El Premio Nobel de Física Carlo Rubbia ha estado exponiendo en el último tiempo sobre los desafíos de encontrar fuentes menos contaminantes y más abundantes de energía. En este presentación realizada en Chile a fines de 2008 Rubbia compara las distintas opciones disponibles, enfatizando especialmente la importancia de la energía solar.
Tuve acceso a su presentación y la comparto aquí porque me pareció de gran interés público.
This document discusses ecological footprints and biospheric limits. It begins by looking at energy production and depletion of resources like coal, oil and natural gas. Territories that produce and extract more energy have higher depletion rates. The ecological footprint is introduced as a measure of the area needed to support a population's lifestyle and consumption, including pollution. The US has the largest footprint per person at almost 5 times the world average. Carbon dioxide emissions are also examined, with North America responsible for 28% of the total in 2000. The document concludes by noting the fight by ExxonMobil against addressing climate change.
This document summarizes climate change coping approaches in Portugal across different scales from national to local. At the national scale, Portugal prepares an annual National Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and has a National Programme for Climate Change and National Strategy for Climate Adaptation that establish sectoral emissions reduction targets and goals for increasing knowledge and implementing adaptation measures. At the local scale, over 99 Portuguese municipalities have signed the Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy and 26 municipalities have developed Municipal Strategies for Climate Change Adaptation. Research and development projects are also studying approaches for coastal and river basin management to cope with climate change impacts through monitoring, developing technologies, and identifying solutions.
This document discusses the links between climate change and Bangladesh's energy sector. It notes that fossil fuel use for energy contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. Bangladesh has one of the lowest per capita energy consumption and carbon emissions rates in the world. However, it faces major energy security challenges including intermittent power supply and lack of generation capacity. Climate change is exacerbating these issues by increasing energy demand for cooling and irrigation. It can also impact energy infrastructure and resources through more extreme weather. The document aims to increase understanding of these links to better incorporate climate change into Bangladesh's energy policies and strategies.
The document summarizes research on understanding carbon dynamics in Arctic terrestrial ecosystems. It finds that the Arctic is experiencing widespread plant community and land cover changes, with wet sites changing more than dry sites. These changes can increase vegetation greenness as measured by NDVI, both by increasing plant biomass and through changes in surface water. While there is variability, climate change is creating more positive carbon feedbacks through effects like permafrost thaw and increased microbial respiration. Improving methods to scale ecosystem changes over time and integrating trace gas measurements is needed to better understand if the Arctic will become a carbon source.
The global water supply is threatened as the percentage of dry areas has increased by about 1.74% per decade from 1950 to 2008. Fossil fuel and cement emissions were at 9.5±0.5 gigatons of carbon in 2011, a 58% increase over 1990 levels. The top four emitters in 2011 (China, US, EU27, India) accounted for 62% of global emissions. Shifting from coal to natural gas in the US could help accelerate emissions mitigation efforts needed to keep warming below 2°C.
Making Earth Cool Again: Challenges & SolutionsPaul H. Carr
COOLING CHALLENGES: Fall 2018 Reports
(1) ""Global Climate Change Impacts in US": 13 Government Agency Report
(Nov 2018). Up to 10% decrease in US economy by 2100.
(2) "Preventing 2.7 F (1.5 C) degrees of warming." IPCC report, authored by 90 scientists from 40 countries (Oct 2018). Greenhouse pollution must be reduced by 45 percent from 2010 levels by 2030, and 100 percent by 2050.
COOL SOLUTIONS
(1) "Can Nuclear Energy Thrive in a Carbon-Constrained World?": (MIT Report, Sept 2018)
A reactor build-up (at a historically feasible rate) could completely decarbonize the World’s power sector within 30 years.
The energy storage costs needed for wind and solar alone would make them up to four times more expensive than reactors.
(2) A vegetarian/vegan diet is a way everyone can stop global warming.
(3) Capitalistic solution: carbon fee plus dividend.
This document discusses ecological footprints and biospheric limits. It begins by looking at energy production and depletion of resources like coal, oil and natural gas. Territories that produce and extract more energy have higher depletion rates. The ecological footprint is introduced as a measure of the area needed to support a population's lifestyle and consumption, including pollution. The US has the largest footprint per person at almost 5 times the world average. Carbon dioxide emissions are also examined, with North America responsible for 28% of the total in 2000. The document concludes by noting the fight by ExxonMobil against addressing climate change.
This document summarizes climate change coping approaches in Portugal across different scales from national to local. At the national scale, Portugal prepares an annual National Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and has a National Programme for Climate Change and National Strategy for Climate Adaptation that establish sectoral emissions reduction targets and goals for increasing knowledge and implementing adaptation measures. At the local scale, over 99 Portuguese municipalities have signed the Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy and 26 municipalities have developed Municipal Strategies for Climate Change Adaptation. Research and development projects are also studying approaches for coastal and river basin management to cope with climate change impacts through monitoring, developing technologies, and identifying solutions.
This document discusses the links between climate change and Bangladesh's energy sector. It notes that fossil fuel use for energy contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. Bangladesh has one of the lowest per capita energy consumption and carbon emissions rates in the world. However, it faces major energy security challenges including intermittent power supply and lack of generation capacity. Climate change is exacerbating these issues by increasing energy demand for cooling and irrigation. It can also impact energy infrastructure and resources through more extreme weather. The document aims to increase understanding of these links to better incorporate climate change into Bangladesh's energy policies and strategies.
