The document summarizes a court case involving a school district's policy requiring students transferring from a non-accredited private religious school to pass proficiency tests to receive academic credits. Sarah Hubbard and her parents sued the school district after Sarah was required to take tests to receive credits for her courses at the non-accredited Upper Room Christian Academy. The court granted summary judgment for the school district, finding that the policy did not violate the students' religious rights and was rationally related to the legitimate interest of validating credits. The implications of a proposed state religious freedom law on school district authority are also discussed.
Professorial Roles
Dr. Kritsonis has served in professorial roles at Central Washington University, Washington; Salisbury State University, Maryland; Northwestern State University, Louisiana; McNeese State University, Louisiana; and Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge in the Department of Administrative and Foundational Services.
In 2006, Dr. Kritsonis published two articles in the Two-Volume Set of the Encyclopedia of Educational Leadership and Administration published by SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, California. He is a National Reviewer for the Journal of Research on Leadership, University Council for Educational Administration (UCEA).
In 2007, Dr. Kritsonis was invited to write a history and philosophy of education for the ABC-CLIO Encyclopedia of World History.
Currently, Dr. Kritsonis is Professor of Educational Leadership at Prairie View A&M University – Member of the Texas A&M University System. He teaches in the PhD Program in Educational Leadership. Dr. Kritsonis taught the Inaugural class session in the doctoral program at the start of the fall 2004 academic year. In October 2006, Dr. Kritsonis chaired the first doctoral student to earn a PhD in Educational Leadership at Prairie View A&M University. He has chaired over 18 doctoral dissertations. He lives in Houston, Texas.
William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor
In 2008, Dr. Kritsonis was inducted into the William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor, Graduate School, Prairie View A&M University – The Texas A&M University System. He was nominated by doctoral and master’s degree students.
Dr. Kritsonis Lectures at the University of Oxford, Oxford, England
In 2005, Dr. Kritsonis was an Invited Visiting Lecturer at the Oxford Round Table at Oriel College in the University of Oxford, Oxford, England. His lecture was entitled the Ways of Knowing Through the Realms of Meaning.
Dr. Kritsonis Recognized as Distinguished Alumnus
In 2004, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis was recognized as the Central Washington University Alumni Association Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies. Dr. Kritsonis was nominated by alumni, former students, friends, faculty, and staff. Final selection was made by the Alumni Association Board of Directors. Recipients are CWU graduates of 20 years or more and are recognized for achievement in their professional field and have made a positive contribution to society. For the second consecutive year, U.S. News and World Report placed Central Washington University among the top elite public institutions in the west. CWU was 12th on the list in the 2006 On-Line Education of “America’s Best Colleges.”
Professor William Allan Kritsonis, PhD - Distinguished Alumnus, Central Washington University, College of Education and Professional Studies, Ellensburg, Washington.Dr. Kritsonis has traveled and lectured extensively throughout the United States and world-wide. Some international travels include Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania, Turkey, Italy, Greece, Monte Carlo, England, Holland, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Russia, Estonia, Poland, Germany, Mexico, the Caribbean Islands, Mexico, Switzerland, Grand Cayman, Haiti, St. Maarten, St. John, St. Thomas, St. Croix, St. Lucia, Puerto Rico, Nassau, Freeport, Jamaica, Barbados, Martinique, Canada, Curacao, Costa Rico, Aruba, Venezuela, Panama, Bora Bora, Tahiti, Latvia, Spain, Honduras, and many more. He has been invited to lecture and serve as a guest professor at many universities across the nation and abroad.
William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor
In 2008, Dr. Kritsonis was inducted into the William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor, Graduate School, Prairie View A&M University – The Texas A&M University System. He was nominated by doctoral and master’s degree students.
Dr. Kritsonis Lectures at the University of Oxford, Oxford, England
In 2005, Dr. Kritsonis was an Invited Visiting Lecturer at the Oxford Round Table at Oriel College in the University of Oxford, Oxford, England. His lecture was entitled the Ways of Knowing Through the Realms of Meaning.
Dr. Kritsonis Recognized as Distinguished Alumnus
In 2004, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis was recognized as the Central Washington University Alumni Association Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies. Dr. Kritsonis was nominated by alumni, former students, friends, faculty, and staff. Final selection was made by the Alumni Association Board of Directors. Recipients are CWU graduates of 20 years or more and are recognized for achievement in their professional field and have made a positive contribution to society. For the second consecutive year, U.S. News and World Report placed Central Washington University among the top elite public institutions in the west. CWU was 12th on the list in the 2006 On-Line Education of “America’s Best Colleges.”
