", would be thought-about to specific an
equivalent proposition; equally, the 2 English sentences, \"Callisto orbits Jupiter\" and \"Jupiter
is orbitted by Callisto\" would even be thought-about to specific an equivalent proposition.
However, the character or existence of propositions as abstract meanings continues to be a matter
of philosophical dispute, and for the needs of this text, the phrases \"statement\" and
\"proposition\" area unit used interchangeably.
Propositional logic, conjointly referred to as linguistic string logic, is that branch of logic that
studies ways that of mixing or neutering statements or propositions to create a lot of difficult
statements or propositions. change of integrity 2 easier propositions with the word \"and\" is one
common approach of mixing statements. once 2 statements area unit joined along side \"and\",
the advanced statement fashioned by them is true if and as long as each the element statements
area unit true. owing to this, associate argument of the subsequent kind is logically valid:
Paris is that the capital of France and Paris contains a population of over 2 million.
Therefore, Paris contains a population of over 2 million.
Propositional logic for t.
This document provides an introduction to complexity science and key concepts related to complex adaptive systems. It discusses how complex systems are made up of relatively simple parts whose interactions give rise to new, unpredictable behaviors at a higher level. Emergence refers to behaviors that arise from interactions between components that cannot be predicted from studying the components individually. Complex adaptive systems can adapt based on feedback and are more robust than non-complex systems. The document outlines some basic terms like agents, feedback, and emergence, and provides historical context on the development of complexity science.
A metaphsical system that includes numbers rules and bricksJeff Long
February 24, 1996: "A Metaphysical System That Includes Numbers, Rules, and Bricks: The Evolution of Evolution." Presented at the Fourth Interdisciplinary Conference on General Evolutionary Systems, sponsored by the Washington Evolutionary Systems Society.
Essay Websites Short Story Analy. Online assignment writing service.Katie Parker
The short story "Initiation" by Sylvia Plath follows Millicent Arnold, a teenage girl who receives an invitation to join her high school's exclusive sorority. To become a member, Millicent must complete a series of difficult initiation tasks that push her to her limits. During one task, Millicent discovers the ugly truth about the sorority and decides that being herself is more important than joining. She ultimately rejects entering the sorority.
Example Of Essay Reference Page. Online assignment writing service.Natasha Hopper
The document discusses several causes of increasing deforestation, including human activities and environmental impacts. It argues that deforestation is permanently destroying forests and causing many problems. As more trees are cut down, the environment deteriorates through increased natural disasters, sickness, and damage to the world. While some blame humans, the reality is more complex as both people and the environment contribute to rising deforestation.
The topic is leadership in law enforcement Course Overview Secti.docxssusera34210
The topic is leadership in law enforcement
Course Overview Section 1: The Application of Theory Activity 1: Theoretical Framework (10 Points) Section 2: The Theory of Management Activity 2: Validity: External, Internal, and Construct (10 Points) Section 5: Qualitative Methods Activity 5: Exploratory methods (10 Points) Section 6: Northcentral Dissertation Center Activity 6: Northcentral’s Expectation (10 Points) Section 7: Synthesis: Research Problem, Method, and Design Activity 7: Hypothetical Research Designs (10 Points) Activity 8: Signature Assignment: Research Proposal (30 Points)
Activity 1: Theoretical Framework (10 Points) Activity Resources • Creswell, J. W. (2009). Chapters 1, 3 • Cozby, P. C. (2012). Chapters 1, 2 • Northcentral University Dissertation Center • Northcentral University Concept Paper Template • Concept Paper Best Practices Main Task: Compose a Theoretical Perspective Based on your research interest, write a Theoretical Perspective section for your envisioned dissertation research. Theoretical frameworks provide a basis for the study; examples include social and psychological theories, organizational theories, leadership theories, economic theories, and educational theories.
Support your paper with a minimum of 5 resources. In addition to these specified resources, other appropriate scholarly resources, including older articles, may be included.
Length: 5-7 pages not including title and reference pages Your paper should demonstrate thoughtful consideration of the ideas and concepts that are presented in the course and provide new thoughts and insights relating directly to this topic. Your response should reflect scholarly writing and current APA standards. Be sure to adhere to Northcentral University's Academic Integrity Policy. Submit your document in the Course Work area below the Activity screen. Learning Outcomes: 1, 2, 3 • Argue the criteria for selection of a research method. • Evaluate the differences between facts and theory, as well as concepts and variables. • Examine the use of a theoretical perspective in the design process. Section 2: The Theory of Management In this section, you will be exploring validity as it applies to measurement. It is important to understand the concept of validity early in the process of your research so that you will be able to identify your measurements as valid. The key topics for this section are Theoretical Framework and External, Internal, and Construct Validity. Required Reading: Please refer to each Activity for required readings within Activity Resources.