The document summarizes research on understanding carbon dynamics in Arctic terrestrial ecosystems. It finds that the Arctic is experiencing widespread plant community and land cover changes, with wet sites changing more than dry sites. These changes can increase vegetation greenness as measured by NDVI, both by increasing plant biomass and through changes in surface water. While there is variability, climate change is creating more positive carbon feedbacks through effects like permafrost thaw and increased microbial respiration. Improving methods to scale ecosystem changes over time and integrating trace gas measurements is needed to better understand if the Arctic will become a carbon source.
The global water supply is threatened as the percentage of dry areas has increased by about 1.74% per decade from 1950 to 2008. Fossil fuel and cement emissions were at 9.5±0.5 gigatons of carbon in 2011, a 58% increase over 1990 levels. The top four emitters in 2011 (China, US, EU27, India) accounted for 62% of global emissions. Shifting from coal to natural gas in the US could help accelerate emissions mitigation efforts needed to keep warming below 2°C.
Making Earth Cool Again: Challenges & SolutionsPaul H. Carr
COOLING CHALLENGES: Fall 2018 Reports
(1) ""Global Climate Change Impacts in US": 13 Government Agency Report
(Nov 2018). Up to 10% decrease in US economy by 2100.
(2) "Preventing 2.7 F (1.5 C) degrees of warming." IPCC report, authored by 90 scientists from 40 countries (Oct 2018). Greenhouse pollution must be reduced by 45 percent from 2010 levels by 2030, and 100 percent by 2050.
COOL SOLUTIONS
(1) "Can Nuclear Energy Thrive in a Carbon-Constrained World?": (MIT Report, Sept 2018)
A reactor build-up (at a historically feasible rate) could completely decarbonize the World’s power sector within 30 years.
The energy storage costs needed for wind and solar alone would make them up to four times more expensive than reactors.
(2) A vegetarian/vegan diet is a way everyone can stop global warming.
(3) Capitalistic solution: carbon fee plus dividend.
1. The document discusses the threat of climate destabilization and questions whether it poses an opportunity or threat.
2. It notes that the IPCC says there is a 90% chance global warming is caused by human activity and that emissions and energy demands are rising sharply.
3. While some solutions have been proposed, like reducing consumption and shifting to renewable energy, very little global action has been taken on the problem despite the risks of global disasters and economic harm.
Climate changes, what is our future? What can america do?jamal Ouchikh
Climate change poses serious risks to communities and economies worldwide. The document discusses the causes and effects of climate change, including how excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from human activities like burning fossil fuels is increasing global temperatures. It outlines the Clean Power Plan introduced by the Obama administration in 2015, which aims to reduce carbon emissions from power plants in the US by 32% within 15 years by increasing renewable energy and lowering costs. Individual states must submit plans to meet carbon reduction standards. Working together through lifestyle changes and renewable energy adoption, citizens can help slow the rise in global temperatures.
Sustainability concepts in Civil Engineering - Module-2Abhilash B L
This presentation gives you Information regarding Resource degradation, climate change regional and local environmental issues, carbon Credits and carbon trading, carbon footprint, carbon sequestration - carbon capture and storage (CCS) environmental management standard ISO 14,000 series, life-cycle analysis scope and goal, Biomimicking
Shell Canada has implemented several conservation offset projects to compensate for environmental impacts from its oil sands operations. Some key points:
- Shell follows a mitigation hierarchy to first avoid, minimize, and mitigate impacts before using offsets. It has a portfolio of conservation projects dating back 20 years.
- Shell supports the concept of conservation offsets as compensation for residual impacts in critical habitat areas and aims for land footprint neutrality in its heavy oil upstream business.
- Example projects include the True North Forest, a 121,000 hectare protected area, and the Buffalo Hills Conservation Ranch, a cattle ranch converted to a conservation property with diverse habitats.
- Implementation challenges include establishing clear policy, quantifying biodiversity impacts and
COP21 POLICIES AND ABRUPT CLIMATE CHANGE: Political Economy of Hawking’s Irre...IJRTEMJOURNAL
This document summarizes a journal article about the COP21 climate policies and abrupt climate change. It discusses three main points:
1) Some climate scientists now believe that climate change is occurring so rapidly that the goals of the COP21 agreement to limit global warming to 2 degrees Celsius may no longer be achievable and climate chaos is more likely. Feedback loops could cause warming of 10 degrees Celsius.
2) Achieving the goals of the COP21 agreement, including complete decarbonization by 2075, will require enormous global coordination of energy policies which is very difficult. The current policies may be too slow and ambiguous to address abrupt climate change.
3) Poor countries need much more access to energy to improve living
The document discusses engineering responses to climate change through a proactive strategy of providing clean, affordable energy for a growing global population. It outlines challenges like reducing greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on oil. New technologies like carbon capture and storage could allow continued fossil fuel use while storing carbon underground. A triad of large-scale zero-carbon options is proposed: solar, nuclear, and fossil energy with carbon storage. Markets would drive efficiency along with alternative energy development.
A briefing from the Poznan Climate Change ConferenceLeonardo ENERGY
The document summarizes key discussions and outcomes from the Poznan Climate Change Conference (COP14) in January 2009. It provides background on climate science and the UNFCCC process. Discussions focused on negotiating a post-Kyoto agreement and increasing climate action by all countries. Progress was made on adaptation funding but not on emissions reductions commitments. Developing countries expressed frustration with the pace of negotiations. Al Gore called for bolder climate targets and linking emissions reductions to poverty reduction.
Sustainable Manufacturing (MIT 2.008x Lecture Slides)A. John Hart
Slides accompanying 2.008x* video module on Sustainable Manufacturing, Prof. Tim Gutowski, MIT, 2016.