William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor
In 2008, Dr. Kritsonis was inducted into the William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor, Graduate School, Prairie View A&M University – The Texas A&M University System. He was nominated by doctoral and master’s degree students.
Dr. Kritsonis Lectures at the University of Oxford, Oxford, England
In 2005, Dr. Kritsonis was an Invited Visiting Lecturer at the Oxford Round Table at Oriel College in the University of Oxford, Oxford, England. His lecture was entitled the Ways of Knowing Through the Realms of Meaning.
Dr. Kritsonis Recognized as Distinguished Alumnus
In 2004, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis was recognized as the Central Washington University Alumni Association Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies. Dr. Kritsonis was nominated by alumni, former students, friends, faculty, and staff. Final selection was made by the Alumni Association Board of Directors. Recipients are CWU graduates of 20 years or more and are recognized for achievement in their professional field and have made a positive contribution to society. For the second consecutive year, U.S. News and World Report placed Central Washington University among the top elite public institutions in the west. CWU was 12th on the list in the 2006 On-Line Education of “America’s Best Colleges.”
Professorial Roles
Dr. Kritsonis has served in professorial roles at Central Washington University, Washington; Salisbury State University, Maryland; Northwestern State University, Louisiana; McNeese State University, Louisiana; and Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge in the Department of Administrative and Foundational Services.
In 2006, Dr. Kritsonis published two articles in the Two-Volume Set of the Encyclopedia of Educational Leadership and Administration published by SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, California. He is a National Reviewer for the Journal of Research on Leadership, University Council for Educational Administration (UCEA).
In 2007, Dr. Kritsonis was invited to write a history and philosophy of education for the ABC-CLIO Encyclopedia of World History.
Currently, Dr. Kritsonis is Professor of Educational Leadership at Prairie View A&M University – Member of the Texas A&M University System. He teaches in the PhD Program in Educational Leadership. Dr. Kritsonis taught the Inaugural class session in the doctoral program at the start of the fall 2004 academic year. In October 2006, Dr. Kritsonis chaired the first doctoral student to earn a PhD in Educational Leadership at Prairie View A&M University. He has chaired over 18 doctoral dissertations. He lives in Houston, Texas.
William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor
In 2008, Dr. Kritsonis was inducted into the William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor, Graduate School, Prairie View A&M University – The Texas A&M University System. He was nominated by doctoral and master’s degree students.
Dr. Kritsonis Lectures at the University of Oxford, Oxford, England
In 2005, Dr. Kritsonis was an Invited Visiting Lecturer at the Oxford Round Table at Oriel College in the University of Oxford, Oxford, England. His lecture was entitled the Ways of Knowing Through the Realms of Meaning.
Dr. Kritsonis Recognized as Distinguished Alumnus
In 2004, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis was recognized as the Central Washington University Alumni Association Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies. Dr. Kritsonis was nominated by alumni, former students, friends, faculty, and staff. Final selection was made by the Alumni Association Board of Directors. Recipients are CWU graduates of 20 years or more and are recognized for achievement in their professional field and have made a positive contribution to society. For the second consecutive year, U.S. News and World Report placed Central Washington University among the top elite public institutions in the west. CWU was 12th on the list in the 2006 On-Line Education of “America’s Best Colleges.”
Professor William Allan Kritsonis, PhD - Distinguished Alumnus, Central Washington University, College of Education and Professional Studies, Ellensburg, Washington.Dr. Kritsonis has traveled and lectured extensively throughout the United States and world-wide. Some international travels include Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania, Turkey, Italy, Greece, Monte Carlo, England, Holland, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Russia, Estonia, Poland, Germany, Mexico, the Caribbean Islands, Mexico, Switzerland, Grand Cayman, Haiti, St. Maarten, St. John, St. Thomas, St. Croix, St. Lucia, Puerto Rico, Nassau, Freeport, Jamaica, Barbados, Martinique, Canada, Curacao, Costa Rico, Aruba, Venezuela, Panama, Bora Bora, Tahiti, Latvia, Spain, Honduras, and many more. He has been invited to lecture and serve as a guest professor at many universities across the nation and abroad.
