Immune checkpoint inhibitors are a type of drug that blocks proteins in immune system cells and cancer cells that normally help keep immune responses in check, allowing T cells to better kill cancer cells. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) stimulates the release of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone from the pituitary gland to control gonadal hormones. Fibronectin is a protein that interacts with many other proteins and molecules including components of blood clotting and cell surface receptors. Matrix metalloproteinases are enzymes that remodel the extracellular matrix and peptide inhibitors of them are derived from the amino acid sequences of their substrates.

3. 01
04
02
03
Checkpoint
Inhibitors
Fibronectin Fragments
/ RGD Peptides
LHRH &
Analogs
MMP Inhibitors
& Substrates
05
08
06
07
Somatostatin &
Analogs
Growth Factors and
Analogs
Tyrosinase
Sequences
Melanoma Peptide
Sequences

4. Immune checkpoint inhibitor is a type of drug that blocks certain proteins made by some
types of immune system cells, such as T cells, and some cancer cells. These proteins help
keep immune responses in check and can keep T cells from killing cancer cells. When
these proteins are blocked, the “brakes” on the immune system are released and T cells
are able to kill cancer cells better.

5. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), also known as Gonadotropin-Releasing
Hormone (GnRH) or Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Factor (LRF), is a hypothalamic
neuropeptide which acts on the pituitary to stimulate the release of luteinizing hormone
(LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). LH and FSH, collectively called gonadotropins,
are involved in the control of gonadal steroids, estrogens in female organisms and
androgens in male organisms. The effects of LHRH are mediated by high-affinity G protein-
coupled LHRH-receptor (LHRH-R) on pituitary gonadotropes. LHRH may act as a growth
modulatory factor in tumors of the reproductive system.

6. Fibronectin (FN) is a large multidomain glycoprotein that interacts with a variety of
macromolecules including components of the cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix,
circulating components of the blood clotting, fibrinolytic, acute phase and complement
systems, and with cell-surface receptors on a variety of cells including fibroblasts,
neurons, phagocytes, and bacteria.
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are directly implicated in almost every biological
process involving remodeling of the extracellular matrix, including basement
membrane, from embryo implantation to tissue necrosis. In the context of
peptidomimetic inhibitors, these compounds bind in an enzymatic catalytic site as the
natural substrate normally would. The compounds are derived from the amino acids of
the protease’s endogenous ligand and are based on the sequences at the substrate
cleavage site.

7. Somatostatin & Analogs
Somatostatin (SST) was originally isolated from the hypothalamus as the key suppressor GH secretion,
but is now known to be widely distributed throughout the body and to be involved in numerous
physiological functions. The discovery of five distinct somatostatin receptor (SSTR) subtypes has
provided an opportunity for creating subtype-specific, and, potentially, action-specific SST analogs.
Tyrosinase Sequences
Tyrosinase catalyzes the oxidation of tyrosine to produce melanin and is considered a specific marker
for melanoma. In mutant melanoma cells, a misfolded tyrosinase variant is not subject to normal
controls or proteolysis. Therefore, increased production of melanin characteristic of melanoma
occurs.

8. Growth Factors and Analogs:
The growth of eukaryotic cells is modulated by various influences, of which growth factors are
amongst the most important for many cell types. A wide range of polypeptide growth factors
have been identified and more undoubtedly remain to be characterized. Factors that inhibit cell
growth also exist, e.g. interferons (IFNs) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibit proliferation of
various cell types. Some growth factors may be classified as cytokines, e.g. ILs, transforming
growth factor-β (TGF-β) and colony stimulating factors (CSFs). Others, e.g. insulin-like growth
factors (IGFs) are not members of this family. Each growth factor has a mitogenic (promotes cell
division) effect on a characteristic range of cells. While some such factors affect only a few cell
types, most stimulate the growth of a wide range of cells.

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