Based on the cytology provided, the bitch was likely bred during estrus and therefore has a high chance of pregnancy since she was bred at a very fertile time in her cycle. The smears from Tuesday-Thursday show 100% cornified cells indicating estrus, and she was bred only 2 days prior to the first smear, well within the fertile window.
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What are cells?What are cells? What is a cell?What is a cell? Where do we find cells?Where do we find cells? CellCell: a cell is a basic unit of structure and: a cell is a basic unit of structure and function of life. In other words, cellsfunction of life. In other words, cells make up living things and carry outmake up living things and carry out activities that keep a living thing alive.activities that keep a living thing alive.
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DVM, M.Phil CMS
University of Agriculture Faislalabad
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Chap 5 Cleavage. it's types and patternsSaadHumayun7
Cell division during the early stages of the embryo’s development after fertilisation is referred to as cleavage in embryology. Zygotes of several species possess rapid cell cycle progression without considerable overall growth, resulting in a group of cells of identical size as the initial zygote. The diverse cells produced by cleavage are known as blastomeres, and they group together to form a solid mass known as the morula. The development of the blastula, or the blastocyst in animals, indicates the termination of cleavage.
The mitotic division begins as the zygote travels through the isthmus of the oviduct, termed cleavage, towards the uterus and produces 2, 4, 8, and 16 daughter cells (blastomeres). A morula is an embryo that has 8 to 16 blastomeres. As it progresses into the uterus, the morula continues dividing and develops into a blastocyst.
The transformation from fertilisation to cleavage results from the activation of a mitosis-promoting factor (MPF).Cleavage of Zygote
Human zygote cleavage begins inside the fallopian tube. It is holoblastic, dividing the zygote fully into blastomeres or daughter cells.
After fertilisation, the first cleavage occurs about 24 to 30 hours later. It creates two blastomeres by longitudinally dividing the zygote (one mildly larger than the other).
The second cleavage takes place forty hours later.
After fertilisation, there is a third cleavage approximately 72 hours later. During these early cleavages, the young embryo progresses down the fallopian tube towards the uterus.
The embryo enters the uterus at the end of the fourth day. It is referred to as morula and resembles a mulberry. There are 32 cells in this solid morula. The cleavage is radial and of an indeterminate kind in human zygotes.
Cell Cleavage Mechanism
The zygote begins cleaving once fertilisation occurs, and a new organism starts to develop. Cleavage furrow refers to the area where cleavage begins.Two coordinated mechanisms combine to produce cleavage.
Karyokinesis, or the division of the nucleus during mitosis, is the first of these cyclic mechanisms. The mechanical force behind this division is the mitotic spindle, which has microtubules made of tubulin (a protein that comprises the sperm flagellum).
Cytokinesis, or cell division, is the second phase. An actin-based contractile ring of microfilaments serves as the mechanical force behind cytokinesis.
The initiation of zygotic transcription and the termination of cleavage coincides. This transitional stage in non-mammals is known as the mid-blastula transition and is regulated by the nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio.
Types of Cleavage
During the cleavage period, there is a significant degree of reorganisation, and the cytoplasmic contents primarily determine the types of cleavage.
Determinate Cleavage
Determinate cleavage, also known as mosaic cleavage, is a type of cleavage based on the potency of blastomeres where each blastomere has a predetermined developmental fate and is not qualita
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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4. Vaginal Cytology
1. Moisten a long cotton-
tipped wooden applicator
with a few drops of sterile
saline.
2. Lift the dorsal aspect of the
vulva and insert the swab at the
dorsal aspect. Point posterior
somewhat and make a ‘dimple’
between the rectum and dorsal
vulva.
5. Vaginal Cytology
3. Push and rotate the swab in dorsally. It
takes more pressure than many realize.
If it does not go in easily, back out a little
and spin it, as it may be caught on a
vaginal fold. Do not go too far ventral or
you will go into the bladder.
Good!
12. Without ESTROGEN, the
vaginal epithelium is very
thin and the cytology is
non-cornified.