William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor
In 2008, Dr. Kritsonis was inducted into the William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor, Graduate School, Prairie View A&M University – The Texas A&M University System. He was nominated by doctoral and master’s degree students.
Dr. Kritsonis Lectures at the University of Oxford, Oxford, England
In 2005, Dr. Kritsonis was an Invited Visiting Lecturer at the Oxford Round Table at Oriel College in the University of Oxford, Oxford, England. His lecture was entitled the Ways of Knowing Through the Realms of Meaning.
Dr. Kritsonis Recognized as Distinguished Alumnus
In 2004, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis was recognized as the Central Washington University Alumni Association Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies. Dr. Kritsonis was nominated by alumni, former students, friends, faculty, and staff. Final selection was made by the Alumni Association Board of Directors. Recipients are CWU graduates of 20 years or more and are recognized for achievement in their professional field and have made a positive contribution to society. For the second consecutive year, U.S. News and World Report placed Central Washington University among the top elite public institutions in the west. CWU was 12th on the list in the 2006 On-Line Education of “America’s Best Colleges.”
William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor
In 2008, Dr. Kritsonis was inducted into the William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor, Graduate School, Prairie View A&M University – The Texas A&M University System. He was nominated by doctoral and master’s degree students.
Dr. Kritsonis Lectures at the University of Oxford, Oxford, England
In 2005, Dr. Kritsonis was an Invited Visiting Lecturer at the Oxford Round Table at Oriel College in the University of Oxford, Oxford, England. His lecture was entitled the Ways of Knowing Through the Realms of Meaning.
Dr. Kritsonis Recognized as Distinguished Alumnus
In 2004, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis was recognized as the Central Washington University Alumni Association Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies. Dr. Kritsonis was nominated by alumni, former students, friends, faculty, and staff. Final selection was made by the Alumni Association Board of Directors. Recipients are CWU graduates of 20 years or more and are recognized for achievement in their professional field and have made a positive contribution to society. For the second consecutive year, U.S. News and World Report placed Central Washington University among the top elite public institutions in the west. CWU was 12th on the list in the 2006 On-Line Education of “America’s Best Colleges.”
Professorial Roles
Dr. Kritsonis has served in professorial roles at Central Washington University, Washington; Salisbury State University, Maryland; Northwestern State University, Louisiana; McNeese State University, Louisiana; and Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge in the Department of Administrative and Foundational Services.
In 2006, Dr. Kritsonis published two articles in the Two-Volume Set of the Encyclopedia of Educational Leadership and Administration published by SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, California. He is a National Reviewer for the Journal of Research on Leadership, University Council for Educational Administration (UCEA).
In 2007, Dr. Kritsonis was invited to write a history and philosophy of education for the ABC-CLIO Encyclopedia of World History.
Currently, Dr. Kritsonis is Professor of Educational Leadership at Prairie View A&M University – Member of the Texas A&M University System. He teaches in the PhD Program in Educational Leadership. Dr. Kritsonis taught the Inaugural class session in the doctoral program at the start of the fall 2004 academic year. In October 2006, Dr. Kritsonis chaired the first doctoral student to earn a PhD in Educational Leadership at Prairie View A&M University. He has chaired over 18 doctoral dissertations. He lives in Houston, Texas.
Skinner Desiree A The Kritsonis Balanced Teeter Totter ModelWilliam Kritsonis
William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor
In 2008, Dr. Kritsonis was inducted into the William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor, Graduate School, Prairie View A&M University – The Texas A&M University System. He was nominated by doctoral and master’s degree students.
Desiree Skinner, PhD Student in Educational Leadership, PVAMU/Texas A&M University System & Faculty Mentor, Dr. William Kritsonis
Dr. Karen Weddle-West & Dr. Rosie Phillips Bingham, University of MemphisWilliam Kritsonis
Dr. Karen Weddle-West & Dr. Rosie Phillips Bingham, University of Memphis - Published by NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief, www.nationalforum.com
PhD presentation, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, PVAMU, The Texas A&M University System, Book by Dr. Fenwick W. English titled The Art of Educational Leadership: Balancing Performance and Accountability.
William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
Dr. Kritsonis Honored as Professor, Scholar & Pioneer Publisher
The Texas National Association for Multicultural Education honored Dr. William Allan Kritsonis as a Professor, Scholar, and Pioneer Publisher for Distinguished Service to Multicultural Research Publishing. The ceremony was on April 28th 2012 at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.
