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Cartoon Introduction to Evidence in Medicine
- 1. Anecdotes and Evidence: What’s the Difference?
- 9. Sample Size and Error STUDY #1: With Big Sample Sizes, The Remedy has an Effect STUDY #2: With Big Sample Sizes, The Remedy has no Effect - 0 + - 0 + Big Sample Size Small Sample Size Big Sample Size Small Sample Size
- 10. Sample Size and Error Effect of smoking on having a premature baby 1 Shah, N and MB Bracken. 2001. A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies on the association between maternal cigarette smoking and preterm delivery. Journal of Nutrition. 2001;131:1032S-1040S. Effect of acupuncture on treating stroke 2 Tang J-L, Zhan S-Y, Ernst E. 1999. Review of randomised controlled trials of traditional Chinese medicine. British Medical Journal 319:160-161. . Decreased Risk Increased Risk Negative Effect Positive Effect
- 18. What is a Drug, Anyway? Drugs?…
Editor's Notes
- This is the placebo effect, and we’re going to talk about that in a bit
- Welcome to our talk today on Placebo Effects, and why it is important to know what they mean for your health.
- Many people have heard about placebos, and hear the term “sugar pill”. A lot of the time that more or less describes what are used as placebos. To delve a little deeper, placebos actually are anything that makes the patient think they’re receiving a treatment, but instead receive something that doesn’t therapeutically effect the body. There are even placebo surgeries! The reason placebos are used in medical trials is that if a new drug doesn’t help patients as well as a placebo, then the drug isn’t effective, and will have to be modified or abandoned completely. As we’ll discuss in a moment, expectations are important with placebos. (next slide)
- Well, its not very straightforward, but it’s basically an improvement of symptoms for a patient when you give them a placebo. Remember, placebos don’t actually effect your body, so why would you feel an improvement in symptoms? You might be wondering why this happens. (next slide)
- [Give examples…] The placebo effect sounds pretty good right now, but there’s a very important aspect of its use in medicine; the ethics of placebo effects. (next slide)
- The harm is that it doesn’t actually Make you better; it only Might make you feel better. You need to consider whether that is worth it for yourself and for your family. It can also cost a lot of money, which not everyone can afford for an extended period of time. If you have a serious illness, such as cancer or diabetes, proper treatment can be heavily delayed or altogether neglected, leading to awful outcomes for these patients. If you are interested in seeing specific examples go to www.whatstheharm.net (next slide)
- Herbs are actually drugs. In fact they are full of drugs.
- Herbs are actually drugs. In fact they are full of drugs.
- A drug is just a chemical that brings about a biological change in our body. Many people might think that drugs are chemical or artificial, and that herbs and plants don’t fall into this category. But plants are chemicals, many of which will have effects on your body. Plants are full of drugs!
- In fact many of our current pharmaceuticals came from plants. Everyone has heard of aspirin. It helps with pain relief and inflammation among other things. It originally was found in willow bark. And Digoxin, a drug which has powerful effects on your heart, originally came from the foxglove plant.
- Herbal remedies can have side effects, just like any drugs your doctor prescribes you.