*Fundamentals of Manufacturing Processes on edX: https://www.edx.org/course/fundamentals-manufacturing-processes-mitx-2-008x
This document provides an overview of climate change by discussing:
1. The correlation between CO2 levels and global temperatures over hundreds of thousands of years.
2. How human activities like burning fossil fuels have increased CO2 levels rapidly since the industrial era.
3. The likely effects of increased CO2 and temperatures, such as ocean acidification, rising sea levels, and more extreme weather.
4. International agreements to limit greenhouse gas emissions and actions being taken like carbon taxes and emissions trading schemes.
5. The opportunities to transition to renewable energy but also the political threats if countries do not cooperate to meaningfully address climate change.
Global warming refers to the rise in average surface temperatures of the Earth due to increased greenhouse gas emissions. Scientists have found that the Earth's surface temperature has risen by 1.3 degrees Fahrenheit over the last hundred years. Evidence of global warming includes retreating glaciers, thawing permafrost, sea level rise, and more extreme weather events. If greenhouse gas emissions continue at their current rate, global temperatures could increase by 3.5 to 8 degrees Fahrenheit by 2050, causing significant disruptions around the world. Proposed solutions to address global warming include boosting energy efficiency, transitioning to renewable energy, improving transportation systems, better managing forests and agriculture, and developing new technologies.
This document discusses scenarios for global carbon emissions and climate change mitigation over the next 100 years. It begins with background on historical emissions and projections for peak production of oil, gas, and coal. Unmitigated emissions would result in a doubling of atmospheric CO2 levels by 2100. Implementing stabilization "wedges" through strategies like renewable energy and efficiency could significantly reduce emissions. Modeling shows that applying 3 wedges cuts coal emissions to zero by 2100 and keeps atmospheric CO2 increases lower.
The document discusses several key issues around global energy demand, domestic US energy production, and environmental policy goals. It notes that while energy demand is increasing, barriers to development of domestic oil, gas and other energy sources have also increased due to environmental concerns. However, it argues that "acceptable" renewable energy alone cannot meet growing demand. It questions whether ambitious environmental emissions reduction targets can realistically be met and what the large-scale implications would be.
Global warming is the observed increase in average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and oceans. Global surface temperatures have increased 0.74°C over the past 100 years, and the IPCC concludes it is extremely likely that human activity such as increased greenhouse gases are the dominant cause of warming since 1950. Key human factors contributing to increased greenhouse gases are rapid industrialization, deforestation, fossil fuel extraction and use, and increased emissions from vehicles. While natural greenhouse gases are necessary to keep the planet habitable, increased human emissions are exacerbating the greenhouse effect and leading to consequences such as rising sea levels, more extreme weather, and species endangerments. Efforts to mitigate further warming involve reducing emissions and enhancing carbon sinks, while adaptation
The document discusses the science and impacts of climate change, highlighting that CO2 levels need to be reduced to 350 parts per million to avoid dangerous warming. It promotes organizing events on October 24, 2009 as part of a global day of climate action to call for an ambitious international climate agreement in Copenhagen that December. The goal is to build a worldwide grassroots movement to address this urgent issue.
Science Vale UK energy event keynote presentationScience Vale UK
In his keynote presentation at the Science Vale UK energy event on 25 May 2011, Professor Sir Christopher Llewellyn-Smith FRS (Oxford University) set the context. The world needs to develop new sources of energy, notably nuclear fusion and solar, as well as new ways of storing energy and using it efficiently. Research organisations and technology companies in Science Vale UK are at the leading edge of much of this work.
A Forthright Discussion on Climate ChangeNiel Dunnage
This document provides an analysis of climate change targets and policies. It makes the following key points:
1. The 1.5°C global temperature target has no basis in science, and the safe temperature rise can be no more than 0.5°C above pre-industrial levels.
2. We are not on track to limit warming to 2°C, let alone 1.5°C, as CO2 emissions continue rising and feedback loops are amplifying temperature increases.
3. Based on impacts already occurring at 1°C of warming, limiting warming to 0.5°C is needed to meet the objectives of preventing dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.
Serge has a simple and clear goal: help build an attractive, fossil-free future. In 2017 he launched FutureproofedCities — a cloud-based app to helping municipalities to drive climate plans and actions. Serge shows how innovative technology helps addressing climate change impact and how climate change is a driver for innovation.
Key message on climate change: the physical science basisipcc-media
The document summarizes key findings from the IPCC 2013/2014 report on climate change science:
1) Warming of the climate system is unequivocal and human influence is clear based on increased greenhouse gas emissions and energy stored in oceans and atmosphere.
2) If emissions continue at a high level, global temperature increases by the late 21st century will likely exceed 1.5°C compared to pre-industrial levels.
3) Limiting warming to 2°C will require substantial reductions in greenhouse emissions, as the remaining carbon budget for a 2°C target is shrinking due to ongoing emissions.
1. Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) involves capturing carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel power plants and other industrial sources, transporting the captured CO2, and injecting it into underground geological formations for long-term storage. CCS could help reduce carbon dioxide emissions while still allowing for continued fossil fuel usage.
2. Current carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are the highest they have been in at least 800,000 years, and global temperatures have risen about 0.7°C over the past century due to increased CO2 and other greenhouse gases from human activity. Further increases in CO2 emissions are expected to cause more global warming and changes in climate with serious environmental and economic effects.
3
1. The document discusses the threat of climate destabilization and questions whether it poses an opportunity or threat.
2. It notes that the IPCC says there is a 90% chance global warming is caused by human activity and that emissions and energy demands are rising sharply.
3. While some solutions have been proposed, like reducing consumption and shifting to renewable energy, very little global action has been taken on the problem despite the risks of global disasters and economic harm.