Professorial Roles
Dr. Kritsonis has served in professorial roles at Central Washington University, Washington; Salisbury State University, Maryland; Northwestern State University, Louisiana; McNeese State University, Louisiana; and Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge in the Department of Administrative and Foundational Services.
In 2006, Dr. Kritsonis published two articles in the Two-Volume Set of the Encyclopedia of Educational Leadership and Administration published by SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, California. He is a National Reviewer for the Journal of Research on Leadership, University Council for Educational Administration (UCEA).
In 2007, Dr. Kritsonis was invited to write a history and philosophy of education for the ABC-CLIO Encyclopedia of World History.
Currently, Dr. Kritsonis is Professor of Educational Leadership at Prairie View A&M University – Member of the Texas A&M University System. He teaches in the PhD Program in Educational Leadership. Dr. Kritsonis taught the Inaugural class session in the doctoral program at the start of the fall 2004 academic year. In October 2006, Dr. Kritsonis chaired the first doctoral student to earn a PhD in Educational Leadership at Prairie View A&M University. He has chaired over 18 doctoral dissertations. He lives in Houston, Texas.
Skinner Desiree A The Kritsonis Balanced Teeter Totter ModelWilliam Kritsonis
William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor
In 2008, Dr. Kritsonis was inducted into the William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor, Graduate School, Prairie View A&M University – The Texas A&M University System. He was nominated by doctoral and master’s degree students.
Desiree Skinner, PhD Student in Educational Leadership, PVAMU/Texas A&M University System & Faculty Mentor, Dr. William Kritsonis
Dr. Karen Weddle-West & Dr. Rosie Phillips Bingham, University of MemphisWilliam Kritsonis
Dr. Karen Weddle-West & Dr. Rosie Phillips Bingham, University of Memphis - Published by NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief, www.nationalforum.com
PhD presentation, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, PVAMU, The Texas A&M University System, Book by Dr. Fenwick W. English titled The Art of Educational Leadership: Balancing Performance and Accountability.
William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
Dr. Kritsonis Honored as Professor, Scholar & Pioneer Publisher
The Texas National Association for Multicultural Education honored Dr. William Allan Kritsonis as a Professor, Scholar, and Pioneer Publisher for Distinguished Service to Multicultural Research Publishing. The ceremony was on April 28th 2012 at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.
Professorial Roles
Dr. Kritsonis has served in professorial roles at Central Washington University, Washington; Salisbury State University, Maryland; Northwestern State University, Louisiana; McNeese State University, Louisiana; and Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge in the Department of Administrative and Foundational Services.
In 2006, Dr. Kritsonis published two articles in the Two-Volume Set of the Encyclopedia of Educational Leadership and Administration published by SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, California. He is a National Reviewer for the Journal of Research on Leadership, University Council for Educational Administration (UCEA).
In 2007, Dr. Kritsonis was invited to write a history and philosophy of education for the ABC-CLIO Encyclopedia of World History.
Currently, Dr. Kritsonis is Professor of Educational Leadership at Prairie View A&M University – Member of the Texas A&M University System. He teaches in the PhD Program in Educational Leadership. Dr. Kritsonis taught the Inaugural class session in the doctoral program at the start of the fall 2004 academic year. In October 2006, Dr. Kritsonis chaired the first doctoral student to earn a PhD in Educational Leadership at Prairie View A&M University. He has chaired over 18 doctoral dissertations. He lives in Houston, Texas.
DEBATE 22 EDUCATION POLICYASSIGNING STUDENTS TO SCHOOLS BA.docxedwardmarivel
DEBATE
22
EDUCATION POLICY
ASSIGNING STUDENTS TO SCHOOLS BASED ON RACE:
Justified or Unacceptable? ADVOCATE: National Education Association, et al.