Activity 2: Validity: External, Internal, and Construct (10 Points) Activity Resources • Trochim, W., & Donnelly, J. (2008). Chapters 2, 3, 7 • Cozby, P. C. (2012). Chapters 4, 5 Main Task: Prepare a Validity Paper Based on your topic of interest, write a paper in which you compare and contrast the characteristics of external, internal, and construct validity. In addition, please identify the threats to external and ...
Short Essay On Child Labour In Hindi - Tutorial Pics. विभिन्न विषयों से जुडी महत्वपूर्ण जानकारी | बाल श्रम पर निबंध | Essay .... Child Labour Essay in Hindi Language बाल मजदूरी / बाल श्रम पर निबंध. बाल मजदूरी पर निबंध/अनुच्छेद || Essay on Child Labour in Hindi - YouTube. Essay on child labour in hindi - Hindi - बच्चे काम पर जा रहे हैं .... बाल मजदूरी पर निबंध ।। Essay On Child Labour - YouTube. बाल मजदूरी पर निबंध – Child Labour Essay In Hindi – Learn Cram. Child Labour Essay For School Students In Hindi - बालश्रम पर निबंध. बाल मजदूरी पर निबंध | Essay on Child Labour in Hindi. Essay on Child Labour in Hindi, बाल मज़दूरी पर निबंध. बालश्रम पर निबंध- Essay On Child Labour In Hindi. Child labour hindi. Hindi Essay on 'Child Labour in India' | 'भारत में बाल श्रम' पर निबंध .... बाल श्रम पर निबंध | Essay on Child Labour in Hindi | HindPatrika. बाल मज़दूरी पर निबंध Essay on Child Labour in Hindi. ESSAY ON CHILD LABOUR IN ENGLISH FOR SCHOOL KIDS BY HINDI TUBE ROHIT .... Paragraph on child labour in Hindi - बाल मजदूरी पर पैराग्राफ. Child Labour Essay Hindi 1500 WordsTECH 24H. Causes Of Child Labour Essay In Hindi | Sitedoct.org. Information on Child Labour in Hindi बाल मजदुरी पर जानकारी. Essay on Child Labour in Hindi - Hind Patrika. निबंध बाल श्रम । Essay on Child Labour. child labour essay in hindi. Child Labour Meaning In Hindi - fitriblog1. College essay: Essay on child labour in hindi. Child labour Essay In Hindi | बाल श्रम पर निबंध जानिए. Child Labour Essay in English for School Students, Kids and Children. Essay on how to stop child labour in hindi. Child Labour Essay in Hindi or Bal Majduri (बाल मजदूरी पर निबंध ... Child Labour Essay In Hindi
Notational systems and the abstract built environmentJeff Long
The document discusses the abstract built environment, which includes all abstract concepts, rules, and beliefs made possible by notational systems. Notational systems introduce new metaconcepts and provide a means to represent abstract concepts physically. Concepts derived from metaconcepts can be combined into rule systems through various notational systems, expanding the effability space of what can be expressed. The abstract built environment has grown over human history with the development of new notational systems and will continue to evolve. The document calls for the discipline of notational engineering to systematically study and develop new notational systems.
2008: "Case Study of an Enterprise System That Represents Rules Primarily as Relational Data Rather Than via Code". Published in Acta Systemica Vol. 8 No. 2 (2008) pp. 47‐54 available at http://iias.info/pdf_general/Booklisting.pdf
Ten lessons from a study of ten notational systemsJeff Long
August 1, 2007: "Ten Lessons from a Study of Ten Notational Systems". Presented at InterSymp 2007 Conference, sponsored by the International institute for Advanced Studies in Systems Research and Cybernetics (IIAS). Paper published in conference proceedings.
Notational systems and cognitive evolutionJeff Long
October 29, 2005: “Notational Systems and Cognitive Evolution”. Presented at the 2005
Annual Conference of the American Society for Cybernetics. Paper published in conference proceedings.