Climate changes, what is our future? What can america do?jamal Ouchikh
Climate change poses serious risks to communities and economies worldwide. The document discusses the causes and effects of climate change, including how excess carbon dioxide in the atmosphere from human activities like burning fossil fuels is increasing global temperatures. It outlines the Clean Power Plan introduced by the Obama administration in 2015, which aims to reduce carbon emissions from power plants in the US by 32% within 15 years by increasing renewable energy and lowering costs. Individual states must submit plans to meet carbon reduction standards. Working together through lifestyle changes and renewable energy adoption, citizens can help slow the rise in global temperatures.
Sustainability concepts in Civil Engineering - Module-2Abhilash B L
This presentation gives you Information regarding Resource degradation, climate change regional and local environmental issues, carbon Credits and carbon trading, carbon footprint, carbon sequestration - carbon capture and storage (CCS) environmental management standard ISO 14,000 series, life-cycle analysis scope and goal, Biomimicking
Shell Canada has implemented several conservation offset projects to compensate for environmental impacts from its oil sands operations. Some key points:
- Shell follows a mitigation hierarchy to first avoid, minimize, and mitigate impacts before using offsets. It has a portfolio of conservation projects dating back 20 years.
- Shell supports the concept of conservation offsets as compensation for residual impacts in critical habitat areas and aims for land footprint neutrality in its heavy oil upstream business.
- Example projects include the True North Forest, a 121,000 hectare protected area, and the Buffalo Hills Conservation Ranch, a cattle ranch converted to a conservation property with diverse habitats.
- Implementation challenges include establishing clear policy, quantifying biodiversity impacts and
COP21 POLICIES AND ABRUPT CLIMATE CHANGE: Political Economy of Hawking’s Irre...IJRTEMJOURNAL
This document summarizes a journal article about the COP21 climate policies and abrupt climate change. It discusses three main points:
1) Some climate scientists now believe that climate change is occurring so rapidly that the goals of the COP21 agreement to limit global warming to 2 degrees Celsius may no longer be achievable and climate chaos is more likely. Feedback loops could cause warming of 10 degrees Celsius.
2) Achieving the goals of the COP21 agreement, including complete decarbonization by 2075, will require enormous global coordination of energy policies which is very difficult. The current policies may be too slow and ambiguous to address abrupt climate change.
3) Poor countries need much more access to energy to improve living
The document discusses engineering responses to climate change through a proactive strategy of providing clean, affordable energy for a growing global population. It outlines challenges like reducing greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on oil. New technologies like carbon capture and storage could allow continued fossil fuel use while storing carbon underground. A triad of large-scale zero-carbon options is proposed: solar, nuclear, and fossil energy with carbon storage. Markets would drive efficiency along with alternative energy development.
A briefing from the Poznan Climate Change ConferenceLeonardo ENERGY
The document summarizes key discussions and outcomes from the Poznan Climate Change Conference (COP14) in January 2009. It provides background on climate science and the UNFCCC process. Discussions focused on negotiating a post-Kyoto agreement and increasing climate action by all countries. Progress was made on adaptation funding but not on emissions reductions commitments. Developing countries expressed frustration with the pace of negotiations. Al Gore called for bolder climate targets and linking emissions reductions to poverty reduction.
Sustainable Manufacturing (MIT 2.008x Lecture Slides)A. John Hart
Slides accompanying 2.008x* video module on Sustainable Manufacturing, Prof. Tim Gutowski, MIT, 2016.
*Fundamentals of Manufacturing Processes on edX: https://www.edx.org/course/fundamentals-manufacturing-processes-mitx-2-008x
This document provides an overview of climate change by discussing:
1. The correlation between CO2 levels and global temperatures over hundreds of thousands of years.
2. How human activities like burning fossil fuels have increased CO2 levels rapidly since the industrial era.
3. The likely effects of increased CO2 and temperatures, such as ocean acidification, rising sea levels, and more extreme weather.
4. International agreements to limit greenhouse gas emissions and actions being taken like carbon taxes and emissions trading schemes.
5. The opportunities to transition to renewable energy but also the political threats if countries do not cooperate to meaningfully address climate change.
Global warming refers to the rise in average surface temperatures of the Earth due to increased greenhouse gas emissions. Scientists have found that the Earth's surface temperature has risen by 1.3 degrees Fahrenheit over the last hundred years. Evidence of global warming includes retreating glaciers, thawing permafrost, sea level rise, and more extreme weather events. If greenhouse gas emissions continue at their current rate, global temperatures could increase by 3.5 to 8 degrees Fahrenheit by 2050, causing significant disruptions around the world. Proposed solutions to address global warming include boosting energy efficiency, transitioning to renewable energy, improving transportation systems, better managing forests and agriculture, and developing new technologies.
This document discusses scenarios for global carbon emissions and climate change mitigation over the next 100 years. It begins with background on historical emissions and projections for peak production of oil, gas, and coal. Unmitigated emissions would result in a doubling of atmospheric CO2 levels by 2100. Implementing stabilization "wedges" through strategies like renewable energy and efficiency could significantly reduce emissions. Modeling shows that applying 3 wedges cuts coal emissions to zero by 2100 and keeps atmospheric CO2 increases lower.
The document discusses several key issues around global energy demand, domestic US energy production, and environmental policy goals. It notes that while energy demand is increasing, barriers to development of domestic oil, gas and other energy sources have also increased due to environmental concerns. However, it argues that "acceptable" renewable energy alone cannot meet growing demand. It questions whether ambitious environmental emissions reduction targets can realistically be met and what the large-scale implications would be.