JUSTIFIED
SOURCE: Amicus curiae brief to the U.S. Supreme Court in Parents
Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 (2007) UNACCEPTABLE
ADVOCATE: Asian American Legal Foundation
SOURCE: Amicus curiae brief to the U.S. Supreme Court in Parents
Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 (2007)
The intersection between education and race has long sparked emotional debate. Prior to the Civil War it was uncommon and in some places illegal to educate children who were not white. The Fourteenth Amendment (1868) requiring equal protection of the law for all citizens made it illegal to overtly deny children of color an education or to give them an expressly inferior one. However, the changes were more cosmetic that substantive. In many places, Jim Crow laws legalized accommo- dations that were supposedly “separate but equal,” but in reality were highly unequal. Blacks were the most numerous victims, but Asian Americans, Hispanics, and others also were relegated to second-class facilities and services. The Supreme Court upheld this fictitious equality in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), a case that involved railroad car accommodations but also applied to schools and many other points of segregation. That decision stood until the Supreme Court overturned it in Brown v. Board of Education (1954). Writing for the unanimous court, Chief Justice Earl Warren opined that in “public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.”
Over the years, the application Brown v. Board of Education slowly eliminated the overtly intentional school segregation, but, like the Fourteenth Amendment, there was a large gap between theoretical importance and practical impact. Two factors lim- ited Brown. One was that some school districts build schools or drew district lines in ways that maintained or created schools that were de facto racially segregated. The second factor involved living patterns. Whites fled cities to the suburbs or sent their children to private schools to avoid racially integrated schools, and urban schools became more and more minority dominated. These population shifts also left cities with diminished tax bases, and the schools declined for want of adequate funding.
In response, the courts moved to a more proactive stance. In a case involving the region centered on Charlotte, North Carolina, where schools remained very segre- gated and the school board resisted moving to desegregate, a federal judge in 1965 found that the segregation was intentional, ordered that all 105 schools integrate, and specified that children be bussed between schools in necessary. The Supreme Court in Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971) unanimously backed
2
John T. Rourke, You Decide! 2012 Copy.
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, School Law, Use of School Facilities, Religous Rights of Teachers, Religous Freedom of Expression, Religous Rights in Schooling, Due Process, Freedom of Expression, School Prayers, Termination, Due Process
Dr. Kritsonis has traveled and lectured extensively throughout the United States and world-wide. Some international travels include Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania, Turkey, Italy, Greece, Monte Carlo, England, Holland, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Russia, Estonia, Poland, Germany, Mexico, the Caribbean Islands, Mexico, Switzerland, Grand Cayman, Haiti, St. Maarten, St. John, St. Thomas, St. Croix, St. Lucia, Puerto Rico, Nassau, Freeport, Jamaica, Barbados, Martinique, Canada, Curacao, Costa Rico, Aruba, Venezuela, Panama, Bora Bora, Tahiti, Latvia, Spain, Honduras, and many more. He has been invited to lecture and serve as a guest professor at many universities across the nation and abroad.
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, School Law, Use of School Facilities, Religous Rights of Teachers, Religous Freedom of Expression, Religous Rights in Schooling, Due Process, Freedom of Expression, School Prayers, Termination, Due Process
Education is a hallmark of civic life in America, so it’s no surpr.docxgidmanmary
Education is a hallmark of civic life in America, so it’s no surprise that it’s been at the center of many landmark controversies over the years. Here are 10 Supreme Court cases related to education that impacted both constitutional law and the public school experience.
10. Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Arguably the most well-known ruling of the 20th century, Brown overturned Plessy v. Fergusonand established that “separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.” The Warren Court’s unanimous decision explained that the separate-but-equal doctrine violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment, and ordered an end to legally mandated race-segregated schools. While the Brown decision marked only the beginning of a prolonged struggle to achieve actual integration, its impact cannot be understated.
9. Engel v. Vitale(1962) and 8. Abington School District v. Schempp (1963)
This pair of cases shaped the modern understanding of how the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment constrains prayer in public schools. In Engel, the Court struck down a New York State rule that allowed public schools to hold a short, nondenominational prayer at the beginning of the school day. The Court decided that these prayers amounted to an “official stamp of approval” upon one particular kind of prayer and religious service, and said that, since teachers are agents of the federal government, the scheme violated the Establishment Clause.
The reasoning in Engel was also applied in Schempp, in which the Court struck down a Pennsylvania policy that required all students to read 10 Bible verses and say the Lord’s Prayer at the beginning of each day. While a student could get an exemption with a parent’s note, the Warren Court decided that this still amounted to an unconstitutional government endorsement of a particular religious tradition.