This document provides an overview of notational systems and abstractions. It defines key terms like notational systems, abstraction spaces, and abstraction instances. It argues that notational systems reify abstractions by mapping abstraction spaces. Each notational system maps a different abstraction space, and a useful system implies something about the nature of reality and cognition. Studying notational systems can provide insights into the nature of abstractions.
Applying a new software development paradigm to biologyJeff Long
May 7-11, 2003: Giddings, M. C. and Long, J. “Applying a New Software Development Paradigm to Biology: Developing applications that handle complexity and stand the test of time”. Poster session presented with Dr. M. C. Giddings, of the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, at the Genome Informatics Conference, sponsored by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
Developing applications that stand the test of timeJeff Long
April 15, 2003: “Leveraging Notational Systems: Developing applications that stand the test of time”. Presented at the Collaborative Expedition workshop, sponsored by the U.S. General Services Administration as part of the federal Chief Information Officers’ Council.
Notational engineering and the search for new intellectual primitivesJeff Long
The document is a cover page for a presentation on Notational Engineering and the Search for New Intellectual Primitives. It includes the title, author, date, and location of the presentation. The contents section lists the proposal and bio on pages 1-2 and slides without text on pages 3-31. The document is licensed under a Creative Commons license.
This document provides definitions for key legal concepts and terminology to assist law students in developing an exact understanding. It defines facts, acts, events, operative facts, evidential facts, material facts, physical relations, and legal relations. It also defines the fundamental legal relations between two parties: privileges and rights, duties and rights, powers and liabilities, and disabilities and immunities. The purpose is to provide students with fundamental concepts and precise terminology to facilitate clear legal analysis.
The document discusses concepts related to emergence and norms in multi-agent systems. It summarizes research using agent-based simulations to study how reputation and social norms can emerge from interactions between agents and influence their behavior through downward causation. The simulations explore how reputation may allow for larger networks by reducing uncertainty, and how social norms can emerge and spread through a process of norm recognition and normative beliefs.
January 16, 1993: "Notational Evolution and Revolution". Presented at the Interdisciplinary Conference on Evolutionary Systems, sponsored by the Washington Evolutionary Systems Society.
The document discusses issues with using speech act theory and the HL7 Reference Information Model (RIM) to achieve semantic interoperability in electronic health records. It argues that representing all clinical information as "acts" in the RIM is problematic and may confuse lexical and contextual meaning. Classifying observations and other constituted facts as persistent entities rather than acts may be more accurate. Requiring full metadata for each data fragment may also be unnecessary and redundant.
Prove the validity of each of the following arguments using proposit.pdfarpaqindia
Prove the validity of each of the following arguments using propositional logic Translate and
prove the validity of each of the following arguments. Every member of the board comes from
industry or government. Everyone from government who has a law degree is in favor of the
motion. John is not from industry, but he does have a law degree. Therefore, if John is a member
of the board, he\'s in favor of the motion. M(x), I(x), G(x), L(x), F(x), j Every ambassador
speaks only to diplomats, and some ambassador speaks to someone. Therefore, there is a
diplomat. A(x), S(x,y), D(x)
Solution
A statement are often outlined as a declaratory sentence, or a part of a sentence, that\'s capable of
getting a truth-value, like being true or false. So, as an example, the subsequent area unit
statements:
George W. Bush is that the forty third President of the us.
Paris is that the capital of France.
Everyone born on Monday has purple hair.
Sometimes, a press release will contain one or a lot of alternative statements as elements.
contemplate as an example, the subsequent statement:
Either Ganymede may be a moon of Jupiter or Ganymede may be a moon of Saturn.
While the on top of sentence is itself a press release, as a result of it\'s true, the 2 elements,
\"Ganymede may be a moon of Jupiter\" and \"Ganymede may be a moon of Saturn\", area unit
themselves statements, as a result of the primary is true and therefore the second is fake.
The term proposition is typically used synonymously with statement. However, it\'s typically
accustomed name one thing abstract that 2 totally different statements with an equivalent which
means area unit each aforementioned to \"express\". during this usage, nation sentence, \"It is
raining\", and therefore the French sentence \"Il pleut\", would be thought-about to specific an
equivalent proposition; equally, the 2 English sentences, \"Callisto orbits Jupiter\" and \"Jupiter
is orbitted by Callisto\" would even be thought-about to specific an equivalent proposition.