Global warming is the observed increase in average temperature of the Earth's atmosphere and oceans. Global surface temperatures have increased 0.74°C over the past 100 years, and the IPCC concludes it is extremely likely that human activity such as increased greenhouse gases are the dominant cause of warming since 1950. Key human factors contributing to increased greenhouse gases are rapid industrialization, deforestation, fossil fuel extraction and use, and increased emissions from vehicles. While natural greenhouse gases are necessary to keep the planet habitable, increased human emissions are exacerbating the greenhouse effect and leading to consequences such as rising sea levels, more extreme weather, and species endangerments. Efforts to mitigate further warming involve reducing emissions and enhancing carbon sinks, while adaptation
The document discusses the science and impacts of climate change, highlighting that CO2 levels need to be reduced to 350 parts per million to avoid dangerous warming. It promotes organizing events on October 24, 2009 as part of a global day of climate action to call for an ambitious international climate agreement in Copenhagen that December. The goal is to build a worldwide grassroots movement to address this urgent issue.
Science Vale UK energy event keynote presentationScience Vale UK
In his keynote presentation at the Science Vale UK energy event on 25 May 2011, Professor Sir Christopher Llewellyn-Smith FRS (Oxford University) set the context. The world needs to develop new sources of energy, notably nuclear fusion and solar, as well as new ways of storing energy and using it efficiently. Research organisations and technology companies in Science Vale UK are at the leading edge of much of this work.
A Forthright Discussion on Climate ChangeNiel Dunnage
This document provides an analysis of climate change targets and policies. It makes the following key points:
1. The 1.5°C global temperature target has no basis in science, and the safe temperature rise can be no more than 0.5°C above pre-industrial levels.
2. We are not on track to limit warming to 2°C, let alone 1.5°C, as CO2 emissions continue rising and feedback loops are amplifying temperature increases.
3. Based on impacts already occurring at 1°C of warming, limiting warming to 0.5°C is needed to meet the objectives of preventing dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.
Serge has a simple and clear goal: help build an attractive, fossil-free future. In 2017 he launched FutureproofedCities — a cloud-based app to helping municipalities to drive climate plans and actions. Serge shows how innovative technology helps addressing climate change impact and how climate change is a driver for innovation.
Key message on climate change: the physical science basisipcc-media
The document summarizes key findings from the IPCC 2013/2014 report on climate change science:
1) Warming of the climate system is unequivocal and human influence is clear based on increased greenhouse gas emissions and energy stored in oceans and atmosphere.
2) If emissions continue at a high level, global temperature increases by the late 21st century will likely exceed 1.5°C compared to pre-industrial levels.
3) Limiting warming to 2°C will require substantial reductions in greenhouse emissions, as the remaining carbon budget for a 2°C target is shrinking due to ongoing emissions.
1. Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) involves capturing carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel power plants and other industrial sources, transporting the captured CO2, and injecting it into underground geological formations for long-term storage. CCS could help reduce carbon dioxide emissions while still allowing for continued fossil fuel usage.
2. Current carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are the highest they have been in at least 800,000 years, and global temperatures have risen about 0.7°C over the past century due to increased CO2 and other greenhouse gases from human activity. Further increases in CO2 emissions are expected to cause more global warming and changes in climate with serious environmental and economic effects.
3
Cities contribute significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. While some sources claim that cities are responsible for 75-80% of emissions, this is an overstatement, as accurate allocation of emissions is complex. Emissions should take into account where energy is produced versus consumed. Overall, urbanization and economic growth are increasing emissions, though per capita emissions vary greatly between wealthy and developing cities. Accurately measuring city emissions requires defining system boundaries and accounting for all sources. Addressing climate change at the city level is important as cities are centers of economic activity and policy can be enacted more quickly than at national levels.
¿Energía sostenible para el mundo?
Por Sir Christopher Llewellyn Smith, Director de Investigación Energética en la Universidad de Oxford y Ex director general del CERN.
ENV GLOBAL FORUM OCT 2016 - Session 3 - Sir David King OECD Environment
ENV GLOBAL FORUM OCT 2016 - Session 3 - Sir David King
“How national governments can deal with large-scale environmental risks and reconcile growth and environment objectives”.
The document discusses the urgency of addressing climate change to keep atmospheric CO2 levels below 350 parts per million. It notes that global warming could lead to rising sea levels from melting ice sheets and flooding of coastal areas. The document advocates for transitioning to renewable energy sources through initiatives like Ontario's proposed Green Energy Act to create jobs and economic benefits. It promotes individual actions like reducing meat consumption and using energy more efficiently to help address this global issue.
Similar to Carlo Rubbia: La Energia del Mañana (20)
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
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1. The great Energy Transformation
Pensando Hoy la Energia del Mañana
Carlo Rubbia
CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
1
2. Energy and mankind
And what
● The individual energy after that ?
consumption of the
most advanced part of
mankind has grown
about 100 fold from
the beginning of
history.
● The corresponding
daily emission rate of
CO2 is about 80 kg/day
(US)
● And what after that ??
CNE, Santiago, 23 October 2008 Slide# : 2
3. Global population blow-up
● On every second, three new human beings are born, primarily in the
developing countries; two hundred and sixty thousand every day and
about 90 millions every year.
● Every sixty two days, a new population, as large as the one of Chile, is
born, growing, using irrepressibly the resources of the planet.
● Such an immense growth of the human species is one of the most
extraordinary evolutions of the planet Earth and no doubt it is
conditioning the future of man as well as the one of any other animal and
vegetal species.