With ESTROGEN, the
vaginal epithelium is
very thick and
hyperplastic and the
cytology is cornified.
Without ESTROGEN,
(even if progesterone
is high as in diestrus)
the vaginal epithelium
is very thin and the
cytology is non-
cornified.
14. Parabasal
Intermediate
Superficial
Anuclear
Parabasal cells
have round
cytoplasm and a
stippled nucleus
Intermediate cells
have more angular
cytoplasm and a
stippled nucleus
Superficial cells
have an angular
cytoplasm and a
non-stippled or
pyknotic nucleus
Anuclear cells
have an angular
cytoplasm and
no visible
nucleus
18. P
I
S
A
S
A
A
A
I
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
I
S
A
*
*
*
Can you find the P’s?
Identify and click.
Can you find the I’s?
Identify and click.
Can you find the S’s?
Identify and click.
Can you find the A’s?
Identify and click.
Can you find the RBC’s?
Identify and click.
The resolution of photos makes it difficult to identify the stippling. It is easier
looking through the microscope. There is some judgment involved too.
Cornified and non-cornified are the big differences to note.
20. Vaginal cytology is an
estrogen assay. If estrogen is
low, the epithelium is thin
and very few cells, non-
cornified cells can be
obtained
21. Shows the swab being pushed back and forth, in
reality it is rolled. The top is a cartoon and the
bottom is a photomicrograph of a non-estrual
bitch.
Note the epithelium is thin and not many cells
are obtained when they female is non-estrual
(anestrus or diestrus).
22. Shows the swab being pushed back
and forth, in reality it is rolled onto
the slide.
24. Here is glass slide
from a non-estrual
bitch. Notice that
there are not many
cells.
Here is
photomicrograph
from a non-estrual
bitch. Notice that
there are not many
cells, they are non-
cornified (see the
stippling?), and
there is lot of
‘junk’ in the
background.
25. During proestrus the cornification rises about 10%/day, until
estrus when it reaches 100%. It is 100% cornified throughout
estrus. The cornification abruptly drops to <50% on the first day
of diestrus.
26. Vaginal cytology is an estrogen assay. If estrogen
is high, the epithelium is thick and many cornified
cells can be obtained
27. Shows the swab being pushed
back and forth, in reality it is
rolled. The top is a cartoon and
the bottom is a
photomicrograph of a non-
estrual bitch.
Note the epithelium is thick
and hyperplastic. Many cells
are obtained when the female
is estrual (proestrus or estrus).
29. Here is a glass slide
from an estrual
bitch. Notice that
there are many cells.
Here is a
photomicrograph
from an estrual
bitch. Notice that
there are many cells,
they are cornified,
and the background
is clear.
30. What kind of cell is this?
Parabasal Intermediate Superficial Anuclear
Incorrect
Do you see a
nucleus?
What is the
shape of the
cytoplasm?
Incorrect
Do you see a
pyknotic
nucleus?
Correct
Notice the
lack of
nucleus and
the angular
cytoplasm.
Incorrect
Do you see a
nucleus?
What is the
shape of the
cytoplasm?
31. What kind of cell is this?
Parabasal Intermediate Superficial Anuclear
Incorrect.
Do you see
the pyknotic
nucleus?
The
cytoplasm is
angular.
Correct.
You see a
pyknotic
nucleus and
angular
cytoplasm.
Incorrect.
Notice the
pyknotic
nucleus.The
cytoplasm is
angular
however.
Incorrect.
Do you see
the pyknotic
nucleus?
What is the
shape of the
cytoplasm?
32. What kind of cell is this?
Parabasal Intermediate Superficial Anuclear
Correct.
Notice the
stippled
nucleus
and round
cytoplasm.
Incorrect.
Do you see
the stippled
nucleus? It
is not
pyknotic.
The
cytoplasm is
rounded
and not
angular.
Incorrect.
Do you see
the stippled
nucleus? It
is present.