However, the character or existence of propositions as abstract meanings continues to be a matter
of philosophical dispute, and for the needs of this text, the phrases \"statement\" and
\"proposition\" area unit used interchangeably.
Propositional logic, conjointly referred to as linguistic string logic, is that branch of logic that
studies ways that of mixing or neutering statements or propositions to create a lot of difficult
statements or propositions. change of integrity 2 easier propositions with the word \"and\" is one
common approach of mixing statements. once 2 statements area unit joined along side \"and\",
the advanced statement fashioned by them is true if and as long as each the element statements
area unit true. owing to this, associate argument of the subsequent kind is logically valid:
Paris is that the capital of France and Paris contains a population of over 2 million.
Therefore, Paris contains a population of over 2 million.
Propositional logic for t.
This document provides an introduction to complexity science and key concepts related to complex adaptive systems. It discusses how complex systems are made up of relatively simple parts whose interactions give rise to new, unpredictable behaviors at a higher level. Emergence refers to behaviors that arise from interactions between components that cannot be predicted from studying the components individually. Complex adaptive systems can adapt based on feedback and are more robust than non-complex systems. The document outlines some basic terms like agents, feedback, and emergence, and provides historical context on the development of complexity science.
A metaphsical system that includes numbers rules and bricksJeff Long
February 24, 1996: "A Metaphysical System That Includes Numbers, Rules, and Bricks: The Evolution of Evolution." Presented at the Fourth Interdisciplinary Conference on General Evolutionary Systems, sponsored by the Washington Evolutionary Systems Society.
Essay Websites Short Story Analy. Online assignment writing service.Katie Parker
The short story "Initiation" by Sylvia Plath follows Millicent Arnold, a teenage girl who receives an invitation to join her high school's exclusive sorority. To become a member, Millicent must complete a series of difficult initiation tasks that push her to her limits. During one task, Millicent discovers the ugly truth about the sorority and decides that being herself is more important than joining. She ultimately rejects entering the sorority.
Example Of Essay Reference Page. Online assignment writing service.Natasha Hopper
The document discusses several causes of increasing deforestation, including human activities and environmental impacts. It argues that deforestation is permanently destroying forests and causing many problems. As more trees are cut down, the environment deteriorates through increased natural disasters, sickness, and damage to the world. While some blame humans, the reality is more complex as both people and the environment contribute to rising deforestation.
The topic is leadership in law enforcement Course Overview Secti.docxssusera34210
The topic is leadership in law enforcement
Course Overview Section 1: The Application of Theory Activity 1: Theoretical Framework (10 Points) Section 2: The Theory of Management Activity 2: Validity: External, Internal, and Construct (10 Points) Section 5: Qualitative Methods Activity 5: Exploratory methods (10 Points) Section 6: Northcentral Dissertation Center Activity 6: Northcentral’s Expectation (10 Points) Section 7: Synthesis: Research Problem, Method, and Design Activity 7: Hypothetical Research Designs (10 Points) Activity 8: Signature Assignment: Research Proposal (30 Points)
Activity 1: Theoretical Framework (10 Points) Activity Resources • Creswell, J. W. (2009). Chapters 1, 3 • Cozby, P. C. (2012). Chapters 1, 2 • Northcentral University Dissertation Center • Northcentral University Concept Paper Template • Concept Paper Best Practices Main Task: Compose a Theoretical Perspective Based on your research interest, write a Theoretical Perspective section for your envisioned dissertation research. Theoretical frameworks provide a basis for the study; examples include social and psychological theories, organizational theories, leadership theories, economic theories, and educational theories.
Support your paper with a minimum of 5 resources. In addition to these specified resources, other appropriate scholarly resources, including older articles, may be included.
Length: 5-7 pages not including title and reference pages Your paper should demonstrate thoughtful consideration of the ideas and concepts that are presented in the course and provide new thoughts and insights relating directly to this topic. Your response should reflect scholarly writing and current APA standards. Be sure to adhere to Northcentral University's Academic Integrity Policy. Submit your document in the Course Work area below the Activity screen. Learning Outcomes: 1, 2, 3 • Argue the criteria for selection of a research method. • Evaluate the differences between facts and theory, as well as concepts and variables. • Examine the use of a theoretical perspective in the design process. Section 2: The Theory of Management In this section, you will be exploring validity as it applies to measurement. It is important to understand the concept of validity early in the process of your research so that you will be able to identify your measurements as valid. The key topics for this section are Theoretical Framework and External, Internal, and Construct Validity. Required Reading: Please refer to each Activity for required readings within Activity Resources.