● Within the 4300 millions of years of the life of the solar system, the
“homo sapiens”, his speech, language and fire all go back to far less than
one million years from today. In the “day” of solar system, the last 20 s. !
● The total number of individuals which have ever lived on earth is
estimated between 70 and 150 billions. Because of the exponential
growth, as many as 6 to 10 % of all human beings are alive today.
CNE, Santiago, 23 October 2008 Slide# : 3
4. The future of energy
● The forecasts over the next several decades of leading
Agencies, like for instance the International Energy Agency,
foresee agreement with a continued increase of energy at
the rate of 2%/year, for a population increment of 1%/year.
● The dominance of fossils is expected to continue, with the
corresponding enhanced greenhouse emissions, a stable
nuclear energy production and a rather small increase of
renewables.
● In 2005 the fossil fuel dependence was 81% for the world,
82% for China and 88% for the United States.
● No doubt our appetite for power grows with time, even if 1%
per year decline in energy intensity may be assumed, based
on the historic trend.
CNE, Santiago, 23 October 2008 Slide# : 4
5. Primary total worldʼs Energy
● Today the energy consumption is equivalent to the one of an
“engine” with an average power of 15 TWatt
● Predictions of “business as usual” indicate that energy may
increase to as much as 30-35 TWatt by 2050
CNE, Santiago, 23 October 2008 Slide# : 5
6. Fossil reserves are huge and readily available
● Oil and Natural gas are expected to reach their limits sooner
or later, due to an increase of consumption and the
progressive reduction of easily available resources.
● However there is plenty of cheap and readily available Coal.
The known reserves are about 5000 Gton and it could be up
to 20’000 Gton if also less noble forms of supply are used.
● Coal or Shales can for instance be easily converted into
liquids (Methanol, Ethanol and so on) to replace Oil and into a
gas (Syngas and so on) to replace Natural Gas.
● There are sufficient amounts of Carbon in its various forms
to produce cheap and abundant energy for many centuries at
several times the present level of energy consumption.
● There is no technical reason why this huge amount of Coal
may not be eventually fully burnt, BUT………
CNE, Santiago, 23 October 2008 Slide# : 6
7. A new term in the balance: antropogenic forcing
● …because of our conviction in the antropogenic gas emissions
and of their expected, dramatic effects on the climate that
our reason may justify curbing an otherwise smoothly growing
combustion of fossils.
● The whole Industrial Revolution
has been driven by cheap and
abundant fossil energies .
● Any major change of such a
magnitude requires an immense
innovation in the habits of us all.
● It is very difficult to implement
a “carbon free” option without
major oppositions.
CNE, Santiago, 23 October 2008 Slide# : 7
8. 1 ppmv CO2 = 2.1 GtC
-1.3 GtC +1.1 GtC -2.0 GtC
Antropogenic
effects
Fossils
-2.0 GtC into
Carbonates
CNE, Santiago, 23 October 2008 Slide# : 8
12. How long will CO2 last in the biosphere ?
● The idea that anthropogenic CO2 release affects the climate
of the Earth for hundreds of thousands of years has not
fully reached general public awareness.
● This misconception is still widespread also in part of the
scientific community. The long-term consequences of fossil
fuel CO2 release have not yet reached the same level of
concern as the production, for example, of long-lived nuclear
waste, as Plutonium, which lifetime is 26 kyr.
● Fossil carbon survival :
➩After 1’000 years 17-33%
➩At 10’000 years 10–15%
➩At 100’000 years 7%
● The mean lifetime of fossil
CO2 is about 30–35 kyr.
CNE, Santiago, 23 October 2008 Slide# : 12
13. Therefore…
● A mean atmospheric lifetime of the order of 104 years is in
stark contrast with the ‘‘popular’’ perception of several
hundred year lifetime for atmospheric CO2.
● The 300 year simplification misses the immense longevity of
the tail on the CO2 lifetime, and hence its interaction with
major ice sheets, ocean methane clathrate deposits, and
future glacial/interglacial cycles.
Caldeira, K., and M. E. Wickett (2005), J. Geophys. Res., 110, C09S04.
CNE, Santiago, 23 October 2008 Archer, D. (2005), J. Geophys. Res., 110, C09S05 Slide# : 13
14. Response of Greenland Ice Sheet to climatic forcing
Greenland ice sheet melt area has increased on average by 16%
from 1979 to 2002, at a rate of about 0.7%/year.
CNE, Santiago, 23 October 2008 Slide# : 14
15. A few disturbing facts from Greenland last summer
● 552 billion tons of ice melted from the ice sheet (NASA),
+15% than the average summer melt, beating 2005's record.
● The surface ice loss was +12% more than in 2005, nearly
quadruple the amount that melted just 15 years ago.
● The surface area of summer sea ice floating in the Arctic was
nearly 23% below the previous record. The Northwest Passage
was open to navigation.
● NASA data are showing an unusually thin sea ice. Combining
the shrinking area covered by sea ice with the new thinness of
the remaining ice, the volume of ice is half of 2004's total.
● Surface temperatures in the Arctic Ocean this summer were
the highest in 77 years of record-keeping, in some places
5 °C above normal, twice as fast as the rest of the planet.
● By 2020/40 the summer sea ice may be gone. The induced
warming up may lead to the subsequent melt of the ice sheet.
CNE, Santiago, 23 October 2008 Slide# : 15
16. Rise of oceans: how large ?
● The speed of reduction of the sea ice is growing much more rapidly than
the worst predictions ! Such subsequent Greenland’s ice caps meltdown
may indeed cause increases of the sea level between 7 and 15 meters.