7. Lemon v. Kurtzman(1971)
This case adjudicated a different sort of Establishment Clause challenge, where the controversy dealt with a statute providing financial support for teacher salaries and textbooks in parochial schools. The Burger Court unanimously decided that this financial aid scheme violated the Establishment Clause and delineated the governing precedent for Establishment Clause cases known as the Lemon test. Under Lemon, statutes (1) must have a secular legislative purpose; (2) must have primary effects that neither inhibit nor advance religion; and (3) cannot foster an “excessive government entanglement with religion.” The Court held that this scheme violated the third prong of the Lemon test.
6. Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)
Among the litany of public school cases from the Warren and Burger eras is the landmark Free Exercise Clause decision in Yoder. Wisconsin mandated that all children attend public school until age 16, but Jonas Yoder, a devoutly religious Amish man, refused to send his children to school past eighth grade. He argued that his children didn’t need to be in school that long t ...
Similar to Case Study Hubbard V[1]. Buffalo Isd (17)
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptx
Case Study Hubbard V[1]. Buffalo Isd
1. Bechtold, Bickham, & Singh
Prairie View A&M University
PUBLIC SCHOOL LAW
ADMN 5023
William Allan Kritsonis, PhD
Professor
School District’s Authority in Academic Matters
Submitted
by
Rebecca Bechtold, Michele Bickham, and Soul Singh
June 22, 2009
1
2. Bechtold, Bickham, & Singh
School District’s Authority in Academic Matters
INTRODUCTION
Public school districts often find themselves in the middle of controversy when
issues of religion arise. Certain segments of the population will protest if there is even a
mention of religion or religious themes in a school. Others push to "put God back into the
schools" and bring back school prayer. There is not a consensus on the meaning of the
U.S. Constitution’s two clauses regarding church and state, both contained in the First
Amendment: The Establishment Clause and the Free Exercise Clause.
School districts and other public entities must walk that fine line between
violating the Establishment Clause, by endorsing a particular religion or favoring religion
in general, and violating the Free Exercise Clause by unreasonably inhibiting a person’s
ability to practice his or her religious beliefs. In early 1998, the Buffalo Independent
School District, an East Texas school district with around 800 students, became
embroiled in a dispute which would soon become a federal lawsuit. This report will look
at school district’s authority for placement and acceptance of credits from non-accredited
religious institutions.
CASE ONE
Federal District Court
Western District of Texas, Waco Division
Sarah HUBBARD, et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants
v.
BUFFALO INDEPENDENT SCHOOL DISTRICT, Defendant-Appellee
LITIGANTS
Plaintiffs-Appellants: Sarah Hubbard, et. al
Defendant-Appellee: BUFFALO INDEPENDENT SCHOOL DISTRICT
BACKGROUND
In February of 1998, parents John and Linda Hubbard petitioned the school board
of Buffalo I.S.D. (B.I.S.D.) to consider awarding academic credit for work completed in a
private, non-accredited school by their daughter, Sarah. The Hubbards had earlier
consulted with a Florida law firm associated with the Christian Law Association, an
advocacy group. Sarah Hubbard had attended B.I.S.D. from kindergarten through the
seventh grade. She then transferred to the Upper Room Christian Academy, a non-
accredited private school run by the Upper Room Church in Buffalo.
2
3. Bechtold, Bickham, & Singh
The Upper Room Christian Academy does not require its teachers to be certified
or have college degrees, and has a very different system of instruction and assessment
than that used by B.I.S.D. After three and one-half years at the Upper Room Christian
Academy, Sarah transferred to Buffalo High School in B.I.S.D., and she and her parents
learned that, pursuant to B.I.S.D. policy, Sarah would be required to take proficiency
tests to receive credit for courses completed at the non-accredited school. Had Sarah
transferred from an accredited public or private school, her credits would have been
accepted without any requirement of testing or other validation.
A case such as this could only arise with a high school student, since credit
toward graduation is not generally awarded before the ninth grade. Students transferring
from non-accredited schools below the ninth grade may be tested to determine placement,
but credit would not be an issue.
The parents appealed the Superintendent’s decision denying Sarah credits to the
Board, and the Board passed a motion instructing the Superintendent to work with the
parents to form a plan which would allow Sarah to receive the maximum number of
credits under B.I.S.D. policy. The Board did not waive the testing requirement to validate
the coursework Sarah completed at a non-accredited institution.
Suit was filed by Sarah Hubbard and her parents, John and Linda Hubbard, in
federal district court for the Western District of Texas, Waco Division. The Honorable
Walter S. Smith, Jr. presided over the case. In its opinion, the court clearly stated the
central issue:
"The issue is this: When a student transfers into a Texas public school from a non-
accredited private school, can the student be required to pass a test thereby proving
proficiency as to each course for which the student desires credit?"