Activity 2: Validity: External, Internal, and Construct (10 Points) Activity Resources • Trochim, W., & Donnelly, J. (2008). Chapters 2, 3, 7 • Cozby, P. C. (2012). Chapters 4, 5 Main Task: Prepare a Validity Paper Based on your topic of interest, write a paper in which you compare and contrast the characteristics of external, internal, and construct validity. In addition, please identify the threats to external and ...
Short Essay On Child Labour In Hindi - Tutorial Pics. विभिन्न विषयों से जुडी महत्वपूर्ण जानकारी | बाल श्रम पर निबंध | Essay .... Child Labour Essay in Hindi Language बाल मजदूरी / बाल श्रम पर निबंध. बाल मजदूरी पर निबंध/अनुच्छेद || Essay on Child Labour in Hindi - YouTube. Essay on child labour in hindi - Hindi - बच्चे काम पर जा रहे हैं .... बाल मजदूरी पर निबंध ।। Essay On Child Labour - YouTube. बाल मजदूरी पर निबंध – Child Labour Essay In Hindi – Learn Cram. Child Labour Essay For School Students In Hindi - बालश्रम पर निबंध. बाल मजदूरी पर निबंध | Essay on Child Labour in Hindi. Essay on Child Labour in Hindi, बाल मज़दूरी पर निबंध. बालश्रम पर निबंध- Essay On Child Labour In Hindi. Child labour hindi. Hindi Essay on 'Child Labour in India' | 'भारत में बाल श्रम' पर निबंध .... बाल श्रम पर निबंध | Essay on Child Labour in Hindi | HindPatrika. बाल मज़दूरी पर निबंध Essay on Child Labour in Hindi. ESSAY ON CHILD LABOUR IN ENGLISH FOR SCHOOL KIDS BY HINDI TUBE ROHIT .... Paragraph on child labour in Hindi - बाल मजदूरी पर पैराग्राफ. Child Labour Essay Hindi 1500 WordsTECH 24H. Causes Of Child Labour Essay In Hindi | Sitedoct.org. Information on Child Labour in Hindi बाल मजदुरी पर जानकारी. Essay on Child Labour in Hindi - Hind Patrika. निबंध बाल श्रम । Essay on Child Labour. child labour essay in hindi. Child Labour Meaning In Hindi - fitriblog1. College essay: Essay on child labour in hindi. Child labour Essay In Hindi | बाल श्रम पर निबंध जानिए. Child Labour Essay in English for School Students, Kids and Children. Essay on how to stop child labour in hindi. Child Labour Essay in Hindi or Bal Majduri (बाल मजदूरी पर निबंध ... Child Labour Essay In Hindi
Notational systems and the abstract built environmentJeff Long
The document discusses the abstract built environment, which includes all abstract concepts, rules, and beliefs made possible by notational systems. Notational systems introduce new metaconcepts and provide a means to represent abstract concepts physically. Concepts derived from metaconcepts can be combined into rule systems through various notational systems, expanding the effability space of what can be expressed. The abstract built environment has grown over human history with the development of new notational systems and will continue to evolve. The document calls for the discipline of notational engineering to systematically study and develop new notational systems.
2008: "Case Study of an Enterprise System That Represents Rules Primarily as Relational Data Rather Than via Code". Published in Acta Systemica Vol. 8 No. 2 (2008) pp. 47‐54 available at http://iias.info/pdf_general/Booklisting.pdf
Ten lessons from a study of ten notational systemsJeff Long
August 1, 2007: "Ten Lessons from a Study of Ten Notational Systems". Presented at InterSymp 2007 Conference, sponsored by the International institute for Advanced Studies in Systems Research and Cybernetics (IIAS). Paper published in conference proceedings.
Notational systems and cognitive evolutionJeff Long
October 29, 2005: “Notational Systems and Cognitive Evolution”. Presented at the 2005
Annual Conference of the American Society for Cybernetics. Paper published in conference proceedings.
This document provides an overview of notational systems and abstractions. It defines key terms like notational systems, abstraction spaces, and abstraction instances. It argues that notational systems reify abstractions by mapping abstraction spaces. Each notational system maps a different abstraction space, and a useful system implies something about the nature of reality and cognition. Studying notational systems can provide insights into the nature of abstractions.
