For medical, nursing, and physiotherapy undergraduates, and postgraduates

2.  Four chambered
 2/3rd is situated on Left side and 1/3rd on right
side

3. Outer Fibrous pericardium :
Inner Serous pericardium :
 Inner Visceral Layer :
 Outer Parietal Layer :
 Weight :
 310 grms in adult males
 255 grms in adult females

4.  Epicardium
 Myocardium
 Endocardium

7. APEX OF HEART

8. It is the outermost and lowermost Thrust on
the Front of Left Half of chest felt by flat hand.
Site :
 Adults : Left 5th Intercostal Space, ½ inch
medial to Mid-clavicular line.
 Children : Left 2nd or 3rd intercostal space, ½
inch lateral to Mid-clavicular line.

12. Sympathetic Nerve supply
Para-sympathetic Nerve supply

13. 1. Sino-atrial Node
2. Atrio-ventricular Node
3. Atrio-ventricular bundle
4. Right and left bundle branches
5. Purkinje fibres

15. They form a closed system of tubes that carry
blood away from the heart to the tissues of the
body and then return it back to heart.

16.  Functionally classified into :
1. Conducting vessels : e.g. large arteries
2. Distributing vessels : e.g. small arteries
3. Resistance vessels : e.g. arterioles
4. Exchange vessels : e.g. capillaries, sinusoids
and post capillary venules
5. Capacitance / Reservoir vessels : e.g. Large
venules and veins.

17. ARTERIES

18. Thick walled vessels
Accompanied by vein / veins and nerve /
nerves forming Neuro - vascular bundle,
supported by Fibro-areolar sheath.
Lumen is smaller
Do not have valves
Divide repeatedly like a branch and gradually
become smaller in size.

19.  Functionally, arteries are classified into 3 types
:
1. Elastic (conducting) arteries
2. Muscular (distributing) arteries
3. Arterioles ( resistance vessels)

20. 1. Large arteries arising from heart and their
main branches.
2. Tunica media is predominantly made up of
elastic fibres.
3. Called ‘Conducting Vessels’ as its main
function is to conduct blood from heart to
muscular arteries.
4. E.g. Aorta, CCA, BCT, Subclavian artery.

21.  Medium sized arteries supplying individual
organs and limbs.
 Elastic fibres % decrease and Muscular tissue
% increase within Tunica media (75%).
 They regulate the flow of blood to an organ or
part ? Called ‘Distributing vessels’.
 E.g. Renal, Testicular,Uterine, Radial, Tibial
etc.

22.  Smallest divisions of Muscular arteries (50-100
micron in diameter).
 Their narrow lumen is surrounded by abundant
muscular tissue.
 Main source of peripheral resistance to blood
flow. ‘Resistance vessels’
 Regulates Diastolic blood pressure.

23.  Arterioles divide into Terminal Arterioles with a
diameter of 15-20 microns.
 The side branches from Terminal Arterioles are
called Met-arterioles 10-15 micron in diameter.
 At termination, arterioles are 5 micron in diameter.
 The Terminal end of met-arteriole is surrounded
by a Pre-capillary Sphincter.

24. Terminal Arterioles Met-Arterioles
 Devoid of Devoid of Internal
Internal Elastic Lamina Elastic Lamina
 Have a continuous coat of Smooth muscle
is Smooth Muscle arranged replaced by
in 1-2 layers. Discontinuous
Non-contractile cells
called ‘Pericytes’

27. 1. Filling of arteries
2. Blood Pressure
3. Pulse Pressure
4. Pulse
5. Sites where arterial pulses are palpated

28.  Thin walled vessels carrying blood from capillaries
to heart.
 Larger lumen than arteries.
 Lesser amount of Muscular and Elastic tissue in
walls.
 Valves are present to prevent ?
 Large vein have dead space around them for their
dilatation during increased venous return.

29.  Wall is made up of ill defined three layers.
 Tunica adventitia is thickest and best developed
layer containing Collagen, Elastic and Muscular
fibres.
 Tunica media is poorly developed.
 Internal Elastic lamina in Tunica intima is absent.

30.  Arteries Veins
 Thick walled Thin walled
 More muscular Less muscular
 More elastic Less elastic
 Smaller lumen Larger lumen
 Thicker Tunica media Thinner tunica media
than Tunica adventitia than tunica adventitia
 No valves Valves are present

31. 1. Large veins
2. Medium sized
3. Small / also called Venules

32.  All three layers of wall are present and are well
differentiated.
 Tunica adventitia is thicker than Tunica media.
 Contains Elastic tissue.
 E.g. Inferior Venacava, Superior Venacava.

33.  All three layers of wall are present.
 Differentiation of all layers becomes difficult
as the size of veins gradually goes on
decreasing.
 E.g. Splenic Vein, Testicular Vein etc.

34. Post capillary venules :
 Smallest veins
 Receive blood from capillaries
 Wall is made up of Endothelium.
 They have special permeability.
 Muscular venules : Presence of one or two
layers of smooth muscle cells outside the
endothelium.
‘Capacitance vessels’ ?

37.  A valve is formed by reduplication of Tunica
intima and arises from the wall of medium and
small sized veins.
Veins which do not have valves are :
Veins which do not have Muscular Tissue in
their wall are :

39.  They are network of Thin walled, Endothelium
lined thin, microscopic vessels interposed
between met-arterioles and venules.
 Its wall is made up of only one cell layer of
Squamous epithelium.
 Provide surface area for exchange between
blood and tissue fluid.

40.  Endothelial cells form a continuous tube and
are held together by tight junctions.
 Presence of Pinocytic vesicles in endothelial
cells.
 Sites : Skin, Connective tissue, Muscle, Lung
and Brain.

41.  Presence of wide pores between the endothelial
cells.
 These Pores are closed by a layer of Muco-
protein called Diaphragm.
 Sites : Pancreas, Endocrine Glands, Intestinal
Villi, Choroid Plexus, Ciliary Processes of Eye,
Renal glomeruli.

42.  Large, irregular vascular spaces connecting
arteriole with venule or venule with venule.
 Replace capillaries in organs like Liver, Bone
Marrow, Spleen, Suprarenal gland, Parathyroid
gland.
 Its Lumen is irregular and wide.
 Its Wall is thin, made up of endothelial cells with
wide pores/ slits not closed by diaphragms.
 Function :

43.  Capillaries Sinusoids
 Smaller 5 -8 mm Larger 30-40 mm
 Regular Irregular
 Wall made up of Wall made up of
Endothelial cells Endothelial cells &
Phagocytic cells
 Continuous or fenestrated Continuous or
with small pores closed fenestrated with large
by diaphragms. Pores not closed.
 Connect arterioles Connect arterioles
with venules with venules or
venules with venules.

44.  It is defined as the communication between
the blood vessels forming collateral channels.
 Arterial anastomosis
 Arterio-venous anastomosis

45.  They are of two types :
1. Actual Anastomosis
i. End to End Anastomosis
ii. Convergent Anastomosis
2. Potential Anastomosis
3. End Arteries

46.  The direct connections between the arteries
and veins without the intervention of
capillaries are called as Arterio - venous
Anastomosis / Shunts.
 The Terminal arteriole or its side branch
joins the Venule.

47.  The Arterio-venous Anastomosis or Shunts
have :
1. Thick Muscular wall
2. Abundant Sympathetic Nerve supply.
 Sites :
 Functions :

49. THANK YOU