cancer.pptx
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Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth due to mutations in genes that regulate the cell cycle. There are several types of cancer named according to the tissue of origin, including carcinomas of epithelial tissues, sarcomas of bone and soft tissues, leukemias of blood cells, and lymphomas of immune cells. Cancer development is driven by alterations in two main classes of cancer genes: tumor suppressor genes, which limit cell growth and are inactivated in cancer, and oncogenes, which promote cell growth and are activated. Cancer is diagnosed through tumor markers, biopsies, imaging tests, and pathology to identify malignant cells.
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Autonomous drive to proliferate.
By activation of ontogenesis like ras/myc.
2)INSENSITIVITY TO GROWTH INHIBITORY SIGNALS
They inactive tumour suppressor genes.
Eg-Rb genes.
3)EVASION OF PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH
Supress & inactivate genes & pathways that enable a cell to die.
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They activate specific genes & pathways that render immortality even after generations.
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Capacity to draw out their own supply of blood.
Develop vascularisation.
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Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome is a breathing disorder that mainly affects premature newborns. It occurs due to immature lungs that cannot produce enough surfactant, a substance that keeps the lungs from collapsing. Without sufficient surfactant, the lungs collapse and the infant must work hard to breathe, risking organ damage from lack of oxygen if untreated. The case study describes a premature newborn, Kristin, exhibiting several clinical signs of respiratory distress syndrome, including a fast respiratory rate, expiratory grunting, and cyanosis around the mouth. Her blood tests also indicate low oxygen levels incompatible with life.
Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism.pdf
This document summarizes key concepts in pharmacokinetics and metabolism. It describes how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized and eliminated from the body. Key terms discussed include volume of distribution, clearance, half-life, bioavailability, routes of administration including enteral and parenteral, and factors that influence drug metabolism such as urine pH, the cytochrome P450 system, and drug interactions. Drug dosing considerations like maintenance doses, loading doses, and adjusting for bioavailability are also covered.
Pharmacology pdf
This document discusses key concepts in pharmacology including:
- Pharmacodynamics is the study of what drugs do to the body, how they act on receptors and their downstream effects. Pharmacokinetics describes how the body affects drugs through absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion.
- Dose-response curves can be graded, showing the change in effect with increasing dose on a linear scale, or quantal, showing the percentage of a population exhibiting an effect.
- The therapeutic window is the difference between the effective dose (ED50) and the toxic (TD50) or lethal dose (LD50). Understanding dose-response helps optimize drug safety and efficacy.
BACK REGION AND VERTEBRAL COLUMN .pdf
The document summarizes the different regions of the vertebral column and vertebrae. It discusses the 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 4 coccygeal vertebrae. Each region has distinguishing characteristics, such as the cervical vertebrae being smaller and allowing the most movement including flexion, extension, and lateral flexion. The thoracic vertebrae are located in the upper and middle back and facilitate rotation. The lumbar vertebrae are the largest and help bear the weight of the upper body through flexion, extension, and lateral flexion. The sacrum consists of 5 fused vertebrae that stabilize the pelvis.
Neck region.pdf
The neck contains four layers of deep fascia that divide it into compartments. The sides of the neck are divided into anterior and posterior triangles by the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The anterior triangle contains the submandibular gland and carotid arteries, while the posterior triangle contains nerves of the brachial plexus and subclavian vessels. Major structures in the neck include the pharynx, which is divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx, and the larynx, which is a cartilaginous structure that acts as an air valve and aids in voice production. The thyroid gland lies in the neck anterior to the trachea.
Chromosomal Disorders-.pdf
This document summarizes several chromosomal disorders including trisomies, deletions, and sex chromosome abnormalities. It describes the karyotypes, causes, and typical symptoms of several conditions including Down syndrome, Patau syndrome, Edwards syndrome, DiGeorge syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and Turner syndrome. Structural abnormalities of chromosomes can result in an abnormal number of chromosomes or deletions/insertions of genetic material, leading to developmental delays and physical abnormalities.
PSEUDOAUTOSOMAL INHERITANCE.pdf
This document discusses several genetic concepts including pseudoautosomal inheritance, mosaicism, parent-of-origin effects, dynamic mutations involving unstable repeat expansions like those seen in Fragile X syndrome and Huntington disease, mitochondrial inheritance of disorders, and correlating genotype and phenotype. Pseudoautosomal regions allow for genes on the X and Y chromosomes to be inherited like autosomal genes. Mosaicism results from genetic changes occurring after fertilization leading to the presence of multiple cell lines. Parent-of-origin effects influence inheritance patterns of disorders like Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes. Unstable repeat expansions can cause diseases when the repeat number expands above a critical threshold as seen in Fragile X, Friedreich
Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates.
This document summarizes carbohydrate digestion. It explains that carbohydrates are broken down into monosaccharides like glucose and fructose through digestion by salivary amylase in the mouth and pancreatic amylase in the pancreas. The monosaccharides are then absorbed into the bloodstream through the small intestine, either through facilitated diffusion down a concentration gradient or active transport against a gradient, powered by sodium-glucose cotransporters.
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE
The antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, is produced in the hypothalamus and secreted by the neurohypophysis. It is transported via vesicles down axons where it is released in response to stimuli like decreased blood volume or pressure and increased plasma osmolality. ADH binds to receptors on principal cells in the collecting duct of the kidney, activating a signaling cascade that increases cyclic AMP levels and activates protein kinase A. This leads to insertion of aquaporin-2 channels into the cell membrane, allowing water to enter the cell from the collecting duct and be released into the bloodstream, increasing plasma volume and blood pressure.
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- 1. WHAT IS CANCER? B Y; OM ER AS LANK AN
- 2. CANCER • Uncontrolled cell cycle • A mutated cell will multiply unchecked • Cancer cells break off from the original tumor and invade other parts of the body
- 4. TYPES OF CANCER • Carcinomas; Solid, epithelial tumors (Skin, linings of body cavities) • Sarcomas; Bone, cartilage, muscle and fat tumors. • Leukemia; Cancers of WBC’s produced in the bone marrow. • Lymphomas; Affect WBC’s in the spleen and lymph nodes. • Central nervous system; cancers of the brain
- 5. TYPES OF CANCER GENES
- 6. TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENES • It ıs control division, differentiation and proliferation by limiting expression of oncogenes • It is keep proto-oncogenes in a turned off state or prevent their over expression • BRCA1/BRCA2; DNA double-strand break repair • p53; Cell-cycle arrest and DNA repair • PARP; DNA base-excision repair
- 8. ONCOGENES • It ıs regulate cell cycle • It ıs lead to unregulated cell growth and differentiation • It ıs gain function when altered, usually dominant • Proto-oncogene; It is encode products that control cell growth and differentiation
- 10. CANCER ARISES FROM GENE MUTATIONS
- 11. WHAT CAUSES CANCER? • Cancer is a genetic disorder at the cellular level. • Genes for the cell cycle are altered.
- 12. DIAGNOSIS • Tumor markers • Tumor biopsy • Computerized tomography (CT) • Positron emissions tomography (PET) • Ultrasonography (ultrasound) • Endoscopy • Pathology to confirms malignancy.
- 14. •-What is cancer? •-What causes cancer? •-What can we treat cancer?
- 15. REFERENCES • Thompson & Thompson genetics in medicine 8th. Edition • https://www.houstonmethodist.org/cancer/treatment-options/ • https://www.health-ni.gov.uk/news/major-new-cancer-research-report-published- today • https://quizlet.com/172418003/cancer-diagnosis-staging-and-treatments-flash-cards/ • https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer’
- 16. THANK YOU