Applying a new software development paradigm to biologyJeff Long
May 7-11, 2003: Giddings, M. C. and Long, J. “Applying a New Software Development Paradigm to Biology: Developing applications that handle complexity and stand the test of time”. Poster session presented with Dr. M. C. Giddings, of the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, at the Genome Informatics Conference, sponsored by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
Developing applications that stand the test of timeJeff Long
April 15, 2003: “Leveraging Notational Systems: Developing applications that stand the test of time”. Presented at the Collaborative Expedition workshop, sponsored by the U.S. General Services Administration as part of the federal Chief Information Officers’ Council.
Notational engineering and the search for new intellectual primitivesJeff Long
The document is a cover page for a presentation on Notational Engineering and the Search for New Intellectual Primitives. It includes the title, author, date, and location of the presentation. The contents section lists the proposal and bio on pages 1-2 and slides without text on pages 3-31. The document is licensed under a Creative Commons license.
March 28, 2002: "Understanding Complex Systems: Notational Engineering and Ultra-Structure". Talk given at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
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This document is a cover page and proposal for a talk on the co-evolution of symbol systems and society presented by Jeffrey G. Long at the Library of Congress on January 18, 1995. It includes an abstract outlining the talk, which will discuss how notational revolutions like the alphabet and numerals seem to follow general patterns, and how the Whorfian hypothesis applies more to notations than language. The presentation will be followed by a question period. The document also provides contact information for Jeffrey G. Long.
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Representing emergence with rules
1. Cover Page
Representing
Emergence with Rules
Author: Jeffrey G. Long (jefflong@aol.com)
Date: August 17, 1994
Forum: Talk presented at the 7th International Conference on Systems Research,
Information and Cybernetics. Sponsored by The International Institute for
Advanced Studies in Systems Research and Cybernetics, and the Society for
Applied Systems Research. Paper published in conference proceedings, available
at http://iias.info/pdf_general/Booklisting.pdf
Contents
Pages 1‐6: Abstract and Preprint of paper
Pages 7‐24: Slides but no text of oral presentation
License
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial
3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by‐nc/3.0/ or send a letter to Creative
Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View, California, 94041, USA.
Uploaded June 22, 2011
2. Jeffrey G. Long [8/17/1994]
Representing Emergence with Rules
Representing Emergence with Rules
Jeffrey G. Long
San Francisco, CA, USA
jefflong@aol.com
Abstract
Emergence may be defined as the point at which an entity is subject to a new and different class of
rules. Given that we can describe entities at one level (e.g. the properties of hydrogen and oxygen) in
terms of their probable rules of behavior, and can describe entities at a higher level (e.g. the properties
of water) in the same manner, the essential question of emergence becomes "How does an entity
become subject to a completely new and different set of rules?" This paper describes the notion of
emergence operationally, by means of a very simple "emergence rule" that declares the existence of
new entities whenever existing entities achieve certain defined statuses. Conversely, any time an entity
becomes subject to a new and different class of rules, it operationally becomes a new entity. Entities
change statuses only as a by‐product of processes, which processes can perform only "addition" or
"subtraction" in the broadest senses of the words. Under this approach, there exist two broad classes of
phenomena: those that follow the classical rules of arithmetic (called resultants), and those that don't
(called emergents). Both of these may be described by means of qualitative, conditional rules. The
paper illustrates these concepts with examples of emergence from intentional systems (the U.S.
Constitution) and natural systems (basic chemistry).
Keywords
emergence; processes; limits of mathematics; rules; notation; law
Introduction
The paradoxes of complexity, and in particular the phenomena of emergence, have forced me to
reconsider how we represent the basic and ubiquitous transactions of addition and subtraction. My
conclusion to date is that we must create another "grammar" that distinguishes resultant from
emergent1 transactions.
The class of transactions that I will call resultant transactions causes no real difficulties for modern
quantitative notation. These transactions arise when two or more entities can be "added together" in
any order, and their interaction is zero or negligible. In these transactions, one plus one equals two,
now and forever; in other words, they are additive simpliciter. In pure arithmetic, this denotes the
union of two sets; in the real world, it may refer to two entities being mixed, or placed nearby each
other, or in some other sense "added". The notational systems that have been built around numbers
presume the following:
entities in toto can be added or subtracted simpliciter in all interesting cases
properties of entities can be added or subtracted simpliciter in all interesting cases
1
-- See G. H. Lewes, who proposed the terminology.
