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Cancer
- 1. HEALTHSECTION - 12 DR.MONIQUE BETHELL Group 5 - Now or Laters CERVICAL CANCER GLOBAL KILLER _________ | Braxton Smith | Destinee Wormack | Dynah Sutton | Keseana Brandon | WHAT IS CERVICAL CANCER? A type of cancer found in the lower part of the woman's uterus known as the cervix. Cervical cancer is when there is out of control abnormal, mutated cell growth in a woman's cervix. It can be successfully treated when it is found in its early stages. Cervical cancer is separated into 5 stages (04). Main types of cervical cancer separated into squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. It is a fact that 1 in 100 women will gain cervical cancer by the age of 75.
- 2. 2 TYPES OF CERVICALCANCER __________________________________________________ SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA Squamous cell carcinoma begins in the thin, flat cells that line the cervix. This is known as the epithelium lining of the uterus. It specifically singles out the cells that lay on the surface of said lining. Cervical cancer is noted to be common in women of the western world and has been estimated that 90% of cervical cancer cases are squamous cell carcinoma. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___ ADENOCARCINOMA Generally, Adenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that forms in mucus-secreting glands throughout the body. These glands are located all across the walls of the passage leading from the cervix to the uterus, also known as the endocervical canal. This specific cervical cancer is harder to detect due to the place these affected glands are located. As of today, adenocarcinoma is increasing as a proportion of cervical cancers in the United States. STAGES OF CERVICAL CANCER _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___ CARCINOMA IN SITU (STAGE 0) Abnormal cells are found in the innermost lining of the cervix. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___
- 3. 3 STAGE I Found onlyin the cervix, A very small amount of cancer that can only be seen with a microscopeis found in the tissuesof the cervix. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___ STAGE I “In stage II, cancer has spread beyond the uterus but not onto the pelvic wall (the tissues that line the part of the body between the hips) or to the lower third of the vagina.” _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___ STAGE III “In stage III, cancer has spread to the lower third of the vagina, and/or onto the pelvic wall, and/or has caused kidneyproblems.” _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___ STAGE IV “In stage IV, cancer has spread beyond the pelvis, or can be seen in the lining of the bladder and/or rectum, or has spread to other parts of the body.” CAUSES/RISK FACTORS _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___ CAUSES
- 4. 4 There are nospecified causes of cervical cancer but there is one significant factor that plays a role. The STI known as Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the cause of almost 90% of cervical cancer cases. RISK FACTORS Most of the risk factors associated with cervical cancer rely on the prior diagnosis of HPV. This means that these factors are mainly oriented around sexual contact. Modifiable High amounts of sex If you and your current sexual partner are having high amounts of sex with others, the chances of getting HPV are substantially higher. Thus, the chances of getting cervical cancer is higher also. Early Sexual Activity Sex at an earlier age is another way to increase chances of HPV. This means you could get cervical cancer due to this heightened chance. Other STIs Believe it or not, having other STDs and STIs increase your risk of HPV. Again, this means your risk for getting cervical cancer is higher. Smoking Smoking has been found to correlate specifically with squamous cell carcinoma. Pregnancy/Birth control Being exposed to Diethylstilbestrol (DES) during pregnancy as well as taking birth control for some years can increase chances of getting cervical cancer. Non-modifiable
- 5. 5 Weak Immune System Youmay be more likely to develop cervical cancer if your immune system is weakened by another health condition and you have HPV. SYMPTOMS _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___ Cervical Cancer is known to show some symptoms in the later stages. There seem to be no signs of symptoms shown in early-stage cervical cancer. But the known symptoms include: A. Vaginal bleeding after intercourse, between periods, or after menopause B. Watery, bloody vaginal discharge that may be heavy and possess a foul odor C. Pelvic pain or pain during intercourse D. Fatigue or Nausea E. Weight loss or irregular uterine bleeding STATISTICS _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___ BASIC According to the American Cancer Society’s, they estimate :
- 6. 6 A. About 12,900 cases of invasive cervical cancer will be diagnosedin the United States (2015) B. About 4, 100women will diefrom cervical cancer this year a. **Over the last 30 years, the cervical cancer death rate has gone down by more than 50%** C. About 75%of men and womenwho have had sex will be exposed to HPVat some point _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___ SURVIVAL RATE Cancer.Net states that: A. For all stages of cervical cancer, the five-yearsurvival rate is 68%. B. When detected at an early stage, the five-year survival rate for women with invasive cervical cancer is 91%. C. If cervical cancer has spread to surrounding tissues or organs and/or the regional lymph nodes, the five-yearsurvival rate is 57%. D. If the cancer has spread to a distant part of the body, the five-year survival rate is 16%. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___ CASE DISTRIBUTION According to the American Cancer Society, they state : A. Most cases are found in midlifewomen,younger than50 a. It rarelydevelops belowages of 20 B. About 15%of cases of cervical cancer are found in women over65 a. It is rare if the patient is getting regular check-ups C. Race Distribution for United States (Highest to lowest) a. Hispanic b. African American
- 7. 7 c. Pacific Islanders d.Caucasians e. American Indians and Alaskan Natives DIAGNOSIS/DETECTION _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___ Diagnosis These specific procedures are to specifically tell if a woman has cervical cancer. Pap (Papillomavirus) Test/Smear In this process, cells from the cervix are taken and put on a slide. This is done to see if there is any changes in the cells. It is usually good for women to have regular tests every 3-5 years based upon age. Following this schedule usually reveals cervical cancer in its earlier stages so it can be treated. Coloscopy A special way to look at the cervix through magnification. This is only if abnormal changes in the cervix is found. Biopsy It is multiple ways to remove tissue from the cervix for later examination. It is in a surgical manner so the tissue can be viewed safely.
- 8. 8 Detection Procedures such asthis, also known as staging, are to tell how far the cancer has spread and what stage it is currently in. These include: Chest X-ray Pelvic CT scan Cystoscopy This is the process of seeing inside the bladder with a telescope to observe the cervix. It checks for ulcers, tumors, etc. It is a sign of imminent cervical cancer. Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP) A special X-ray examination of the kidneys, bladder, and ureters to check overall condition. Pelvic MRI A magnetic resonated image of the woman's pelvis if she has shown symptoms. It is used to show any abnormalities in the area. PREVENTION/TREATMENT _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ___ Prevention Sex **All of these are to reduce risk of acquiring the STI known as HPV.** A. Limit amount of partners B. Avoid partners with:
- 9. 9 a. Symptoms ofan STI such as genital warts b. A large amount of sexual partners Other A. Avoid smoking B. Attend: a. Regular cervical screenings b. Regular cervical vaccinations c. Regular PAP smears Treatment Chemotherapy Regimen administered through injection Other procedures External beam radiotherapy, Brachytherapy, Hysterectomy, Loop electrical excision procedure, Cervicectomy, Cryosurgery, Lymphadenectomy, Radiation therapy, Cervical conization, Gynecological surgery, Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection **Sources** _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ __ Webpage links WebMD http://www.webmd.com/cancer/cervical-cancer/cervical-cancer-topic-overview CDC
- 10. 10 http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/cervical/ Mayo Clinic http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cervical-cancer/basics/definition/con -20030522 Video link “CervicalCancer” (5:45) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZRV7ij--ldg “Cervical Cancer” (8:32) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A8cabcHn3J4