FACTS
After a temporary restraining order was granted ex parte, the court scheduled a
hearing on the application for a temporary injunction, which was to be combined with a
hearing on the merits. The parties agreed to postpone a full hearing on the merits until
August, and to allow Sarah to be treated as if she were a member of the junior class. The
Plaintiffs came to the hearing with no less than five attorneys, three affiliated with the
Christian Law Association from Florida, and two local attorneys.
The court issued a scheduling order with unusually short timelines so the case
could be adjudicated before Sarah’s senior year was to begin. The parties filed cross-
motions for summary judgment, and the court allowed oral argument on the motions.
After the arguments, the court advised the parties that the trial would not be necessary
since the court was convinced that the matter could be dealt with by summary judgment.
The plaintiffs pled nine causes of action: (1) violation of the Free Exercise
Clause; (2) violation of the Establishment Clause; (3) denial of Equal Protection under
3
4. Bechtold, Bickham, & Singh
the U.S. Constitution; (4) denial of Equal Protection under the Texas Constitution; (5)
denial of procedural Due Process; (6) violation of parents’ right to direct the upbringing
of a child;(7) violation of right to freedom of association (8) B.I.S.D. policy is void due to
vagueness and over breath (9) violation of state law, with regard to award of credit and
testing.
The case was presented as an instance of religious discrimination and a violation
of the plaintiffs’ rights to free exercise of religion, but the facts did not bear these claims
out. The B.I.S.D. policy regarding transfer of credit applied equally to religious and
nonreligious schools. Texas has a system of accreditation for private schools, and many
religious schools are so accredited. Further, the three plaintiffs testified that they had no
religious objections to the testing, that no religious practice or belief would prohibit Sarah
from taking the tests, and that the B.I.S.D. policy does not violate their religious beliefs.
Transfer of academic credits is governed by 19 T.A.C. § 74.26, and allows the system
employed by B.I.S.D.
DECISION
The court granted B.I.S.D.’s motion for summary judgment as to all of plaintiffs’
claims and concluded that the policy did not burden the free exercise of religion. The
court further found that the plaintiffs were not members of a suspect class for equal
protection analysis, and that the policy was rationally related to a legitimate educational
interest. Upon application, the court also awarded costs to B.I.S.D. The case was not
appealed.
DICTA
"That parents have the primary right and obligation to control the education and
upbringing of their children cannot be argued; but that right must have limits —
otherwise a truant’s parent could plausibly proclaim that he or she was exercising his or
her rights while "home-schooling" a child to be a safe-cracker or a prostitute."
The ruling affirmed that the courts will be very reluctant to interfere with school
operations in the areas of educational policy and academic decision making. The decision
can be cited as Hubbard v. Buffalo Independent School District, 20 F.Supp.2d 1012
(W.D.Tex. 1998).
IMPLICATIONS
The Texas Senate has passed a bill which is modeled after the federal Religious
Freedom Restoration Act, which was declared unconstitutional by the U.S. Supreme
Court in City of Boerne v. Flores, 117 S.Ct. 2157. Senate Bill 138 would prohibit school
districts and other political subdivisions from interfering with the free exercise of religion
without showing a compelling interest. If this bill becomes law, it could tip the scales in
favor of those wishing to be exempt from school rules or policies. The legislation could
4
5. Bechtold, Bickham, & Singh
affect the authority of school districts with regard to dress codes, student discipline,
absences, curriculum, employment practices and an array of other areas.
This legislation, which is supported by the Governor, could be read to require
schools to allow home schooled children to participate in certain school programs, such
as extracurricular activities, or specialized classes. Currently, Texas public schools
generally do not allow partial enrollment or extracurricular participation by students
enrolled in private or home schools.
It is unclear what impact the proposed Texas Religious Freedom Restoration Act
would have had on the Hubbard v. Buffalo I.S.D. litigation, but the proposed act is sure to
invite litigation on several fronts. The presence of statewide and national advocacy
groups which are willing to fund lawsuits to advance their social or political agendas will
continue to be a source of litigation for school districts. The boundary of church-state
interaction is continually being redefined by the courts, and the only thing we can count
on is continued controversy and change.
5