CNE, Santiago, 23 October 2008 Slide# : 16
17. A new “political” determination…
● The realization of the risks related to Climate Change has
generated especially in the in the EU -but also elsewhere- the
political determination (based on well founded scientific
considerations) to take action to dramatically reduce the
present emissions from fossils.
● Global warming and pollution are inevitable consequences of our
growing population and economies. Investing in devices which
conserve energy is worthwhile, but also new alternatives must
be vigorously pursued with an appropriate level of investment.
● It is generally believed that by 2050, or even earlier, a
progressive reduction to at least 1/2 the present CO2
emissions from fossils is needed, namely to 6 TWatt, leading to
24-29 TWatt of “carbon free” supplies, or if possible, of more.
● Reversing an un-interrupted fossil dominance lasted for over
three centuries may not be accomplished without fierce
oppositions.
CNE, Santiago, 23 October 2008 Slide# : 17
18. Curbing the CO2 emissions: the magnitude of the problem
A huge reduction !
● Today about 80% of the energy produced is due to fossils,
with about 6.5 GTonC emitted every year.
● Predictions of “business as usual” indicate that that it may
continue to increase to as much as 15 GTonC/year by 2050.
CNE, Santiago, 23 October 2008 Slide# : 18
19. “Have the cake and eat it”: CO2 sequestration ?
● Already used by the oil industry,
at the level of few million tons/y
(Sleipner Field, Statoil,NO)
● Considerable room is apparently
available, especially in deep saline
acquifers (sufficient for many
decades of coal consumption)
● It requires a distributed pipeline
network for CO2 disposal, roughly
doubling the cost of electricity.
● Several drawbacks, which may imply considerable R & D, with huge
investments if they were to have a sizeable effect:
➩Volumes of CO2 to be sequestrated are huge. For instance a single 1
GWe power station produces every year 11 million tons of CO2
➩Sequestration does not mean elimination and eventually most of such
a gas may have to be re-emitted in the atmosphere
➩The question of safety, due to accidental leaks of such a large
amount of CO2, is critical. At concentrations >10% CO2 is lethal and
produces death in less than 4 minutes
CNE, Santiago, 23 October 2008 Slide# : 19
20. A few numbers on nuclear power ….
● In order to produce with ordinary reactors 12 TWatt i.e. 1/3
of the “carbon free” primary energy, we would need to build
for instance about 5000 nuclear reactors each of 1 Gwatt(e),
≈ 80% efficiency and a nominal lifetime of 30 years, slightly
less than one new 1 GWatt reactor every two days.
● A serious evaluation of the costs and critical issues related
to proliferation especially in the developing countries and the
security of long-term waste disposal should be carried out
when facing these numbers in a long-time perspective.
● A New Nuclear, but on a longer timetable and with due
consideration for problems related to this source will
necessarily require different fuel, “breeding”, incineration of
the long lived waste and a new reprocessing with a “closed”
fuel cycle preferably based on Thorium or maybe Fusion.
CNE, Santiago, 23 October 2008 Slide# : 20
21. Energy from renewables ?
● If we want to produce the remaining 12 TWatt with the
traditional renewables, wind, geothermal, biomass and PV, we
are confronted with similarly unrealistic numbers.
● The image is clear: the energy needs of our planet by 2050 are
much too large to be achieved by a generalised mix of the
presently indicated sources.
● There is, however, a new Solar option which is ready and that
can provide the required energetic deficit of 10 to 20 Twatt :
enough to limit the dreaded risks related to climate change.
● The yearly energetic yield of solar energy in the sun-belt is
equivalent to a thickness of 25 cm of oil.
● A 15 TWatt of primary energy supplied by the Sun,
corresponds to only about 0.1 percent of the surface of all
sunny, desertic areas, namely about 200 x 200 km2!
CNE, Santiago, 23 October 2008 Slide# : 21
23. Solar energy is abundantly available
On a square meter in good insolation location, it ‘rains” yearly
the equivalent of > 20 cm of oil
CNE, Santiago, 23 October 2008 Slide# : 23
24. Solar energy in the “sunbelt”
Where is the energy problem ?
(210 x 210 km² = 0.13% of deserts)
is receiving yearly averaged solar energy equal to
global energy consumption (15 TW x year)
High efficiency conversion of CSP solar into high
temperature heat (450-650 °C)
Gerhard Knies, ISES-Rome CSP WS 2007 The “great transformation” from fossils to solar
CNE, Santiago, 23 October 2008 Slide# : 24
25. Concentrating solar energy: The earliest ideas
The first solar facility to produce
According to the tradition, Archimedes
electricity was installed in 1912 by
destroyed the Roman fleet at the siege of
Shuman in Maady, Egypt.
Syracuse in 213 BC by the application of
The parabolic mirror trough
directed solar radiant heat concentrating
concentrates sunrays on a line focus
sufficient energy to ignite wood at 50 m.
in which a tube was situated
containing water that was brought
to evaporation.
It produced 55 kWatt of electric
CNE, Santiago, 23 October 2008 power. Slide# : 25
26. Principle of modern CSP
Typical yield CSP, PV≈250 GWhel/km²/y
Demand of electric power:
» 7 500 TWh/y Europe + Desert 2050
» 35 000 TWh/y world-wide 2050
Economic potentials > 600 000 TWhel/y
CNE, Santiago, 23 October 2008 Slide# : 26
27. The storage of energy: an analogy with hydropower
● Indeed any primary main form of energy, in order to be realistically capable
to counteract fossils and their emissions must be available whenever it is
needed by the user and not according to the variability of the source.
● It is possible to ensure the continuity of utilisation of CSP plants with the
addition of a thermal liquid storage, in the form of a cheap molten salt.