The
cytoplasm is
rounded
and not
angular.
Incorrect.
The nucleus
is stippled,
but the
cytoplasm is
not angular.
33. What kinds of cells are these?
Parabasal Intermediate Superficial Anuclear
Incorrect.
Notice the
stippled
nucleus but
the
cytoplasm is
more
angular. A
judgment
call.
Incorrect.
Do you see
the stippled
nucleus? It
is not
pyknotic.
The
cytoplasm is
somewhat
angular.
Incorrect.
Do you see
the stippled
nucleus?
The
cytoplasm is
Somewhat
angular.
Correct
The nucleus
is stippled,
and the
cytoplasm is
angular.
34. Are these cells cornified or non-
cornified?
Cornified Noncornified
Incorrect.
Notice the
stippled
nucleus.
Cornified
cells do not
have a
stippled
nucleus
Correct.
The nucleus
is stippled.
35. Are these cells cornified or non-
cornified?
Cornified Noncornified
Incorrect.
Notice the
stippled
nucleus.
Cornified
cells do not
have a
stippled
nucleus
Correct.
The nucleus
is stippled.
36. If you saw this slide, what stage of
estrus would you place her?
Anestrus Proestrus Estrus Diestrus
Incorrect.
Notice all
the cells are
cornified.
The nuclei
are
pyknotic.
Correct.
Notice all
the cells are
cornified.
The nuclei
are
pyknotic.
Incorrect. Notice
all the cells are
cornified. The
nuclei are pyknotic.
In diestrus there is
a mixture of
cornified and non-
cornified cells.
Incorrect.
Notice all the
cells are
cornified. The
nuclei are
pyknotic. In
proestrus there
is a mixture of
cornified and
non-cornified
cells.
37. If you saw this slide, what stage of
estrus would you place her?
Anestrus
Proestrus
Estrus
Diestrus
Incorrect.
Notice some
of the cells are
cornified.
There are
many cells
present.
Incorrect.
Notice some of
the cells are
non-cornified.
Maybe. Notice
about half the
cells are
cornified. It
could be
diestrus, but
what else could it
be?
Maybe. Notice
about half the cells
are cornified. It could
be proestrus, but
what else could it be?
42. Case 1
Classify stages each as being proestrus,
estrus or diestrus of a cycle by examining
images from 8 smears taken from a 3 year-
old bitch which has a swollen vulva and to
be spotting blood. A series of vaginal smears
were taken, the first labeled as Day 1.
51. CASE 2
A bitch was observed with vulvar swelling on
Friday and strongly attracted the neighbor's male.
The owner has prepared a vaginal smear Friday
night and again on Sunday. On Monday, they took
the bitch to the stud and she was bred without
difficulty.
After the breeding, the owner ask you to examine
the smears prepared on Friday and Sunday. Based
on those observations, would you say that the
bitch is likely to deliver pups? Why or why not?
54. Ans: The bitch is likely to be pregnant. She was clearly
in cytologic estrus on Friday(100%superficial cells)but
in diestrus on Sunday (only one superficial cell with
remainder mostly small intermediates). Breeding took
place on Monday which was either diestrus day 2 or 3
and past the normal period of fertility.
55. CASE 3
On Sunday there had been a tie between a bitch and an intact
male. But the bitch had not shown any signs of coming into
heat.
As the owner did not want her to be pregnant, so on Tuesday
he started preparing vaginal smears to see whether the bitch
was in her cycle.
So here's the question: What are the chances that the bitch
became pregnant? Assume that the male was fertile. Base your
answer on when she was bred relative to progression of vaginal
cytologic changes. Remember that the breeding took place on
Sunday, two days before the first vaginal smear.
61. Ans: The bitch was in a breeding tie 5 days prior to
diestrus which is considered a very fertile time. Also,
the smear taken on Tuesday showed full cornification
also suggesting that she was bred during estrus.
Palpation roughly 20 days after the onset of diestrus
revealed that, it was pregnant.