Page 1 of 24
3. Jeffrey G. Long [8/17/1994]
Representing Emergence with Rules
such transactions are commutative (i.e., that adding A to B is identical in effect to adding B to A)
they are associative (i.e., that adding A to B and then to C is identical to adding B to C and then to A)
they are monotonic (i.e. if A < B, then A + X < B + X)
they are reversible (i.e. that if A has been added to B, then A can be subtracted from B to derive
separate entities again).
These transactional presumptions hold true of all vector spaces, i.e. all sets "of objects or elements that
can be added together and multiplied by numbers (the result being an element of the set), in such a
way that the usual rules of calculation hold" (Gellert et al, page 362). They work quite well for the
natural numbers, for many other kinds of mathematical entity (e.g. angles), and for many entities in the
real world (e.g. unbalanced forces); but many transactions in the real world do not fit these criteria.
Such transactions ‐‐ for which I will hijack the phrase emergent transactions ‐‐ occur when two or more
entities are "added together" or "subtracted", and their interaction is significant. There are several signs
that indicate when an emergent transaction has occurred:
the resulting number of entities cannot be inferred from the number of the components (the quantity
of the sum cannot be computed from the quantities of the summands)(i.e., a unit increase in summands
produces a non‐unit increase in the sum2)
the resulting properties cannot be inferred from the properties of the components (the properties of
the sum cannot be computed from the properties of the summands)
the order of addition (or subtraction) is significant and is not reversible.
The transactions that have created matter, life, society, consciousness ‐‐ and perhaps even notations like
number3 ‐‐ are emergent transactions. The classic example is the combination of two flammable gasses
‐‐ hydrogen and oxygen ‐‐ to form a non‐flammable liquid: water. An example of non‐commutativity is
the addition of water to acid versus the addition of acid to water.
One of the seminal thinkers about emergent evolutionism, C. Lloyd Morgan, suggested that emergent
transactions produce qualitative changes; but I observe that they can also create quantitative changes.
Conversely, resultant transactions also produce qualitative changes, such as the addition of blue and
yellow watercolors to make green watercolor. Figure 1 illustrates the key distinctions between a
resultant grammar of interactions and an emergent grammar:
Resultant Resultant Emergent Emergent
Grammar Grammar Grammar Grammar
Addition Subtraction Addition Subtraction
Quantitative 1 + 1 = "11" = 2 "111" ‐ 1 = "11" 1 + 1 = ¬2 2 ‐1 = ¬1
Qualitative A + B = "AB" "ABC"‐B= "AC" A + B = C C ‐ B = A, B
Figure 1: Two Grammars of Interaction
2
-- Thus non-linear transactions are a subset of emergent transactions.
3
-- In January 1994 I gave a talk exploring the idea that notations are real in the Platonic sense of being pre-existing
rather than emergent. I confess I am presently confused about my beliefs in this area.
Page 2 of 24
6. Jeffrey G. Long [8/17/1994]
Representing Emergence with Rules
and water plus heat makes steam. Thus we may model an entity (e.g. water) plus attributes (e.g. state);
but because the resultant acts so differently, we treat certain cases as distinct entities each subject to
their own rules. It does not matter whether the new entity is apparent or real; only that it behaves
differently.
In a strictly descriptive sense, we can imagine a notation having a grammar whereby adding or
subtracting Entity X and Entity Y does not follow the classic (resultant) grammar of arithmetic. By
definition we cannot specify what any two (or more) entities will add up to; thus the properties that
emerge must be declared; they cannot be deduced. And they must be stated contingently, as
conditional rules. Furthermore, "adding" cannot be treated as an abstract operation, because in fact
what is being added matters: we must define more concrete operations such as "added to X", "added to
Y", "added to Z", etc. Each such situation can then be treated as a predicate of an entity: i.e., a status.
Thus, in the general case,
If Entity X acquires status C, then it (becomes) (is treated henceforth as) New Entity Y.
Examples are:
X = bill, C = approved by House, Senate, and President, Y = law
X = ordinary citizen, C = wins election, Y = U.S. Senator
X = U.S. Senator, C = loses election, Y = ordinary citizen
X = hydrogen, C = added to oxygen, Y = water
X = water, C = heat, Y = steam
X = pawn, C = reaches 1st rank, Y = queen.