Purely thermal is normally
stored only daily, with smaller
volumes for given power
Dual container of molten salt
●Thermal storage process is very efficient (less than 1% loss per day).
CNE, Santiago, 23 October 2008 Slide# : 27
28. Financial considerations in favour of CSP
● Far from today’s PV, CSP is the cheapest source of renewable solar power.
The levelized energy cost (LEC) for the current plants in California is 10-
12 US¢/kWh.
● The Spanish law setting the energy to the grid for CSP at 18 ¢/kWh plus
market price is an important incentive, since, at this rate, CSP , unlike
today’s PV can be operated profitably on purely private funding.
● Experts agree that costs can be reduced to 4-6 ¢/kWh if the peak power
capacity is expanded in the next 10/15 years to 5-20 GWatt.
● Likewise the
• (a)World Bank,
• (b)the US-DOE and
• (c) the International Energy Agency (IEA)
all predict CSP will drop below 6 ¢/kWh by 2020.
● Contrary to fossils and Uranium, costs for CSP electricity production in
the future are well predictable. Once the plant has been paid off, like with
hydro, the operating costs remain very small, of the order of ≤ 3
US¢/kWh.
CNE, Santiago, 23 October 2008 Slide# : 28
29. The leading role of CSP in Spain: June 2006
About 1.5 GWe
to be installed
CNE, Santiago, 23 October 2008 Slide# : 29
30. Puertollano Panoramic Photo
➩Number of collectors (150 m) 352
➩Total area of captation 287.760 m2
➩Number of mirrors 118.272
➩Power output: 50MWe
➩Production: 2008
CNE, Santiago, 23 October
114,2GWh/year
Slide# : 30
31. Plataforma Solar Sanlucar la Mayor (PSSM)
• 300 MW
• 1200 Mio Investment
• 800 hectar
• 180.000 homes
• Avoids annually 600.000t of CO2
CNE, Santiago, 23 October 2008 Slide# : 31
32. High Potential for CSP in the South West of USA
Huge power demand meets excellent solar resource
Potential of identifiable areas:
200 GW generation capacity
470 TWh electricity per year
(» 17% of U.S consumption)
(Source: NREL)
CNE, Santiago, 23 October 2008 Slide# : 32
33. Nevada Solar 1 (2007)
● Generating Capacity 64 MW (Nominal)
● 357,200 m2 of Solar Field
● Annual Production > 130,000 MWh
● Construction in Less than 18 months,
● 1.6 million man-hours
● Capital investment : ≈ 250 Millions
USD
CNE, Santiago, 23 October 2008 Slide# : 33
34. Solana
● Built near Gila
Bend, Arizona
● Phase 1 plant
size - 280MW
and designed for
future Phase 2
expansion, up to
560 MW
● Phase 1 “Solar
Field” covers 3
square miles
● 2,700 trough
collectors - 6m
wide, 150m long
● Construction
time : 2years
● Cost: 1 B$
CNE, Santiago, 23 October 2008 Slide# : 34
35. The great substitution
Standard, fossil
driven application
Solar driven application
with energy storage
CNE, Santiago, 23 October 2008 Slide# : 35
36. CSP Pan European Forecast for 2020-50
● The planned EURO-MED electricity interconnection permits to produce
from the Sahara large amounts of solar electricity toward the Pan-
European network.
● Transport of electricity from far regions to central Europe is both
economically and technically feasible.
CNE, Santiago, 23 October 2008 Slide# : 36
Gerhard Knies, ISES-Rome CSP WS 2007
37. Solar power costs are not the problem !
Year 2020 2030 2040 2050
Transfer Capacity GW 2x5 8x5 14 x 5 20 x 5
Electricity Transfer TWh/y 60 230 470 700
Capacity Factor 0.60 0.67 0.75 0.80
Turnover Billion !/y 3.8 12.5 24 35
Land Area CSP 15 x 15 30 x 30 40 x 40 50 x 50
3100 x 0.1 3600 x 0.4 3600 x 0.7 3600 x 1.0
km x km HVDC
Investment CSP 42 143 245 350
Billion ! HVDC 5 20 31 45
r a tio n
Elec. Cost CSP 0.050 0.045 0.040 0.040 gene
!/kWh HVDC 0.014 0.010 0.010 0.010 transm
is s io n
CNE, Santiago, 23 October 2008 Slide# : 37
38. A dream:China without coal !
Other alternative:
the Gobi desert
CNE, Santiago, 23 October 2008 Slide# : 38
39. A global contract between Science and Society
● Climate Change and the associated ecological and socio-
economic consequences constitute some of the most serious
challenges humankind is currently facing.
● There is overwhelming evidence that we need to tap all
sources of ingenuity and cooperation to meet the
environment & development challenges of the 21st century
and beyond.
● This implies that the scientific community engages in a
strategic alliance with the leaders, institutions and
movements representing the worldwide civil society.
● In turn, governments, industries should commit to additional
investments in the knowledge enterprise that is searching
for sustainable solutions.
CNE, Santiago, 23 October 2008 Slide# : 39
40. A global contract between Science and Society
● This new contract between science and society would
embrace:
➩A multi-national innovation program that surpasses, in
many respects, the national crash programs of the past
(Manhattan, Sputnik, Apollo, Green Revolution etc.).
➩Removal of the persisting cognitive divides and barriers
through a global communication system.
➩A global initiative on the advancement of sustainability in
science, education and training. The best young minds need
to be motivated to engage in interdisciplinary problem-
solving, based on ever enhanced disciplinary excellence.
CNE, Santiago, 23 October 2008 Slide# : 40