I call these "emergence rules", and the class of such rules I call an "emergence ruleform", for by
effectively redefining (renaming) the type of entity one is dealing with in an Ultra‐Structure model, that
entity becomes immediately subject to completely new and different rules. This and like facts cannot be
expressed in mathematics, which is the notation of resultants; it can only be expressed by a contingent‐
rule‐expressing notation such as Ultra‐Structure.
In the most general case, for every permutation of statuses that an entity may have, it may be subject to
new and different classes of rules. Therefore if its status changes for any reason (including the mere
passage of time), it (or the new entities it becomes) may behave in unexpected ways. Perhaps it is for
this reason that the general semanticists like to index words: so we don't always presume that an entity
at t=1 is the same entity at t=2. It does not matter whether the changes are the result of human
intention or not: the application of a rule that declares the existence of new entities whenever existing
entities achieve a defined status permits us to replicate, in a computer model, the characteristics that
we see in real‐world emergent transactions: they are novel; they are sudden; and they are not
predictable by an understanding of their causes.
Conclusion
We may speculate, like Sellars, that emergence occurs because "at specific degrees of complexity of
organization, new properties are formed in order to establish a fresh and simpler point of departure"
Page 5 of 24
10. Jeffrey G. Long [8/17/1994]
Representing Emergence with Rules
A B
Attributes Attributes
or Quantity or Quantity
Summands
C
Attributes
or Quantity
Sum
Latin addere, to add
derived from ad = to or towards
and dere = to put
to put towards
Contrast with abdere, to put away
Page 9 of 24
11. Jeffrey G. Long [8/17/1994]
Representing Emergence with Rules
Emergence:
When an entity is suddenly subject
to a new and different class of rules,
as observed qualitatively or quantitatively.
Operational Definition Includes Nonlinearity & Emergence
Page 10 of 24
19. Jeffrey G. Long [8/17/1994]
Representing Emergence with Rules
Both quantities of entities and properties of entities are additive and subtractive
simpliciter:
commutative: a+b = b+a
associative: (a+b)+c = a + (b+c)
monotonic: if a < b, then (a+x) < (b+x)
reversible: if c = a+b, then c‐a = b
Resultant Transactions Have Certain Assumptions
Page 18 of 24
20. Jeffrey G. Long [8/17/1994]
Representing Emergence with Rules
Unconditional Conditional
Dimensionless math
Dimensional
physics
Dimensional-Plus chemistry,
accounting
Science has Known that
Not All Things can be Meaningfully Added Together
Page 19 of 24
21. Jeffrey G. Long [8/17/1994]
Representing Emergence with Rules
Unconditional Conditional
continuous
Low Interaction functions
Medium Interaction chaos
High Interaction statistics
And Science is Learning How to Represent Complex Interactions...
Adapted from Sally Goerner, Chaos and the Evolving Ecological Universe (1994)
Page 20 of 24
22. Jeffrey G. Long [8/17/1994]
Representing Emergence with Rules
Quantities of entities and properties of entities are not necessarily additive and
subtractive simpliciter; most transactions in the real world are:
non‐commutative: a+b b+a
non‐associative: (a+b)+c a + (b+c)
non‐monotonic: if a < b, then (a+x) >, =, or < (b+x)
non‐reversible: if c = a+b, then c‐a b
1+1=2
1 + 1 = ???
Which are a Special (Limited) Case of the Assumptions for Resultant Transactions
Page 21 of 24
23. Jeffrey G. Long [8/17/1994]
Representing Emergence with Rules
Factors Considerations
F1 F2 F3 F4 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6
R1 A B C D U V W X Y Z
R2 E F G H I J K L M N
R3
Rules
R4
R5
R6
Universals
But we Still Need to Show Conditions (IFs) and Other Kinds of Considerations
(THENs) (Besides Units of Measure)
Page 22 of 24
24. Jeffrey G. Long [8/17/1994]
Representing Emergence with Rules
Summary
We currently create "Numbers‐Plus" by:
adding dimensions to represent qualities
adding extra operational procedures to represent special handling rules
But we must also:
explicitly add environmental conditions ("factors") onto the operations
add other "considerations" besides UM that affect how a rule is to be executed.
This will permit us to better represent known facts about:
emergent behavior (i.e. properties of sum not predictable from properties of
summands)
nonlinear behavior (i.e. quantity of sum not predictable from quantities of
summands; output not commensurate with input)
Page 23 of 24